The Wideband Analysis of the Impact of I/Q Imbalance on THz Communication

Aydin Sezgin; Dogus Can Sevdiren; Mohammad Soleymani

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 15 references

The Wideband Analysis of the Impact of I/Q Imbalance on THz Communication

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-08 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read I/Q imbalance puts a strict cap on terahertz data rates.

desk verdict The qualitative IQI-in-THz point is sensible and practically relevant, but the wideband-slope formulas (24)–(25) are asserted by analogy rather than derived, and the noise covariance has an internal inconsistency. read the letter →

arxiv 2502.04819 v1 pith:FSNLTFMV submitted 2025-02-07 eess.SP

Dogus Can Sevdiren , Aydin Sezgin , Mohammad Soleymani This is my paper · ORCID

classification eess.SP

keywords TerahertzcommunicationI/Qimbalancewidebandslopeminimumenergyperbitpower-limitedregimeMU-MIMOOFDMarray-of-subarrayshardwareimpairments

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper sets out to show that I/Q imbalance, a hardware mismatch between the in-phase and quadrature branches of the local oscillator, is not a minor distortion in terahertz links but a central obstacle to their promised data rates. It models IQI in an array-of-subarrays MU-MIMO OFDM downlink and studies the power-limited ultra-wideband regime, where the relevant measures are the wideband slope and the minimum energy per bit. Its central claim is that THz systems with IQI have a strict limit on achievable rate even though the band offers enormous spectrum, because IQI turns the mirror-image subcarrier into self-interference that grows with transmit power. The paper further claims that at THz frequencies this self-interference is more damaging than inter-user interference, the opposite of the usual low-frequency ordering. If correct, this means harvesting the THz spectrum requires dealing with IQI directly, not just adding power or bandwidth.

What carries the argument

The central object is the wideband slope $S_0$ together with the minimum bit energy $E_b/N_{0,\min}$, the two parameters of the low-SNR spectral-efficiency line $SE \approx S_0\,(E_b/N_0 - E_b/N_{0,\min})/3\,\mathrm{dB}$. The wideband slope measures how much spectral efficiency each additional unit of power buys in the energy-efficient regime, and the argument is that IQI shrinks it by adding the interference term $\zeta_m$ to the denominator of (25). The mechanism is a substitution: the IQI-affected SINR, built from the desired channel $H_d$ and the image channel $H_i$, is fed into the interference-channel formulas of [15] that give (21)-(22). Around this sit the THz-specific ingredients: the array-of-subarrays antenna structure, analog beamforming aligned to the dominant line-of-sight path, and the multicarrier mirror-subcarrier model in which the image band acts as the interferer.

What would settle it

Simulate the 300 GHz IQI system model of the paper and compute the spectral efficiency at low SNR directly, then evaluate the wideband slope as the second derivative of spectral efficiency with respect to $E_b/N_0$ at the minimum bit energy and compare it with (25); a mismatch would mean the substitution that produces (25) is invalid and the strict limit is not established.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that in the power-limited wideband regime, in-phase/quadrature imbalance adds a mirror-image self-interference term $\zeta_m$ to the denominator of the wideband slope $S_0$ and raises the minimum energy per bit $E_b/N_0$, so an IQI-affected THz MU-MIMO OFDM link has a hard ceiling on spectral efficiency even with unlimited power or bandwidth. The model uses transmitter and receiver imbalance matrices $G_1$, $G_2$, $K_1$, $K_2$ to split the effective channel into the desired channel $H_d$ and the IQI interference channel $H_i$, giving the per-subcarrier SINR of equation (23). The minimum bit energy (24) and wideband slope (25) are then obtained by inserting that SINR into the interference-channel wideband formulas of [15]; equation (25) has the extra term $\zeta_m$ in its denominator, which is exactly the IQI contribution. Simulations at 300 GHz and 10 GHz bandwidth show the rate-versus-power curve saturating when IQI is present, and show that IQI, rather than inter-user interference, is the dominant limiter at THz frequencies.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing step is a substitution: the paper takes the signal-to-interference-plus-noise expression that includes IQI and plugs it into previously derived wideband-slope formulas for interference channels, rather than deriving the slope from the definition; if that substitution is not valid, the claimed rate limit does not follow.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

With IQI present, increasing transmit power stops increasing the achievable rate because the image-band self-interference grows with the signal power.
The wideband slope falls as amplitude imbalance worsens, so each extra unit of power or bandwidth buys less spectral efficiency in an IQI-limited THz link.
At THz frequencies IQI is the dominant impairment compared with inter-user interference, while at conventional frequencies the ordering is reversed.
Nulling the mirror subcarrier halves the active bandwidth but can give a higher rate than using the full bandwidth when IQI is present.
Stronger IQI raises the bit energy needed to reach a desired spectral efficiency, making power-limited THz operation even harder.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The saturation mechanism is a power-proportional self-interference floor: because the IQI interference covariance depends on the signal at the mirror subcarrier, the asymptotic rate limit should be set by the image rejection ratio rather than by noise. A quick check would be to sweep the image rejection ratio and see whether the saturated rate shifts by the same number of decibels.
The same SINR-to-wideband-slope substitution could be applied to other power-proportional hardware impairments such as phase noise or nonlinear power-amplifier distortion; if the substitution holds for any additive self-interference term, the strict-limit conclusion would generalize beyond IQI, though the paper only demonstrates it for IQI.
Subcarrier nulling is a bandwidth-for-linearity trade: it removes the mirror-image interference at the cost of half the spectrum. The results imply that full-bandwidth THz designs should instead use IQI calibration or widely linear receivers to keep both the bandwidth and the rate.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

First thing to know: this paper takes a real practical problem—I/Q imbalance in THz arrays—and gives it a wideband, power-limited framing that hasn't been done before. The qualitative conclusion, that IQI is a first-order bottleneck in THz links, is likely right and worth saying. But the central quantitative machinery, the wideband slope with IQI in Eqs. (24)–(25), is asserted via substitution from [15], not derived, and there's an internal inconsistency in the noise covariance. So treat the numbers as not yet established.

What's genuinely new is the combination of the AoSA THz architecture with Verdu's wideband metrics under IQI. The system model in Sec. III is coherent: the IQI coupling between mirror subcarriers is correctly written, and the authors identify the right interference terms. The subcarrier-nulling mitigation is sensible and, in the simulations, clearly outperforms full bandwidth at THz. The comparison with lower frequencies, using measured image rejection ratios from [3] and [4], makes a useful point: IQI is worse at THz because the hardware is less mature. That's a design-level insight that will matter to people building 6G transceivers.

The soft spots are the load-bearing ones. Eqs. (24)–(25) are obtained by replacing the SINR in the interference-channel formulas of [15] with (23). But [15] derives the wideband slope for interferers that are independent same-band users; here the interferer is the mirror subcarrier, which is spectrally coupled through the IQI model. The paper never shows that the second derivative of the sum spectral efficiency at zero SNR reduces to that substitution. It may be true, but it needs proof. Also, the noise covariance in (16) is sigma^2/2 (I + G_T G_T^H), which references the transmitter amplitude error while the text says receiver noise; the actual noise in (3) is WR (K1 z + K2 z*[-k]), so the SINR in (23) is not the true SINR of the model. The simulations don't rescue this: they run at SNR 0–9 dB, not in the low-SNR asymptotic regime where the wideband slope is defined.

This paper is for THz system engineers wanting a first-order view of the IQI penalty. It deserves a serious referee—the problem is important and the direction is sensible—but the referee should insist on a derivation of the wideband slope under IQI, a corrected noise model, and low-SNR simulations. If those come, the paper could be a useful reference.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper investigates in-phase/quadrature imbalance (IQI) in a multi-user MIMO OFDM terahertz system with an array-of-subarrays architecture and hybrid beamforming. It models transmitter and receiver IQI, expresses the SINR in terms of desired and image channels H_d and H_i, and then applies wideband-regime metrics from Verdú and from Shen and Høst-Madsen to obtain the minimum energy per bit and wideband slope in Eqs. (24)-(25). Numerical results show rate saturation with IQI, compare THz with lower-frequency behavior, and propose subcarrier nulling as a mitigation. The paper's headline claim is that IQI imposes a strict limit on achievable rate in power-limited ultra-wideband THz links.

Significance. If the wideband-slope formulas were rigorously derived, the paper would make a useful contribution: it would quantify how IQI-induced self-interference enters the denominator of the wideband slope and raises the minimum energy per bit, and it would support the practical suggestion of subcarrier nulling. The paper also grounds the THz-versus-low-frequency comparison in measured image rejection ratios, so the qualitative point that IQI is more severe at THz is plausible. However, the central quantitative claim currently rests on an unproved analogy with an interference-channel result, and the noise model has an internal inconsistency, so the result is conditional rather than established. No code or reproducibility artifacts are provided.

major comments (3)

[Section IV-B, Eqs. (24)-(25)] The derivation of the IQI wideband slope is not given. Equations (24) and (25) are obtained by inserting the SINR gamma_m[k] from (23) into the interference-channel expressions (21) and (22) of Shen and Høst-Madsen [15], but the paper never computes the second derivative of spectral efficiency at zero rate that defines S0 in Verdú's framework. In the present OFDM system the IQI interference originates from the mirror subcarrier of the same user, so the sum rate couples s[k] and s[-k]; it is not established that the formulas of [15], derived for independent same-band interferers, apply after this substitution. Without a derivation from the definition of wideband slope, or a theorem showing that the mapping preserves S0 and Eb/N0_min, Eqs. (24)-(25) remain an assumption, not a proven result.
[Section III-B, Eqs. (3), (16), (23)] The noise treatment is internally inconsistent. In (1), z[k] is MQ-dimensional array noise, but after analog combining the noise entering y[k] should involve F_R^H z[k] and its image term, not W_R[k](K1[k]z[k]+K2[k]z*[-k]) as written in (3), because K1 and K2 act on the baseband signal dimension after combining. Correspondingly, the covariance ar Z in (16), written as sigma^2/2 (I + G_T G_T^H), is not the covariance of the noise term in (3): it lacks F_R, W_R, K1, and K2, and it uses the transmitter amplitude-error matrix G_T even though the text says the matrix is drawn for the receiver. Since this same sigma^2 appears in the denominator of the SINR (23), the numerical results in Section V are based on an incorrect noise covariance.
[Section V, Figs. 5-8] The simulations do not test the low-SNR asymptotic regime in which Eqs. (18), (24), and (25) apply. Figures 5-8 plot rate against transmit power budget over an SNR range of 0 to 9 dB, whereas the wideband slope is an asymptotic quantity evaluated as Eb/N0 approaches Eb/N0_min, which typically corresponds to negative SNR in dB. The figures therefore do not validate the wideband-slope computation, and the claim that IQI imposes a strict rate limit is illustrated only at moderate SNR values, not at the operating point where the wideband analysis is performed.

minor comments (5)

[Eq. (10)] The steering-vector expression in (10) appears to have a typo: the x and y contributions are both written as cos(phi_0) sin(theta_0), so the formula cannot describe a general 3D array response; the y term likely should contain sin(phi_0) sin(theta_0).
[Eq. (5)] The definitions in (5) are missing commas inside the diag arguments: they should read diag{g_x,1, g_x,2, ..., g_x,N_x} and diag{Phi_x,1, Phi_x,2, ..., Phi_x,N_x}.
[Section III-B, after Eq. (3)] The sentence 'the transmit symbol vector is denoted by' is incomplete; the symbol vector should be defined explicitly with its distribution and dimension.
[Figures 7-8] The abbreviation 'SC nulling' in the figure captions is not defined; it should be spelled out as 'subcarrier nulling' at first use.
[Throughout] There are numerous typos and grammatical errors, including 'perforamance', 'equiped', 'spatioal', 'communication' in the introduction, and the fragment 'and the same issue occurs during upconversion at the transmitter' at the end of Section II; a thorough language edit is needed.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the IQI wideband-slope formulas are parameter-free substitutions of independent results with no fitted constants or load-bearing self-citation.

full rationale

The central quantitative claims, Eqs. (24) and (25), are obtained by inserting the IQI-affected SINR (23) into the wideband-slope formulas (21)-(22) taken from Shen and Høst-Madsen [15], an external, independently derived result. No parameter is fitted to force the conclusion; the IQI terms ζ_m in (25)-(26) are deterministic functions of the IQI matrices (4) and the channel matrices, not free variables. The cited hardware facts (image rejection ratio at THz frequencies from [3]) are also external measurements, so the qualitative conclusion that IQI limits THz rates is not built from the paper's own definitions. There are no load-bearing self-citations: references [7] and [8] by the authors are background and do not supply the wideband-slope or IQI model. Two caveats are correctness concerns, not circularity: the paper does not re-derive the wideband slope from Verdu's second-derivative definition for the coupled mirror-subcarrier system, and the noise covariance (16) appears inconsistent with the noise term in (3) since it uses G_T rather than the receiver IQI matrices. These may undermine the validity of (24)-(25), but they do not make the derivation equivalent to its own inputs. The analysis is therefore self-contained with respect to circularity; score 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper rests on four imported modeling blocks: standard IQI matrices, LOS THz channels, the wideband-slope framework of [15], and an approximation of the IQI-colored noise as white. The last is an ad-hoc simplification that is not validated.

assumptions (4)

domain assumption The IQI model in (4) with diagonal amplitude and phase error matrices accurately captures RF imbalance in OFDM transceivers.
Taken from Schenk et al. [11]; the paper does not validate this against measurements but relies on it for the entire signal model.
domain assumption THz channels are LOS-dominated with rank-deficient H_c and steering-vector beamforming achieves optimal analog combining.
Taken from [13]; used to reduce the channel to H_c in (11) and to justify the SINR forms.
domain assumption The wideband slope and minimum energy per bit formulas of Shen and Høst-Madsen [15] apply to the IQI-perturbed MU-MIMO OFDM system when interference is treated as noise.
The paper directly substitutes the IQI-affected SINR (23) into (21)-(22) without proving the conditions for [15] hold.
ad hoc to paper IQI-induced noise after analog combining is approximated as white with covariance (16), ignoring the cross-correlation between z[k] and z*[-k] after K1/K2 mixing.
This simplification is needed to get a tractable closed form; the paper does not quantify the approximation error.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of The Wideband Analysis of the Impact of I/Q Imbalance on THz Communication." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/FSNLTFMV

@misc{pith2026250204819,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: The Wideband Analysis of the Impact of I/Q Imbalance on THz Communication},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/FSNLTFMV}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2502.04819}
}

read the original abstract

The terahertz (THz) band is a promising solution to the increasing data traffic demands of future wireless networks. However, developing transceivers for THz communication is a complex and toilsome task due to the difficulty in designing devices that operate at this frequency and the impact of hardware impairments on performance. This paper investigates the impact of radio frequency (RF) impairment, in-phase/quadrature imbalance (IQI). To this end, we express an IQI model for the THzspecific array-of-subarrays (AoSA) architecture considering the unique features of THz communication; vast bandwidth, severe power drawdown, and pencil-like beams. We further model the impact of IQI in the power limited regime in order to investigate the power and ultra-wideband trade-off. To achieve this, we express the spectral efficiency in terms of wideband slope and bit energy to noise ratio which are the two important information theoretic metrics that reveals the performance of the ultrawideband systems as in THz communication. Our results show that THz systems with IQI have a strict limit in achievable rate although they provide immense spectrum. We also demonstrate with our simulation results that compared to low frequencies, IQI is a more serious concern in THz links.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2502.04819 by the authors.

**Figure 2.** Comparison of IQI between THz and low frequencies [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Wideband Slope vs. Amplitude Impairment -1 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 g = 0.9 g = 0.8 g = 0.7 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (3 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Spectral Efficiency vs. Eb/N0 B. Analysis of IQI and Subcarrier Nulling This subsection examines the impact of IQI and subcarrier nulling on data rates in THz systems, using a phase imbalance of 5 ◦ and an image rejection ratio of 30 dB, as specified in [3]. We analyze…

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Impact of IQI on rate in THz band 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Transmit Power Budget (SNR, dB) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Rate (bits/channel use) without IQI - without IUI with IQI, without IUI with IUI, without IQI with IUI and IQI [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Impact of IQI on rate in Low Frequencies [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_6.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

15 extracted references · 15 canonical work pages

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Pith tools

Reviewed August 8, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [15]

The wideband slope of interference channels: The small bandwidth case,

M. Shen and A. Høst-Madsen, “The wideband slope of interference channels: The small bandwidth case,” IEEE Trans. on Inf. Theory , vol. 65, no. 11, pp. 7287–7303, 2019

work page 2019

[2] [3]

50- gb/s direct conversion QPSK modulator and demodulator MMICs for terahertz communications at 300 GHz,

H.-J. Song, J.-Y . Kim, K. Ajito, N. Kukutsu, and M. Yaita, “50- gb/s direct conversion QPSK modulator and demodulator MMICs for terahertz communications at 300 GHz,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 600–609, 2014

work page 2014

[3] [4]

A 219–266 GHz fully-integrated direct-conversion IQ receiver module in a SiGe HBT technology,

P. R. Vazquez, J. Grzyb, N. Sarmah, B. Heinemann, and U. R. Pfeiffer, “A 219–266 GHz fully-integrated direct-conversion IQ receiver module in a SiGe HBT technology,” in EuMIC, 2017, pp. 261–264

work page 2017

[4] [1]

Fractal graphene patch antennas and the thz communications revolution,

J. Blackledge, A. Boretti, L. Rosa, and S. Castelletto, “Fractal graphene patch antennas and the thz communications revolution,” in IOP Conf. Ser .: Mat. Sci. and Eng. , vol. 1060, no. 1, 2021, p. 012001. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Transmit Power Budget (SNR, dB) 0 2 4 6 8 10Rate (bits/channel use) SC nulling without IUI with IQI - without IUI SC nulling with IU...

work page 2021

[5] [2]

Spatial modulation for terahertz communication systems with hardware impairments,

T. Mao, Q. Wang, and Z. Wang, “Spatial modulation for terahertz communication systems with hardware impairments,” IEEE Trans. V eh. Technol, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 4553–4557, 2020

work page 2020

[6] [5]

Widely linear digital self-interference cancellation in direct-conversion full-duplex transceiver,

D. Korpi, L. Anttila, V . Syrj ¨al¨a, and M. Valkama, “Widely linear digital self-interference cancellation in direct-conversion full-duplex transceiver,” IEEE Journ. on Sel. Areas in Commun , vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1674–1687, 2014

work page 2014

[7] [6]

Multiple antenna systems with hardware impairments: New performance limits,

S. Javed, O. Amin, S. S. Ikki, and M.-S. Alouini, “Multiple antenna systems with hardware impairments: New performance limits,” IEEE Trans. V eh. Technol., vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 1593–1606, 2019

work page 2019

[8] [7]

Rate region of the k-user mimo interference channel with imperfect transmitters,

M. Soleymani, I. Santamaria, B. Maham, and P. J. Schreier, “Rate region of the k-user mimo interference channel with imperfect transmitters,” in EUSIPCO, 2021, pp. 1638–1642

work page 2021