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REVIEW 2 major objections 4 minor 61 references

The Sunspot Solar Observatory Data Archive: Continuing Operations at the Dunn Solar Telescope

T0 review · 2 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read The Sunspot Solar Observatory Data Archive gives the public access to roughly 374 TiB of Dunn Solar Telescope data, from raw frames to magnetic-field inversion maps, gathered over more than 520 observing days.

desk verdict A solid data-infrastructure paper that deserves peer review; fix the headline number inconsistencies and the 'all data publicly available' wording before it's final. read the letter →

arxiv 2505.21794 v1 pith:ZR5UXVJ6 submitted 2025-05-27 astro-ph.SR

Sean G. Sellers , Juie Shetye , Damian J. Christian , David B. Jess , Peter H. Keys , Gordon A. MacDonald , R.T. James McAteer , Jason Jackiewicz
show 4 more authors
Colin Hancock Michael S. Thompson Jamey E. Eriksen Sara Jeffreys
This is my paper
classification astro-ph.SR
keywords solardataarchiveDunnTelescopespectropolarimetrymanagementHazelinversionsobservingcampaignsCycle25imagequalitymetrics
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper reports that the Sunspot Solar Observatory Data Archive (SSODA) is a working public repository for observations from the Dunn Solar Telescope, holding roughly 374 TiB of data across more than 520 observing days since February 1, 2018. It contains raw files, reduced and calibrated data, and a subset of Level-2 products from spectropolarimetric inversions that map magnetic fields, temperatures, and velocities in the photosphere and chromosphere. The archive also records per-dataset seeing quality, disk position, and coincident solar events, which makes the data searchable rather than a pile of files. A sympathetic reader would care because this is a large, documented, openly accessible record of ground-based solar observations spanning the rise of Solar Cycle 25, intended to support studies of plasma processes, active regions, and space weather.

What carries the argument

The carrying object is the archive's date-organized structure plus its metadata layer: daily landing pages, a searchable SQLite/Django observations database, and per-series records of Seykora scintillation, HSM (Helmli-Scherer mean) and MFGS (Median Filter Gradient Similarity) image-quality metrics, HEK events, IRIS FOV overlap, disk position mu, and NOAA active region numbers. This layer does the work of turning raw instrument output into a selective resource. The Level-2 products are carried by the Hazel 2.0 inversion code, with the SIR wrapper for photospheric Si I lines, which converts FIRS Level-1.5 Stokes spectra into physical parameter maps. The reduction pipelines themselves, including the KISIP speckle reconstruction for ROSA/HARDcam, are part of the machinery because they define what Level-1 and Level-1.5 mean.

What would settle it

Query the archive's own observations database and compare the returned total with the paper's figure of roughly 374 TiB and 520+ observing days, then retrieve one named example, such as the FIRS Level-2 mosaic from May 4, 2021, and check that the Hazel inversion extensions and maps shown in the paper are present. A mismatch in the totals or an empty, broken, or mislabeled example page would show the archive description is overstated.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim, stated on its own terms, is that SSODA is an operational archive that stores data from the five instrument systems used at the Dunn Solar Telescope during Sunspot Solar Observatory Consortium operations: FIRS, ROSA/HARDcam, SPINOR, HSG, and IBIS. Data are organized by date with per-instrument data levels, from Level-0 raw files through Level-1.5 science-ready files; FIRS additionally has Level-2 files produced by Hazel 2.0 inversions, with SIR used for photospheric lines, giving maps of the non-disambiguated magnetic field vector, line-of-sight velocity, velocity width, temperature, optical depth, and chromospheric plasma beta. As of the dates quoted in the paper, the archive holds about 374 TiB (336 TiB at Level-0, 38 TiB at Level-1/1.5, and 170 GiB at Level-2), spans more than 520 observing days (about 550 by the figure and summary), and includes roughly 683 hours of science observations at 1,162 coordinate positions. SSODA is presented as publicly accessible with searchable metadata, automatic seeing-quality plots, and HEK event tracking, so the claim is not just that the data exist but that they are documented and usable.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the public portal and its metadata database faithfully describe the stored data; if the stated volumes, observing-day counts, or access paths turn out to be inaccurate, the claim that SSODA is a reliable community resource weakens.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Researchers can select datasets by seeing quality, target type, and disk position, then download raw or reduced products without submitting a data request for each series.
  • The Level-2 FIRS inversions make photospheric and chromospheric magnetic field, velocity, and temperature maps directly available, removing the need to run Hazel on every dataset.
  • Coordination metadata, including IRIS overlap, HEK events, and Parker Solar Probe footpoint targets, allows observers to match ground-based DST data with space-based and in situ measurements for events such as flares and solar wind source regions.
  • The archive is expected to keep growing as the DST remains operational, extending coverage through the rise and peak of Solar Cycle 25 and incorporating new instruments such as FRANCIS.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the metadata database is as complete as described, the archive could serve as a ready-made training set for machine-learning methods on solar data, since it spans hundreds of days with consistent quality metrics and multiple simultaneous instruments.
  • The paper's coronal-hole boundary example suggests that re-analysis of existing SSODA datasets with time-distance or fibril-tracking methods could reveal additional small-scale flows that the original publication did not examine.
  • The stated best-seeing tables imply that a user could build a good-seeing sample across years by thresholding the archived scintillation values, a selection strategy that could be tested against the image-quality metrics on the daily pages.
  • Should the portal remain operational after the telescope's eventual decommissioning, the archive would become a historical record of Solar Cycle 25's active regions, whose long-term value depends on the offline Level-0 storage remaining accessible on request.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 4 minor

Summary. This manuscript describes the Sunspot Solar Observatory Data Archive (SSODA), a public archive of observations from the Dunn Solar Telescope (DST) under Sunspot Solar Observatory Consortium operations since February 2018. The paper defines data levels for FIRS, ROSA/HARDcam, SPINOR, HSG, and IBIS, describes the main synoptic observing campaigns, explains data-quality metrics (Seykora scintillation, HSM, MFGS), and documents metadata tracking and the public portal. A science use case presents FIRS Level-2 Hazel inversions from a May 2021 coronal-hole campaign as an illustration of the archive's products. The headline claims are that the archive contains approximately 374 TiB of data across more than 520 observing days, including raw and calibrated data; however, Section 3/Figure 7 report 374 TiB over more than 550 observing days, and Section 7 states over 375 TiB over more than 550 days.

Significance. If the archive matches the description, SSODA is a valuable community resource: it preserves a multi-instrument view of solar activity through the rise of Solar Cycle 25 and provides science-ready products, including speckle-reconstructed imaging, polarimetric reductions, and Hazel/SIR inversion maps. The paper's strengths are its detailed instrument-by-instrument data-level definitions, the public code repositories for the reduction pipelines, per-series seeing metrics, and the HEK/IRIS-aware metadata model. The Hazel inversion examples are not used to fit any parameter of this paper, so there is no circularity. The archive's usefulness hinges on the accuracy of the headline census and on the practical public accessibility of all data, which is exactly where the manuscript needs clarification.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract vs §3 (Fig. 7) and §7] The headline statistics for the archive are internally inconsistent. The Abstract states 'approximately 374 TiB of data across more than 520 observing days'; Figure 7 and Section 3 give a census 'as of April 24, 2025' of 374 TiB over 'over 550 observing days'; Section 7 states 'over 375 TiB of data taken over more than 550 observing days.' Because the central claim of this data-description paper is precisely the contents of the archive, the authors should harmonize these numbers, state a single census date, and ensure the Abstract and Summary quote the same quantities. As written, a reader cannot determine which figures describe the public archive.
  2. [§5 vs §7 and Abstract] The public-availability claim is qualified in a way that is not reflected in the Abstract or Summary. Section 5 states that 'certain observing series with oversized Level-0 data products may be housed in offline storage' and that these data are 'made accessible on specific request,' while Section 7 concludes that 'All archival data are publicly available.' Since the Abstract emphasizes that the SSODA 'includes both raw and calibrated data,' the manuscript should state how much of the 336 TiB of Level-0 data is offline, confirm whether those offline files are included in the headline totals, and describe the request procedure and typical turnaround time. Without this information, the abstract can be read as promising fully online access that the archive does not actually provide.
minor comments (4)
  1. [§2.4] The word 'Febraury' in the SPINOR example paragraph should be corrected to 'February'.
  2. [§4.2] The phrase 'if the the DST coverage' contains a duplicated 'the' and should be corrected.
  3. [Code Availability] The word 'depricated' should be 'deprecated' in the description of the firs-tools repository.
  4. [§5 and Data Availability] The archive is described only by bare URLs and date-directory paths; adding stable identifiers, such as a DOI for the SSODA top-level collection or per-series record identifiers, would make the holdings citable and the data-availability statement more reproducible.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circular reasoning: the paper is a descriptive data-archive report whose claims are external facts, not derived quantities.

full rationale

This paper describes the Sunspot Solar Observatory Data Archive (SSODA): its instruments, data levels, observing campaigns, quality metrics, and access routes. It makes no derivation of physical quantities from its own archive, and it presents no first-principles predictions that could reduce to fitted inputs. The archive volume and observing-day counts (Abstract: 'approximately 374 TiB' and 'more than 520 observing days'; §3/Figure 7: '374 TiB' and 'over 550 observing days'; Summary: 'over 375 TiB' and 'more than 550 observing days') are empirical reports of an external, live system, not outputs of a model fit to that system. The Hazel-2.0 inversion examples in Section 6 are illustrations of existing data products computed with an external code; they are not used to fit any parameter of this paper, so there is no self-definitional or fitted-input-called-prediction pattern. The only self-referential elements are citations to the authors' own GitHub repositories for pipeline code (SSOsoft, firs-tools) and references to prior DST science papers; these are code-availability statements and context citations, not load-bearing arguments that define the archive into existence. The internal inconsistency between '520' and '550' observing days is a factual consistency issue, not circularity, and the offline-storage caveat in Section 5 versus the Summary's 'All archival data are publicly available' is an external verification concern. Neither involves a derivation step that takes its conclusion as a premise. Accordingly, the paper is self-contained as a data description and warrants a circularity score of 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim of an accessible archive depends on the validity of the reduction pipelines and the quality metrics used to tag datasets, which are adopted from prior literature (Hazel, KISIP, HSM/MFGS) rather than re-derived here.

assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption Hazel 2.0 and SIR inversion codes produce trustworthy physical parameters from FIRS Stokes profiles.
    Section 2.2 and Section 6 present Level-2 magnetic field, temperature, and velocity maps as science-ready products. The paper shows example fits but does not validate the inversion outputs against independent measurements.
  • domain assumption HSM and MFGS image-quality metrics are reliable proxies for AO-corrected seeing quality.
    Section 4.1 selects these metrics for ROSA and HARDcam based on Popowicz et al. (2017) and internal experience; no quantitative validation on DST data is given.
  • domain assumption The HEK event matching and metadata tracking in the archive are correct and complete.
    Sections 4.2 and 5 rely on automated HEK queries and metadata ingestion to tag datasets; errors would propagate into the archive search.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of The Sunspot Solar Observatory Data Archive: Continuing Operations at the Dunn Solar Telescope." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/ZR5UXVJ6

@misc{pith2026250521794,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: The Sunspot Solar Observatory Data Archive: Continuing Operations at the Dunn Solar Telescope},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/ZR5UXVJ6}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2505.21794}
}
read the original abstract

The Sunspot Solar Observatory Data Archive (SSODA) stores data acquired with the suite of instruments at the Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope (DST) from February 2018 to the present. The instrumentation at the DST continues to provide high cadence imaging, spectroscopy, and polarimetry of the solar photosphere and chromosphere across a wavelength range from 3500\r{A} to 11,000\r{A}. At time of writing, the archive contains approximately 374 TiB of data across more than 520 observing days (starting on February 1, 2018). These numbers are approximate as the DST remains operational, and is actively adding new data to the archive. The SSODA includes both raw and calibrated data. A subset of the archive contains the results of photospheric and chromospheric spectropolarimetric inversions using the Hazel-2.0 code to obtain maps of magnetic fields, temperatures, and velocity flows. The SSODA represents a unique resource for the investigation of plasma processes throughout the solar atmosphere, the origin of space weather events, and the properties of active regions throughout the rise of Solar Cycle 25.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2505.21794 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Examples of FIRS Level-1.5 maps from an active region dataset obtained on September 20, 2023. The top row contains an image of continuum intensity, as observed by the FIRS instrument (left) compared to the same region as observed in HMI continuum intensity. The horizontal lines running across the FIRS FOV are hairline fiducials, used for co-aligning FIRS spectral data. The middle row contains observations of the Si … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Top: Example of FIRS Level-1 and 1.5 Stokes spectra from data obtained on September 20, 2023. Level-1 data are shown as dotted lines, while Level-1.5 are shown as solid lines for each, I, Q, U, and V. This comparison highlights the additional corrections employed in the formation of the Level-1.5 data product. Bottom: Example of FIRS Level-2 spectra, showcasing the normalization used in pre-processing for the Hazel … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Physical parameters obtained from Hazel fitting of FIRS spectropolarimetry from data obtained on September 20, 2023. The top row contains the components of the magnetic vector, B, for the He i line. The second row contains the magnetic vector for the photospheric Si i line. No attempt is made to resolve the 180-degree ambiguity in the FIRS Level-2 data product at this time, and thus the Bx and By components are best… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (8 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Speckle-reconstructed images from the ROSA (bottom row, left-to-right are images of the 4170 ˚A continuum, G-Band, and Ca K line core) and HARDcam (top right) instruments, compared to the cotemporal HMI continuum image (top left). The images chosen for display represen…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Example of SPINOR Level-1.5 data from February 3, 2025. On this date, the Fe i 6302 ˚A and Ca ii 8542 ˚A spectral windows were observed. The top row shows, from left-to-right, the line core intensity of Fe i 6302 ˚A, the mean linear polarization of the line, and the me…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Example of IBIS data from January 25, 2019. The top row shows the wider region in the HMI continuum (top left) and HARDcam Hα (top right), while successive rows show the line profile, far wing, near wing, and core of the Na i, H i, and Ca ii lines respectively. The Hα …
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Overview of the SSODA as of April 24, 2025 by observing type, data volume, duration of science observations, disk position, and instrumental complement. The full SSODA on this date constituted 374 TiB of data (336 TiB at Level-0, 38 TiB at Level-1 or 1.5, and 170 GiB a…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Automatically-generated overview seeing plots from February 3, 2023, indicative of average seeing quality at the DST. HARDcam data are shown in the top half of the figure, while ROSA G-band data are shown below. For each plot, the top row shows, left-to-right, an image…
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Collected metadata from the observing series on February 3, 2023. Top: Context imaging denoting the pointing and FOV of the DST. HEK events are overlaid. Middle: Observation summary plot denoting the timing of observations alongside GOES SXR flux for use in pinpointing…
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Mosaic of FIRS scan positions at a coronal hole boundary on May 4, 2021. Top: AIA 193 ˚A context image of the full disk (left), and coronal hole region (right). The blue square in the full disk context image denotes the FOV shown in all other panels. Middle: Mosaic of…
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Data taken from an area of coronal brightening adjacent to a coronal hole on May 4, 2021. Top: AIA 193 ˚A full-disk context image (left) and HARDcam Hα wide-field image (right). Second Row: Region of interest (ROI) in G-band, Hα, AIA 304 ˚A, and He i left-to-right. Th…

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Pith tools

Reviewed August 7, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.