Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation

As of 22 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 52 of 52 outbound references and 3 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2502.01024.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2502.01024 v1

Coverage vector

measured 52 of 52 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.722210Z

measured 55 of 55 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00

measured 3 of 3 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T10:41:09.832624Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-07-07T23:34:19.536661Z

Reference resolution

52 of 52 outbound references displayed

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External citation measurements

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Outbound references

Observation 636c8a19-7b95-4350-a5a6-84921f06509c · outbound

This paper cites , " * write output.state after.block = add.period write newline.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation , " * write output.state after.block = add.period write newline

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.541482Z

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Observation 888a4a3c-6c7c-4859-a517-f5ce84de17cb · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.545975Z

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Observation 6e370b4b-bc03-4c53-afb9-2bf845cf5b1b · outbound

This paper cites - [1] #1 = = ^ ^ ^ .\!\!^ d .\!\!^ h .\!\!^ m .\!\!^ s .\!\!^ @mss.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation - [1] #1 = = ^ ^ ^ .\!\!^ d .\!\!^ h .\!\!^ m .\!\!^ s .\!\!^ @mss

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.550137Z

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Observation f810733d-075c-4dc3-8906-a1fe77654291 · outbound

This paper cites M., et al.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation M., et al

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.554823Z

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Observation 1f198612-ab6c-4f59-99bc-868164d82f8e · outbound

This paper cites 2023 b , , 952, L37, 10.3847/2041-8213/ace18b.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2023 b , , 952, L37, 10.3847/2041-8213/ace18b

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.558598Z

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Observation 2e870573-6ca8-4acc-b693-56678430f4a0 · outbound

This paper cites 2024, , 966, 105, 10.3847/1538-4357/ad36be.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2024, , 966, 105, 10.3847/1538-4357/ad36be

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.562229Z

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Observation 42e303fd-7d48-4bd3-bb39-8e7234b2a822 · outbound

This paper cites C., Blandford , R.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation C., Blandford , R

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.565771Z

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Observation 69bb2e38-2144-42c4-a720-fe79eaf74e37 · outbound

This paper cites 2008, Galactic Dynamics: Second Edition.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2008, Galactic Dynamics: Second Edition

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.569371Z

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Observation 7ef415ce-71ab-4df1-9158-8c86ba9ec192 · outbound

This paper cites 2022, , 512, 3703, 10.1093/mnras/stac648.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2022, , 512, 3703, 10.1093/mnras/stac648

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.572852Z

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Observation fc1edd69-47db-4683-8bb7-c19a52f320c4 · outbound

This paper cites Z., et al.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation Z., et al

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.576349Z

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Observation 3361a9f2-3589-4249-b68b-c8f6a7fee4a6 · outbound

This paper cites 2018, , 477, 2599, 10.1093/mnras/sty874.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2018, , 477, 2599, 10.1093/mnras/sty874

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.579787Z

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Observation cc3a53dd-024a-435e-8cae-a3c9c2cfa641 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.583330Z

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Observation 198c79dc-f95e-4e50-899d-db71b14eb600 · outbound

This paper cites 1943, , 97, 255, 10.1086/144517.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 1943, , 97, 255, 10.1086/144517

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.586792Z

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Observation 82f3b9b4-7774-4962-8212-a346ff652c03 · outbound

This paper cites D., et al.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation D., et al

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.590354Z

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Observation 6eb48777-ff2e-4de3-99dc-e6c8744f3cf5 · outbound

This paper cites 2022 a , , 510, 531, 10.1093/mnras/stab3411.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2022 a , , 510, 531, 10.1093/mnras/stab3411

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.593685Z

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Observation ee4928b8-5be0-4eba-ba79-54db5bfd15eb · outbound

This paper cites M., et al.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation M., et al

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.597152Z

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Observation bef1010e-a54b-4839-aba8-977ba0425bea · outbound

This paper cites 2023, , 522, 1895, 10.1093/mnras/stad834.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2023, , 522, 1895, 10.1093/mnras/stad834

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.600442Z

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Observation 595301e9-ccb2-42eb-8aa4-85599c2a804c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.603733Z

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Observation 853cdd0d-1723-4627-aafa-fe013653d800 · outbound

This paper cites 2019, Reports on Progress in Physics, 82, 016903, 10.1088/1361-6633/aae6b5.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2019, Reports on Progress in Physics, 82, 016903, 10.1088/1361-6633/aae6b5

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.606959Z

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Observation 283b876d-7d59-414b-af32-2d199713b667 · outbound

This paper cites 2023, , 525, 1479, 10.1093/mnras/stad2198.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2023, , 525, 1479, 10.1093/mnras/stad2198

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.610617Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3eebdea7-61c7-4ea1-9603-ce6020d47d23 · outbound

This paper cites 2017, , 840, 31, 10.3847/1538-4357/aa6b58.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2017, , 840, 31, 10.3847/1538-4357/aa6b58

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.613946Z

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Observation a0084f76-e04d-496b-9992-863a425abb89 · outbound

This paper cites 2023, , 678, A50, 10.1051/0004-6361/202346844.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2023, , 678, A50, 10.1051/0004-6361/202346844

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.617346Z

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Observation 471d2ed7-4e01-4bdb-8ac2-6e2820850611 · outbound

This paper cites S., & Thorne , K.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation S., & Thorne , K

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.620745Z

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Observation 73fea024-0e9e-4088-b761-2b0f42cd783c · outbound

This paper cites 2009, , 700, 1952, 10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/1952.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2009, , 700, 1952, 10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/1952

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.624229Z

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Observation e765d918-b862-458e-b466-a4dd4c66b7ec · outbound

This paper cites L., Kelley , L.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation L., Kelley , L

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.627684Z

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Observation 7d6d3b2f-491a-44fa-9162-25f9a71b4d34 · outbound

This paper cites Z., Blecha , L., & Hernquist , L.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation Z., Blecha , L., & Hernquist , L

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.631071Z

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Observation 7a616491-3e80-4815-9e3d-e735eefe6498 · outbound

This paper cites Z., Blecha , L., Hernquist , L., Sesana , A., & Taylor , S.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation Z., Blecha , L., Hernquist , L., Sesana , A., & Taylor , S

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.634509Z

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Observation dd000f37-1fb9-41ac-877d-4c1d9429499a · outbound

This paper cites P., Natarajan , P., Lackner , C.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation P., Natarajan , P., Lackner , C

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.638240Z

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Observation 076aac5c-d252-4280-84eb-fd985b1659df · outbound

This paper cites 2024, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2410.07856, 10.48550/arXiv.2410.07856.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2024, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2410.07856, 10.48550/arXiv.2410.07856

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.641573Z

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Observation 699aea7f-546b-49df-98bc-9391e3caac0b · outbound

This paper cites R., & Ma , C.-P.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation R., & Ma , C.-P

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.645105Z

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Observation 7fa2205f-a490-4b41-bd24-15117ea37a17 · outbound

This paper cites 2018, , 480, 5113, 10.1093/mnras/sty2206.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2018, , 480, 5113, 10.1093/mnras/sty2206

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.648478Z

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Observation 094b9073-8e4c-4cc4-9fd9-1b4e0a0f6314 · outbound

This paper cites T., Ostriker , J.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation T., Ostriker , J

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.651859Z

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Observation 213379f0-8bfd-4532-96bc-be44ed66576f · outbound

This paper cites P., Pillepich , A., Springel , V., et al.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation P., Pillepich , A., Springel , V., et al

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.655164Z

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Observation 0000a830-16bf-41fb-b632-d3ea256e336b · outbound

This paper cites 2018, , 475, 624, 10.1093/mnras/stx3040.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2018, , 475, 624, 10.1093/mnras/stx3040

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.658643Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation dffd4e27-ea34-47af-84ed-91a51ff94a73 · outbound

This paper cites The Astrid Simulation: Evolution of black holes and galaxies to z=0.5 and different evolution pathways for galaxy quenching.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation The Astrid Simulation: Evolution of black holes and galaxies to z=0.5 and different evolution pathways for galaxy quenching

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.662076Z

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Observation 2e4ad23b-7d2e-41dd-a3e4-9c17e391f3c9 · outbound

This paper cites 2022, , 513, 670, 10.1093/mnras/stac351.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2022, , 513, 670, 10.1093/mnras/stac351

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.666113Z

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Observation a05f8c51-8c73-49b5-8b52-9d65ec854897 · outbound

This paper cites 2023, , 959, 136, 10.3847/1538-4357/ad022a.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2023, , 959, 136, 10.3847/1538-4357/ad022a

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.669751Z

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Observation c3202c8a-1bfc-45f1-9670-1eaa2f05b60a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.673113Z

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Observation cee7c145-179e-4ec3-9c5b-6a54393280a7 · outbound

This paper cites 2018, , 475, 648, 10.1093/mnras/stx3112.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2018, , 475, 648, 10.1093/mnras/stx3112

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.676465Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 272ce475-3997-4a47-8516-6483ba4dd52a · outbound

This paper cites J., Zic , A., Shannon , R.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation J., Zic , A., Shannon , R

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.679680Z

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Observation 95949123-4ab3-41dd-897b-cd74c082249d · outbound

This paper cites The distribution of the gravitational-wave background from supermassive black holes.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation The distribution of the gravitational-wave background from supermassive black holes

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.682822Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 142ce064-4c2d-4414-90b1-5f2a50e41efa · outbound

This paper cites Where are NANOGrav's big black holes?.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation Where are NANOGrav's big black holes?

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.686696Z

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Observation 33249c23-e04e-4076-b626-76b5e3a80b51 · outbound

This paper cites 2007, , 660, 546, 10.1086/513016.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2007, , 660, 546, 10.1086/513016

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.690434Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 93f181a9-08f5-465e-8ca9-05c6cab14697 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id_nonexistent, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:35.459875Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d7186cd8-7861-4f7f-bed2-3487ae6fdb08 · outbound

This paper cites 2023, , 949, L24, 10.3847/2041-8213/acd18e.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2023, , 949, L24, 10.3847/2041-8213/acd18e

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.697494Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a5d301a4-a2df-45d7-8aed-f34eba1d8c64 · outbound

This paper cites S., Kelley , L.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation S., Kelley , L

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.700912Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 87bf60e4-9b2d-4be3-97f2-e10c00955b93 · outbound

This paper cites 2018, , 475, 676, 10.1093/mnras/stx3304.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2018, , 475, 676, 10.1093/mnras/stx3304

Reference 47

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.704494Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5c294f8c-6ea2-4eb8-a1e3-f1619b09f9ed · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation Unresolved cited work

Reference 48

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.707819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3e8b5a71-e61b-4299-8251-81c16124587c · outbound

This paper cites S., et al.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation S., et al

Reference 49

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.711233Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b4550902-9381-4b39-a3ad-4145a67eab32 · outbound

This paper cites 2017, , 465, 3291, 10.1093/mnras/stw2944.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2017, , 465, 3291, 10.1093/mnras/stw2944

Reference 50

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.714726Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fecf7281-b596-4091-adc7-455743d60e88 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation Unresolved cited work

Reference 51

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.718419Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1944d1d4-b800-4b38-b31b-4d9ee3193d66 · outbound

This paper cites 2023, Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 23, 075024, 10.1088/1674-4527/acdfa5.

The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation 2023, Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 23, 075024, 10.1088/1674-4527/acdfa5

Reference 52

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-09T16:57:34.722210Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation c8302fd8-c64b-4f74-9919-9c0c1517aa88 · inbound

Premature supermassive black hole mergers in cosmological simulations of structure formation cites this paper.

Premature supermassive black hole mergers in cosmological simulations of structure formation The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-16T10:41:09.832624Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e2031a86-9ac6-4ac9-9cd4-398e5628fe98 · inbound

The ASTRID Simulation at z=0: From Massive Black Holes to Large-scale Structure cites this paper.

The ASTRID Simulation at z=0: From Massive Black Holes to Large-scale Structure The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T09:43:06.201319Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 682c60f8-c06c-40ae-b02a-57434927676f · inbound

Comparing gravitational wave background predictions from cosmological simulations to pulsar timing observations cites this paper.

Comparing gravitational wave background predictions from cosmological simulations to pulsar timing observations The Gravitational Wave Background from Massive Black Holes in the ASTRID Simulation

Reference 11

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-07T23:34:19.539079Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-21T06:32:19.484+00:00.