Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage

As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 38 of 38 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2506.01172.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.01172 v1

Coverage vector

measured 38 of 38 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.868112Z

measured 39 of 39 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-01T07:11:13.013810Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

38 of 38 outbound references displayed

verified exact4
verified fuzzy2
unresolved31
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch1

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 968836bf-c362-4e51-ab2f-54847270c8f7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.274682Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4a608228-279e-403c-85b4-e7735fca4c2b · outbound

This paper cites Barr, Roger Levy, Christoph Scheepers, and Harry J.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Barr, Roger Levy, Christoph Scheepers, and Harry J

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.287670Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 322f75a1-db47-4d81-b126-d74558d161a1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.297374Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8961308c-955d-4911-8450-1d0a878498c7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:04.197844Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ed0310fc-4810-4cbc-9ef8-dab004b19357 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:04.160285Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation f9dacca9-13d9-4554-911d-5e99a634378d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:04.101736Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 6e6e8820-882b-41b5-b9e1-1fe151355ad7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.336053Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3227d12e-f00d-41ce-a229-2ffb194b7429 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.147209Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 3505a9ac-42bd-44ba-8acd-b9ca2eeb84bc · outbound

This paper cites Tily, Idan Blank, Anastasia Vishnevetsky, Steven Piantadosi, and Evelina Fedorenko.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Tily, Idan Blank, Anastasia Vishnevetsky, Steven Piantadosi, and Evelina Fedorenko

Reference 9

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.099726Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 1e5e4d80-b5de-41f2-973d-d490289c8314 · outbound

This paper cites The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.367531Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c726c632-025e-414a-8cfe-fd0bb63733fa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.377183Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1929da3b-b191-49fb-b060-d422f645e911 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:04.032764Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 8fdfd97f-bd09-47cd-a07a-90dfacb8ab09 · outbound

This paper cites Clark, and Philipp Koehn.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Clark, and Philipp Koehn

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.393438Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 76cca9b1-0b43-4f19-99a3-058f7cdc3503 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.056423Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 80a6ca9e-51ba-4879-9daa-09aa0d847516 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.987777Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ce83a66d-0184-4b4a-88ff-9a9e9332a444 · outbound

This paper cites Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.418060Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3a47aee8-bf28-4074-90bd-7cb42bd34dca · outbound

This paper cites Nelson Francis.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Nelson Francis

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.946803Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 94f026fb-1cb3-445c-9959-057d70a1fb5b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.437476Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation af938671-5e66-4822-8891-d5690497b19f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.447433Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4ae90f9f-ec8e-48e0-95c1-9846f207b7b3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.911311Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation af205181-e91d-4cf0-a51c-44a1f490afbd · outbound

This paper cites Luke and Kiel Christianson.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Luke and Kiel Christianson

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.465284Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6a1b9dce-8508-4a13-ab99-df90f855a1de · outbound

This paper cites Ivanova, Idan A.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Ivanova, Idan A

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.475089Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4435cce4-cb65-47af-827b-f080b6d4427e · outbound

This paper cites Smith, and Yanai Elazar.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Smith, and Yanai Elazar

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.864254Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation a36dfa31-d1b0-4b85-a226-beb8500f30d0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.817177Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation fa17703d-d16d-4db8-973f-6302d51836bb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.511467Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 570dcbc7-8979-4ba7-9e22-50666a0aee2a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.769254Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 4de5c190-9390-4c92-bfaa-425312e22038 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.713943Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 186435b9-7f44-42fc-88b0-73df377aeecd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.678360Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation b5f5269a-4ab4-498e-8005-b4032b0c40e5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.638789Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 465f72df-27ec-4896-9a3d-74951c6ca7e9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.597886Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 061869f0-7229-4059-ac6b-538f58f0d7e9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: metadata mismatch; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.405889Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation c5a5dc01-43d8-4066-8a54-4f9ee4c6c6f4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.964269Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation e42ba496-38f7-485f-9cc8-a0fe870453b9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.724722Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dceb68eb-b08e-4396-a63b-d8300eaea3b2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.750156Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ec6b1419-c981-4965-a73f-d1ace31849f8 · outbound

This paper cites Smith and Roger Levy.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Smith and Roger Levy

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.773448Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 509b4c55-397e-416b-ab25-54bb28dcddf2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.536854Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 4074eca7-f6a8-4e62-80f5-d74700ae1095 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:02.836447Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3d548478-e8ea-4f74-8f36-9b647b57f697 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T11:55:03.478059Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation ce8d93ba-0f2c-4015-aa42-8ba1f7ae2749 · inbound

Surprisal Theory is Tautological (without Rational Grounding) cites this paper.

Surprisal Theory is Tautological (without Rational Grounding) The Inverse Scaling Effect of Pre-Trained Language Model Surprisal Is Not Due to Data Leakage

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-01T07:11:13.013810Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.