Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips

As of 12 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 48 of 48 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2505.17548.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.17548 v1

Coverage vector

measured 48 of 48 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:21.027815Z

measured 49 of 49 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-11T03:00:19.355357Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-11T03:00:55.550196Z

Reference resolution

48 of 48 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy2
unresolved44
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation c44a3f27-7bc6-4b58-a3e5-9c80d87f6086 · outbound

This paper cites 2016.{TensorFlow}: a system for{Large-Scale} machine learning.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips 2016.{TensorFlow}: a system for{Large-Scale} machine learning

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:24.650146Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 0a801d9a-fb46-49a8-93dc-c8e30ebafc33 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:17.193873Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b975c21a-e04e-4b22-9dc5-7781857d4605 · outbound

This paper cites Hilfer fractional advection-diffusion equations with power-law initial condition; a Numerical study using variational iteration method.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Hilfer fractional advection-diffusion equations with power-law initial condition; a Numerical study using variational iteration method

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:17.311739Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 16f55966-a899-4ef8-beba-502d86872516 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:17.389227Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7cf3ea9a-76cf-406e-8357-04e7c25c8b48 · outbound

This paper cites InternLM2 Technical Report.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips InternLM2 Technical Report

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:17.465664Z

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Observation 5a8e9774-b5e6-4664-8e58-07f53de3b53d · outbound

This paper cites FLUX: Fast Software-based Communication Overlap On GPUs Through Kernel Fusion.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips FLUX: Fast Software-based Communication Overlap On GPUs Through Kernel Fusion

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:17.541894Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 2a954a4a-1ce0-4a55-95a2-8cc630aa1679 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:24.540060Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 8748ac2d-9227-4132-8a81-9e1b0155f1b4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:24.413329Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation cad73c0d-0ebc-49b4-b160-af0c57f85114 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:17.907887Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e29c968b-6dd0-4978-a67b-dea2abefc1bc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:24.252787Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation a1e1373b-aec1-440e-b7c1-1dd6d049485a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:24.164432Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation a20cb1a8-9c2b-4eb2-9fdd-7ac288b6dc1a · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:18.226164Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5f69d2b3-a494-45d9-b895-b8204d498933 · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:18.287460Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 76015afa-470e-40aa-8f4d-5c005d0674bf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:18.377266Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5926ddf8-1d57-47d6-8a88-5016c1da1bd6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:24.018698Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 001614ce-4208-4746-9fb8-abdcdcd33a51 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:23.893749Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation ed2da6dc-48c4-4f4f-bdd0-a79c4d041236 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:23.759023Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 0fcdda0a-468c-430a-afc1-377b119fa41c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:18.784159Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7289d3ec-94ab-424f-8176-d9ccec855ae8 · outbound

This paper cites PyTorch Distributed: Experiences on Accelerating Data Parallel Training.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips PyTorch Distributed: Experiences on Accelerating Data Parallel Training

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:18.863517Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 562cf48a-0f7e-4875-ad31-6818f5f7b850 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:18.951527Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 18dcd68f-daa6-4241-8af1-fb478c5a1a0c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:23.568366Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 18194835-6722-4cf7-acd9-1d93b2b9ab86 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:23.337454Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 9a4872d6-d423-43c3-8183-c6bc2c2cfefe · outbound

This paper cites DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report

Reference 24

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9dd4e77a-b045-45cf-8bec-b1742fa34c91 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:23.093809Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation f2d471aa-bc65-4e55-b059-51596c047ac2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:23.018174Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation b6d4e12e-25c8-4062-a1b8-0aff15a5833b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 727247f9-631e-4c65-923b-7ad6d1bc915f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 701179cc-eb21-4d2a-81fc-eef733eac208 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

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Observation 3c575a77-083f-4c62-a9f3-88cb51b9d14b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fd0870e6-ae01-404b-8974-5134450db665 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:20.179315Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 844bb2bd-2f7f-470c-a354-2f5189c9f248 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:22.764762Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation bc3aceba-10a9-45fa-8253-c3e511b61e47 · outbound

This paper cites ZeroPP: Unleashing Exceptional Parallelism Efficiency through Tensor-Parallelism-Free Methodology.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips ZeroPP: Unleashing Exceptional Parallelism Efficiency through Tensor-Parallelism-Free Methodology

Reference 33

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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation c4725d6a-b362-4d74-a4c5-d1c0f4fc50a1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:22.523254Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 0eafde2b-ca30-4fac-90d0-6d2862c6f6c1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:22.387042Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 8453bead-47c7-4498-9cd4-6644343dac8f · outbound

This paper cites LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:20.620548Z

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Observation f4d4e74c-11e5-44a0-8311-4a48db52eedf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:20.687491Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5fe9c6f3-6614-46d2-901f-5d8576312de6 · outbound

This paper cites In Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips In Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery & data mining

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:20.261724Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation da390d11-6235-4257-90ab-8104e79a3201 · outbound

This paper cites Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelism

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:20.330351Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e3d89304-6368-4233-8443-331a9b259b4d · outbound

This paper cites HETHUB: A Distributed Training System with Heterogeneous Cluster for Large-Scale Models.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips HETHUB: A Distributed Training System with Heterogeneous Cluster for Large-Scale Models

Reference 40

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:21.225566Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation ba5f2b52-9b62-493b-b648-4dd871636026 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

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Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 548eccde-839d-432c-8ac6-06179cd89f23 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:21.899491Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation a20bd5ab-e8bc-4bd2-a5c6-2f24b92a1257 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7fa37aed-2ba5-49d3-8568-bd28cdc147e5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 46

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:22.203290Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation aa8873da-55af-4d99-b488-6209342ac42a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Unresolved cited work

Reference 2018

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:19.891274Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 774d64f4-bef4-437f-a21f-1fd8fe0691c7 · outbound

This paper cites In Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, volume 1 (long and short papers).

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips In Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: human language technologies, volume 1 (long and short papers)

Reference 2019

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:17.982584Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5659a03a-9e3e-4e10-915f-61311592be5c · outbound

This paper cites In SC20: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips In SC20: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis

Reference 2020

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:20.079392Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 81e23540-055a-4a2b-b590-ef2aa62ee6f5 · outbound

This paper cites In 2021 Design, Au- tomation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE).

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips In 2021 Design, Au- tomation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE)

Reference 2021

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:23.436773Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.

Observation 311b407c-7411-4994-9ab9-0756da03477e · outbound

This paper cites Optimizing Large Model Training through Overlapped Activation Recomputation.

H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips Optimizing Large Model Training through Overlapped Activation Recomputation

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:48:17.697488Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 12ba1178-7752-4de3-981b-d5c68feb2042 · inbound

HexiSeq: Accommodating Long Context Training of LLMs over Heterogeneous Hardware cites this paper.

HexiSeq: Accommodating Long Context Training of LLMs over Heterogeneous Hardware H2:Towards Efficient Large-Scale LLM Training on Hyper-Heterogeneous Cluster over 1,000 Chips

Reference 51

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T03:00:55.562160Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-12T06:34:41.77262+00:00.