Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering

As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 33 of 33 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.16648.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.16648 v1

Coverage vector

measured 33 of 33 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:08.628751Z

measured 33 of 33 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

33 of 33 outbound references displayed

verified exact3
verified fuzzy13
unresolved17
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 7c796a62-7f5a-42ac-8c29-6e6b8be5dbec · outbound

This paper cites Med42 -- Evaluating Fine-Tuning Strategies for Medical LLMs: Full-Parameter vs. Parameter-Efficient Approaches.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Med42 -- Evaluating Fine-Tuning Strategies for Medical LLMs: Full-Parameter vs. Parameter-Efficient Approaches

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:05.621356Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 992ffb51-d662-4a81-ab2b-6ca34058509c · outbound

This paper cites Clinical Camel: An Open Expert-Level Medical Language Model with Dialogue-Based Knowledge Encoding.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Clinical Camel: An Open Expert-Level Medical Language Model with Dialogue-Based Knowledge Encoding

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:05.672437Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0f4fa892-563d-481b-9ffc-1e0554f68c77 · outbound

This paper cites Meditron-70b: Scaling medical pretraining for large language models,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Meditron-70b: Scaling medical pretraining for large language models,

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:13.394863Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 0d17389c-b692-49f5-88cb-7b9f5c11f9de · outbound

This paper cites MedAlpaca -- An Open-Source Collection of Medical Conversational AI Models and Training Data.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering MedAlpaca -- An Open-Source Collection of Medical Conversational AI Models and Training Data

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:05.922781Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 34e413f6-317e-43a8-ba03-a49903e0d401 · outbound

This paper cites ChatGPT and the clinical informatics board examination: the end of unproctored maintenance of certification?.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering ChatGPT and the clinical informatics board examination: the end of unproctored maintenance of certification?

Reference 5

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:09.035183Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 6a53e10c-b5f0-41f5-bd94-620c917bf9bd · outbound

This paper cites Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models,

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:06.105502Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7ca43031-3112-4a53-8b85-2c4bfbcbf81e · outbound

This paper cites How Does ChatGPT Perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE)? The Implications of Large Language Models for Medical Education and Knowledge Assessment,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering How Does ChatGPT Perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE)? The Implications of Large Language Models for Medical Education and Knowledge Assessment,

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:13.138444Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ccf5b023-eedb-4ae1-9c7c-34151049bf1e · outbound

This paper cites Capabilities of GPT-4 on Medical Challenge Problems.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Capabilities of GPT-4 on Medical Challenge Problems

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:06.263833Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7ea434a5-7605-427c-a156-480504eb66f0 · outbound

This paper cites Trialling a Large Language Model (ChatGPT) in General Practice With the Applied Knowledge Test: Observational Study Demonstrating Opportunities and Limitations in Primary Care,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Trialling a Large Language Model (ChatGPT) in General Practice With the Applied Knowledge Test: Observational Study Demonstrating Opportunities and Limitations in Primary Care,

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:12.876540Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 12c0d2f2-0c9d-4323-b9dc-397be47b9bcf · outbound

This paper cites Can Large Language Models Safely Address Patient Questions Following Cataract Surgery?.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Can Large Language Models Safely Address Patient Questions Following Cataract Surgery?

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:12.367099Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 515bf289-3aec-4d6a-a9d2-ddba1ebcb442 · outbound

This paper cites Benchmarking large language models’ performances for myopia care: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4.0, and Google Bard,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Benchmarking large language models’ performances for myopia care: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4.0, and Google Bard,

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:12.095048Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 611d8b7f-2510-46db-a5ed-78cab0fc3ae5 · outbound

This paper cites Reasoning with large language models for medical question answering,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Reasoning with large language models for medical question answering,

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:11.424555Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation fff2947a-95ac-4d12-944c-032250e05372 · outbound

This paper cites LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS CANNOT SELF- CORRECT REASONING YET,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS CANNOT SELF- CORRECT REASONING YET,

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:11.140056Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ac4e2b73-7c80-4877-9b78-f98ca099b073 · outbound

This paper cites Adaptive Chameleon or Stubborn Sloth:,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Adaptive Chameleon or Stubborn Sloth:,

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:10.763553Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation e06c1b25-ab5e-43bc-b541-fdd8c8d5340c · outbound

This paper cites Don’t Hallucinate, Abstain: Identifying LLM Knowledge Gaps via Multi-LLM Collaboration.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Don’t Hallucinate, Abstain: Identifying LLM Knowledge Gaps via Multi-LLM Collaboration

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:10.423552Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation fa868ea9-770b-4a39-a717-4ac986eca2ab · outbound

This paper cites Exploring collaboration mechanisms for LLM agents: A social psychology view,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Exploring collaboration mechanisms for LLM agents: A social psychology view,

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:10.087397Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 68489507-5e2d-4677-83fc-7b14593f6f49 · outbound

This paper cites Counterfactual debating with preset stances for hallucination elimination of llms,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Counterfactual debating with preset stances for hallucination elimination of llms,

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:09.739336Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ccb093c0-cc84-469f-bdda-bbdd8eea0de8 · outbound

This paper cites One LLM is not Enough: Harnessing the Power of Ensemble Learning for Medical Question Answering,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering One LLM is not Enough: Harnessing the Power of Ensemble Learning for Medical Question Answering,

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:07.388081Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 20c29ee5-b7aa-46b5-9836-c08769d9753d · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:07.471313Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9191cfbb-6da6-4588-a62d-48da69099284 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:07.588376Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ecbd8b30-c832-4d9d-ad3e-668d19d1b922 · outbound

This paper cites Multivariable analysis of factors associated with USMLE scores across U.S. medical schools,.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Multivariable analysis of factors associated with USMLE scores across U.S. medical schools,

Reference 21

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:08.921281Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation b6e9e6ad-a41b-409a-8d67-e174dd393f44 · outbound

This paper cites Mixtral of Experts.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Mixtral of Experts

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:07.767358Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b7d0c431-08c2-4769-8804-95373363d289 · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:07.897800Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 047e65b5-0d3b-449b-b67d-3212a72c01e7 · outbound

This paper cites QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:07.959967Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d4d06f39-afbc-4e11-947d-80b83b9585f3 · outbound

This paper cites Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formatting.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formatting

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:08.057788Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 81563bc2-fe86-4676-b6f6-0f29cb59e984 · outbound

This paper cites Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debate

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:09.405653Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 9afeee92-4d2a-42f6-8a53-c48a442c7e24 · outbound

This paper cites Don't Hallucinate, Abstain: Identifying LLM Knowledge Gaps via Multi-LLM Collaboration.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Don't Hallucinate, Abstain: Identifying LLM Knowledge Gaps via Multi-LLM Collaboration

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:08.244822Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0cdb15c5-516d-4ae5-9db1-7d8b4c6375d9 · outbound

This paper cites Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Models

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:08.351081Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f9b95562-1d14-488c-9cf1-2d86e06e9841 · outbound

This paper cites Exploring Collaboration Mechanisms for LLM Agents: A Social Psychology View.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Exploring Collaboration Mechanisms for LLM Agents: A Social Psychology View

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:08.418344Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 079fbce1-db73-41f1-a41f-886d28c166c2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:08.821707Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation e20efab2-1a1e-4050-935d-c6177babd4b7 · outbound

This paper cites Debating with More Persuasive LLMs Leads to More Truthful Answers.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Debating with More Persuasive LLMs Leads to More Truthful Answers

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:08.628751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bae281e0-84d8-4ae1-ae98-baab67d6add2 · outbound

This paper cites Available: https://mededu.jmir.org/2023/1/e46599.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Available: https://mededu.jmir.org/2023/1/e46599

Reference 2023

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:12.653097Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation b297728b-67e7-4b33-8e62-14aaf4bb33f1 · outbound

This paper cites Counterfactual Debating with Preset Stances for Hallucination Elimination of LLMs.

Collaboration among Multiple Large Language Models for Medical Question Answering Counterfactual Debating with Preset Stances for Hallucination Elimination of LLMs

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T15:02:07.316036Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.