Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 41 of 41 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.10453.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.10453 v1

Coverage vector

measured 41 of 41 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.530827Z

measured 41 of 41 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

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measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

41 of 41 outbound references displayed

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External citation measurements

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Outbound references

Observation 61e1e4e4-c887-4805-92bb-6492584a9f6c · outbound

This paper cites The imaginative mind.Human brain map- ping, 37(11):4197–4211, 2016.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects The imaginative mind.Human brain map- ping, 37(11):4197–4211, 2016

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:13.125204Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation f91c4ed3-7143-4b53-91ee-ca32f1fbabd8 · outbound

This paper cites Mapping the imaginative mind: Charting new paths forward.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(1):82–89, 2021.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Mapping the imaginative mind: Charting new paths forward.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(1):82–89, 2021

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:13.112778Z

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Observation 9a92cd4f-23b8-4d0e-9bb5-bf5ca575c1d8 · outbound

This paper cites Humans predict liquid dynamics using probabilistic simulation.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Humans predict liquid dynamics using probabilistic simulation

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:13.101947Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 6f4f7625-2b7b-4975-b1bb-fcbc65845f1b · outbound

This paper cites Non- commitment in mental imagery.Cognition, 238:105498,.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Non- commitment in mental imagery.Cognition, 238:105498,

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:13.090673Z

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Observation 30cd9e77-9830-4a90-b16e-64e50895bf85 · outbound

This paper cites Infusing perception with imagination.Per- ceptual imagination and perceptual memory, pages 133– 160, 2018.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Infusing perception with imagination.Per- ceptual imagination and perceptual memory, pages 133– 160, 2018

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:13.078240Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 9bd19b81-4e66-40ab-8a77-898be6cdd1ac · outbound

This paper cites SpatialBot: Precise Spatial Understanding with Vision Language Models.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects SpatialBot: Precise Spatial Understanding with Vision Language Models

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.414626Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d5cd8748-daf4-48bc-bf0c-0e753bab194b · outbound

This paper cites The artist as neuroscientist.Nature, 434 (7031):301–307, 2005.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects The artist as neuroscientist.Nature, 434 (7031):301–307, 2005

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:13.062649Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 7f57a4cb-e8d9-48c4-9c6a-c05b41646c12 · outbound

This paper cites Spatialvlm: Endow- ing vision-language models with spatial reasoning capabili- ties.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Spatialvlm: Endow- ing vision-language models with spatial reasoning capabili- ties

Reference 8

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation b457c641-7738-4ea9-bcd7-2e409852a23c · outbound

This paper cites Large language models are visual reasoning coordinators.Ad- vances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36, 2024.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Large language models are visual reasoning coordinators.Ad- vances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36, 2024

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:13.043677Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 2fb3764b-8f06-4347-b9f1-de1549c1d379 · outbound

This paper cites SpatialRGPT: Grounded Spatial Reasoning in Vision Language Models.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects SpatialRGPT: Grounded Spatial Reasoning in Vision Language Models

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.428655Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 9ad80f3b-ef34-4abd-a3f0-b9d4cf5ec100 · outbound

This paper cites What makes mental modeling difficult? normative data for the multidimensional relational reasoning task.Frontiers in psychology, 12:668256, 2021.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects What makes mental modeling difficult? normative data for the multidimensional relational reasoning task.Frontiers in psychology, 12:668256, 2021

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:13.030909Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 9bfc39e8-cd9b-4a0e-83a1-9f0711354e6b · outbound

This paper cites A survey on multimodal large lan- guage models for autonomous driving.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects A survey on multimodal large lan- guage models for autonomous driving

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.436019Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 0a817b15-cc02-4583-9785-ba8b4851fe32 · outbound

This paper cites Objaverse: A universe of annotated 3d objects.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Objaverse: A universe of annotated 3d objects

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.439269Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e734e45a-98b1-4815-8ca0-3c556d5ec889 · outbound

This paper cites Psychology press, 2014.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Psychology press, 2014

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.999904Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 164277a5-3b5f-4f02-a53e-2c9829f9401c · outbound

This paper cites Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoning.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Scene-LLM: Extending Language Model for 3D Visual Understanding and Reasoning

Reference 15

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 8711b5e9-2115-4fc6-8791-60ae69e25e4a · outbound

This paper cites Exploring the frontier of vision- language models: A survey of current methodologies and future directions.arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.07214, 2024.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Exploring the frontier of vision- language models: A survey of current methodologies and future directions.arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.07214, 2024

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.449129Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 4eb97da6-8ce5-497d-a1d8-6740840ccc4d · outbound

This paper cites Mental animation: Inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems.Journal of experi- mental psychology: learning, memory, and cognition, 18(5): 1084, 1992.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Mental animation: Inferring motion from static displays of mechanical systems.Journal of experi- mental psychology: learning, memory, and cognition, 18(5): 1084, 1992

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.986759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation a5664f86-3b87-45e0-aafa-3b3a0e1a0ad8 · outbound

This paper cites Components of spatial intelligence.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Components of spatial intelligence

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.975912Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d0e1af8d-6469-49a4-8168-ac44de2f4fdf · outbound

This paper cites Correctness comparison of chatgpt-4, gemini, claude-3, and copilot for spatial tasks.Transactions in GIS, 2024.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Correctness comparison of chatgpt-4, gemini, claude-3, and copilot for spatial tasks.Transactions in GIS, 2024

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.965247Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation aec52deb-391d-4a65-9802-a6b75c2ac3fa · outbound

This paper cites Vcoder: Ver- satile vision encoders for multimodal large language models.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Vcoder: Ver- satile vision encoders for multimodal large language models

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.953207Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 10bb8773-193f-4eb9-86dd-819740fed691 · outbound

This paper cites Imagery, visualization, and think- ing.Perception and cognition at century’s end, pages 441– 467, 1998.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Imagery, visualization, and think- ing.Perception and cognition at century’s end, pages 441– 467, 1998

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.942096Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation fde784fd-c61c-48d3-9335-170a4de56184 · outbound

This paper cites Harrison, Wallace E.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Harrison, Wallace E

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.931118Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation ac046d2e-a6a4-4f84-a67b-ab23c3895bf1 · outbound

This paper cites Kinematic mental sim- ulations in abduction and deduction.proceedings of the na- tional academy of sciences, 110(42):16766–16771, 2013.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Kinematic mental sim- ulations in abduction and deduction.proceedings of the na- tional academy of sciences, 110(42):16766–16771, 2013

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.920554Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 46fb6041-f54a-47e4-810c-97446058807d · outbound

This paper cites Mit Press, 2013.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Mit Press, 2013

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.908492Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-19T06:32:44.657259+00:00.

Observation 76e15394-aa56-4769-8216-912b6c7bd466 · outbound

This paper cites Visual imagery can impede reasoning.Memory & cognition, 30:363–371,.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Visual imagery can impede reasoning.Memory & cognition, 30:363–371,

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.897222Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 21114088-c913-4f85-ad9b-7ae1baa0ece0 · outbound

This paper cites tracking.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects tracking

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.885986Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 141662ea-b9a3-4ea4-9dd4-2f1f2f6aff36 · outbound

This paper cites What matters when building vision-language models?.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects What matters when building vision-language models?

Reference 27

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation da5c2a36-8920-42df-8271-ae264f5165ff · outbound

This paper cites BLIP: Bootstrapping language-image pre-training for unified vision-language understanding and generation.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects BLIP: Bootstrapping language-image pre-training for unified vision-language understanding and generation

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.875302Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation b94335cc-8ad5-47a5-a88f-f0f2c730c53e · outbound

This paper cites A Survey of Attacks on Large Vision-Language Models: Resources, Advances, and Future Trends.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects A Survey of Attacks on Large Vision-Language Models: Resources, Advances, and Future Trends

Reference 29

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 807d42e8-5609-4e4e-8e72-8cb10b988d6e · outbound

This paper cites Visual spa- tial reasoning.Transactions of the Association for Computa- tional Linguistics, 11:635–651, 2023.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Visual spa- tial reasoning.Transactions of the Association for Computa- tional Linguistics, 11:635–651, 2023

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.864609Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 82f5e51e-8551-45a3-874b-97ddd95a782e · outbound

This paper cites A Survey on Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects A Survey on Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.497566Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 94fa8e14-06a5-4714-bcf7-f397c6c1dd3c · outbound

This paper cites 5 Enhancing visual reasoning with autonomous imagination in multimodal large language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.18142, 2024.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects 5 Enhancing visual reasoning with autonomous imagination in multimodal large language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.18142, 2024

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.500995Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 5c04e663-9ad8-49bf-8f0d-1d495d31001a · outbound

This paper cites The human imagination: the cognitive neu- roscience of visual mental imagery.Nature reviews neuro- science, 20(10):624–634, 2019.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects The human imagination: the cognitive neu- roscience of visual mental imagery.Nature reviews neuro- science, 20(10):624–634, 2019

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.853676Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 310301e0-6938-4449-949b-61240fddea3d · outbound

This paper cites Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects.Science, 171(3972):701–703,.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects.Science, 171(3972):701–703,

Reference 34

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f95d7ee2-e416-4371-8d95-f61529d9a29c · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.509993Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 45b7ea2c-5398-4e21-a6d6-9dc468a9a7c5 · outbound

This paper cites Visuospatial reasoning.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Visuospatial reasoning

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.835650Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e4a4ded8-de26-4fe7-9487-b3961f580a70 · outbound

This paper cites Learning physical parameters from dynamic scenes.Cognitive psychology, 104:57–82,.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Learning physical parameters from dynamic scenes.Cognitive psychology, 104:57–82,

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.825131Z

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Observation 75f919fd-5d57-4978-bd47-fd163b16edfa · outbound

This paper cites Multimodal large language models: A sur- vey.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Multimodal large language models: A sur- vey

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.814212Z

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Observation 53f8aa8d-70b3-4747-b4f4-65376980ecc1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.802280Z

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Observation 79ff480f-2082-47aa-86dc-3b8e118755d7 · outbound

This paper cites Vision-language models for vision tasks: A survey.IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects Vision-language models for vision tasks: A survey.IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.791134Z

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Observation 4531f783-7981-4220-9a1f-54e597539126 · outbound

This paper cites ImagineNav: Prompting Vision-Language Models as Embodied Navigator through Scene Imagination.

Vision language models have difficulty recognizing virtual objects ImagineNav: Prompting Vision-Language Models as Embodied Navigator through Scene Imagination

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T21:12:12.530827Z

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Pith citing papers

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