Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 64 references

Reconfigurable Ultrafast Thermal Metamaterial Pixel Arrays by Dual-Gate Graphene Transistors

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read A graphene transistor pixel that both heats and switches can reshape thermal-infrared emission in microseconds, and a 3×3 array renders all 26 letters.

desk verdict A credible active-matrix thermal pixel demo with a real new architecture, but the transient simulation-measurement 'agreement' is overstated and needs reconciliation before the speed claims fully land. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.04372 v1 pith:N6JZPKPJ submitted 2025-06-04 physics.optics physics.app-ph

Yibai Zhong , Xiu Liu , Zexiao Wang , Tianyi Huang , Jingyi Zou , Sen Lin , Xiao Luo , Zhuo Li
show 3 more authors
Rui Cheng Xu Zhang Sheng Shen
This is my paper
classification physics.opticsphysics.app-ph
keywords thermalmetamaterialsgraphenefield-effecttransistorsactive-matrixaddressingemissioncontrolinfraredmetasurfacesthermoreflectancesignaturesmicrosecondswitching
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper argues that the slow, diffuse, broadband nature of thermal emission can be brought under fast, programmable control by making each pixel of a thermal array a dual-gate graphene transistor under an infrared metasurface. In this design the same transistor acts as a transparent microheater and as an electrical switch, so heating is separated from the design of what is emitted. The authors report switching times around 1.87 microseconds rise and 1.33 microseconds fall, a temperature contrast greater than 15 K on versus below 3 K off, and a 3×3 array that renders all 26 Latin letters by progressive scanning. If correct, this makes thermal-infrared emission controllable in space, time, and wavelength using CMOS-compatible fabrication.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing element is the dual-gate graphene field-effect transistor pixel with heater-switch duality: one gate $V_{G,MM}$ controls the central metasurface-covered graphene emitter, and a second gate $V_{G,PU}$ controls four parallel peripheral graphene transistors that act as the switching load. The channel-resistance model $R_{channel} = R_{MM} + R_{PU}$, with $sigma_{MM}$ and $sigma_{PU}$ governed by gate-tunable carrier density plus residual carriers, determines where the Joule power lands. Because monolayer graphene is broadband transparent and has extremely low thermal mass, the gold metasurface on top can set the emission spectrum while the graphene underneath heats and cools on a microsecond scale.

What would settle it

Compare the switching transient measured through the gold metasurface with a readout that does not depend on the gold layer, such as the mid-infrared radiance of the bare graphene or the electrical resistance of the graphene channel itself; if the gold-free readout settles slower than the reported 1.87 and 1.33 microseconds, the gold emitter or its interface is adding thermal delay. A second check: fabricate identical pixels with thicker and thinner gold metasurfaces, and if the rise and fall times change, the emitter's thermal mass is part of the measured response.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central discovery is that dual-gate graphene field-effect transistors can serve simultaneously as ultrafast transparent heaters and as voltage-controlled switches within a thermal-metamaterial pixel, and that this heater-switch duality removes the usual coupling between where heat is generated and how it is emitted. Each pixel centers on a 20-micrometer graphene transistor covered by a gold metasurface that defines a narrowband emissivity peak, with four surrounding graphene transistors acting as a series load that redirects or blocks electrical power. By biasing the two gates oppositely, the authors route Joule heat into the central emitter in the on state or into the surrounding transistors in the off state, yielding measured thermal contrast above 15 K versus below 3 K and transient thermoreflectance signals showing 10-90 percent switching times of 1.87 microseconds and 1.33 microseconds, corresponding to about 187 kHz cutoff. A 3×3 array built this way spells all 26 letters of the alphabet by progressive row scanning.

Load-bearing premise

The speed claim assumes the gold metasurface's reflectance follows the graphene temperature with negligible thermal lag, so if the gold layer or its interface adds delay, the measured 1.87-microsecond rise and 1.33-microsecond fall would overstate how fast the pixel itself switches.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Arrays of arbitrary size can be addressed with shared rows and columns, because each pixel contains its own switch, bypassing the passive-matrix scanning limit described by the Alt-Pleshko effect.
  • Spectral control comes for free: resizing the metasurface unit cell moves the narrowband emissivity peak, so multi-color thermal pixels can be made without changing the heating scheme.
  • Sub-millisecond switching at roughly 187 kHz opens thermal emission to uses such as high-speed infrared signaling and dynamic thermal displays, not just slow camouflage.
  • Graphene's low emissivity makes the off state nearly invisible, so the displayed pattern is set by the metasurface rather than by the whole device temperature.
  • Because the fabrication steps are CMOS-compatible and graphene can be grown large-area by LPCVD, the 3×3 demonstration is a step toward larger active-matrix thermal displays.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The paper leaves implicit that the same pixel can be retuned to other infrared wavelengths without altering the heating electronics; swapping the metasurface geometry should move the emission peak while the transistor behavior stays unchanged.
  • A direct test would replace the gold-based thermoreflectance probe with a mid-infrared emission readout of the bare graphene; if the measured dynamics slow down, the gold layer or its interface, not graphene, is the speed bottleneck.
  • The progressive-scan demonstration implies a rudimentary thermal display rate; with the reported 7.5-microsecond half-period per row, a larger array's refresh rate would be set by thermal settling and line resistance, not by the transistor's intrinsic speed.
  • Residual conductivity near the Dirac point means even the off state dissipates some power in the peripheral transistors, so reducing residual carrier density or increasing channel aspect ratio could sharpen thermal contrast further.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper presents a thermal metamaterial pixel architecture in which a monolithic graphene field-effect transistor serves simultaneously as a transparent microheater and as an analog switch, controlled by two separate gates per pixel. A central metasurface-covered graphene transistor acts as the infrared emitter, while four peripheral graphene transistors act as voltage-controlled resistive switches. The authors report electrical characterization, steady-state thermal imaging, transient thermoreflectance measurements, and a 3x3 pixel array that displays all 26 Latin letters via progressive scanning. The central claims are high thermal contrast (greater than 15 K on, less than 3 K off), ultrafast switching (1.87 microsecond rise, 1.33 microsecond fall), and a 3-dB cutoff frequency up to 187 kHz, supported by COMSOL simulations that are said to agree with measurements.

Significance. If the switching-speed and contrast claims hold, this work offers a promising route to scalable, actively addressable thermal-infrared emitters with spectral design flexibility, combining a well-established metasurface emitter with a transparent graphene heater/switch. The experimental demonstration of a 3x3 array that renders alphabet patterns through progressive scanning is a tangible step toward programmable thermal displays and adaptive infrared signatures. The paper also provides useful electrical characterization of the devices, including TLM measurements and mobility extraction. However, the quantitative support for the headline ultrafast-switching claim is weakened by an unresolved discrepancy between simulation and measurement, and the spectral dimension of the claimed multi-domain control is not experimentally demonstrated.

major comments (3)
  1. [Results and Discussion, Figure 3a] The reported simulated 10-90% rise and fall times (2.73 microseconds and 2.77 microseconds) differ substantially from the measured thermoreflectance times (1.87 microseconds and 1.33 microseconds), with the measured response being faster than the simulation. The text states that the simulation and measurement 'exhibit excellent agreement in their dynamics,' which is not supported by the numbers. Because the ultrafast modulation claim and the 187 kHz cutoff frequency rest directly on these transient data, the discrepancy must be resolved. Please provide error bars and the number of repetitions for the measured time constants, report the simulation parameters that set the thermal dynamics, and discuss whether the Au metasurface layer or its interface could add a delay. As written, the agreement claim and the quantitative cutoff frequency are not established.
  2. [Results and Discussion and Methods] The COMSOL simulations, both steady-state and transient, are used to validate the thermal performance and the switching speed, but the material and geometry parameters used in the model are not reported. The thermal conductivity and heat capacity of graphene, Al2O3, and Au; the interface thermal conductances; the substrate thermal properties; and the way the Au metasurface is meshed or represented are all absent from the Methods and Supplementary Information. Without this information, the claimed agreement between simulation and experiment cannot be critically evaluated, and the simulation could be tuned to match the data. Please provide a complete list of parameters and, ideally, a sensitivity analysis of the switching times to the uncertain input values.
  3. [Abstract, Results and Discussion, Figure 1e] The paper claims control 'across spatial, temporal and spectral domains' and 'multi-color, narrowband infrared emission,' but the experimental results demonstrate only spatial patterning and temporal switching at a single emission wavelength (2.9 micrometers). The spectral tunability is supported only by emissivity simulations (Fig. 1e) with a single measured metasurface geometry. Either provide experimental evidence of spectral tuning, for example by measuring more than one metasurface geometry or wavelength, or revise the claims to state that spectral control is a design feature enabled by the platform rather than a directly demonstrated experimental capability.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Introduction and Results and Discussion, Figure 1b] The term 'dual-gate graphene transistors' is potentially misleading: each pixel contains two separate single-gated transistors (the MM Gr-FET and the PU Gr-FETs), not a single transistor with two gates. Please clarify the terminology, for example by calling it a 'dual-gate-controlled pixel' or a 'two-gate circuit.'
  2. [Equation (3)] The definition of R_PU in Eq. (3) uses an effective aspect ratio L_PU/W_PU = 3.91, but it is not clear whether this is the aspect ratio of each individual PU transistor or of the parallel combination of the four PU transistors. The text states that the PU Gr-FETs exhibit nearly four times higher resistance than the MM Gr-FET, which is consistent only if the 3.91 refers to the parallel combination. Please clarify the geometry and the definition of R_PU.
  3. [Results and Discussion, Figure 3a] The transient measurements in Fig. 3a appear to be a single representative trace; no error bars or statistical information are given. Given the importance of the switching times to the central claim, at least a few repeated measurements with mean and standard deviation should be reported.
  4. [Methods and Conclusion] The claim of CMOS compatibility is made in the abstract and conclusion, but the fabrication uses e-beam evaporation of Au and e-beam lithography for the metasurface. The statement would be stronger if the authors specified which steps are compatible with a standard CMOS process and whether the Au metallization and thermal oxide substrate are intended as back-end-of-line additions.
  5. [Results and Discussion, Figure 2] The steady-state thermal maps in Figs. 2f and 2g are qualitative. A quantitative comparison of the measured temperature rise against the COMSOL profile, such as a line cut across the device, would strengthen the validation of the thermal model.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the central claims rest on direct device measurements, and the supporting COMSOL/citation chain is not equivalent to its inputs.

full rationale

The paper's central claims—dual-gate Gr-FET pixels, >15 K on-state vs <3 K off-state thermal contrast, 10-90% switching times, and 26-letter array rendering—are experimental demonstrations, not derived predictions. Equation (1) is a standard TLM/mobility extraction, and Eqs. (2)-(3) are constitutive device models whose parameters (mobility, residual carrier density, geometry) are independently characterized; the 'on/off' power localization is then checked against IR camera images. The COMSOL steady-state and transient analyses are support, but the paper does not state that any thermal parameter was fit to the thermoreflectance trace, and no equation in the manuscript reduces the simulated temperature to the measured ΔR/R by construction. The only self-citation that carries weight is Ref. [48] for the relation fc=0.35/tf; this is a standard first-order bandwidth estimate, and the cutoff numbers are computed from independently measured/simulated time constants, so the citation is not load-bearing. The transient section does contain a quantitative tension—simulated tr/tf (2.73/2.77 µs) versus measured (1.87/1.33 µs) are not in 'excellent agreement' numerically, and the measured response being faster than simulation is unexplained. That is a correctness/calibration concern, not a circular reduction; it does not make the prediction equivalent to its input. Similarly, the thermoreflectance method's assumption that Au adds negligible thermal delay is an accuracy assumption, not a circular definition. I therefore find no significant circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The device demonstration rests on measured electrical and thermal data, but the supporting conductivity and thermal models introduce parameters that are not fully pinned down. No new physical entities are postulated; the dual-gate transistor is a device geometry rather than an invented physical object.

free parameters (2)
  • residual carrier density n_res = not stated
    Appears in Eq. (2) as the n_res e mu term controlling conductivity near the Dirac point; the paper does not report a measured or fitted value, so the switching model is underdetermined.
  • COMSOL thermal simulation parameters = not stated
    The steady-state and transient thermal simulations require thermal conductivities, interface conductances, heat transfer coefficients, and boundary conditions, but none are listed, so the predicted temperature dynamics cannot be checked for tuning.
assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption Monolayer graphene is broadly transparent in the infrared, so the peripheral transistor regions contribute negligible thermal emission.
    Design relies on this for high contrast; supported by cited literature but not measured across the full relevant band in this device.
  • domain assumption The Au metasurface thermal response is fast enough that thermoreflectance on the Au surface tracks the graphene heater temperature.
    Used in the transient measurement; the paper does not quantify the Au layer or interface thermal time constants.
  • domain assumption The Drude-like conductivity model with residual carriers in Eq. (2), combined with a single PU aspect ratio in Eq. (3), captures the gate-dependent resistance of four parallel PU transistors.
    The model is used to compute on/off power distribution, but the text's statement that PU resistance is nearly four times higher is inconsistent with four parallel L/W=3.91 transistors.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Reconfigurable Ultrafast Thermal Metamaterial Pixel Arrays by Dual-Gate Graphene Transistors." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/N6JZPKPJ

@misc{pith2026250604372,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Reconfigurable Ultrafast Thermal Metamaterial Pixel Arrays by Dual-Gate Graphene Transistors},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/N6JZPKPJ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.04372}
}
read the original abstract

Thermal signatures represent ubiquitous infrared appearances of objects, carrying their unique spectral fingerprints. Despite extensive efforts to decipher and manipulate thermal-infrared signals, the ability to fully control them across spatial, temporal and spectral domains remains a significant challenge due to the slow speed, diffuse and broadband emitting nature of thermal emission in most materials. Here, we demonstrate a reconfigurable ultrafast thermal metamaterial pixel array that integrates active metasurfaces with dual-gate graphene transistors (Gr-FETs). The Gr-FETs with dual-gate control in each pixel achieve the heater-switch dual functionalities. As broadband transparent microheaters, Gr-FETs support the arbitrary design of integrated metasurfaces to achieve multi-color, narrowband infrared emission and operate at ultrafast modulation speeds. Concurrently as electrical switches, they enable a unified control scheme for pixel arrays of various sizes over large areas without compromising emission intensity. By decoupling the thermal generation and emission design processes, our approach provides an unprecedented degree of flexibility in programming thermal output across space, time, and wavelength. Our fabricated thermal pixel array experimentally demonstrated 26 alphabetical letters by applying progressive scanning, thus paving the way for practical realization of universal thermal signature controls for advanced thermal-infrared applications.

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

64 extracted references · 63 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Tien, C. L. Thermal Radiation Properties of Gases. Adv Heat Transf 5, 253–324 (1969)

    work page 1969

  2. [2]

    De Wilde, Y. et al. Thermal radiation scanning tunnelling microscopy. Nature 2006 444:7120 444, 740–743 (2006). 8

    work page 2006

  3. [3]

    Catalanotti, S. et al. The radiative cooling of selective surfaces. Solar Energy 17, 83–89 (1975)

    work page 1975

  4. [4]

    Griffith, A. G. et al. Silicon-chip mid-infrared frequency comb generation. Nature Communications 2015 6:1 6, 1–5 (2015)

    work page 2015

  5. [5]

    B., Bagavathiappan, S., Jayakumar, T

    Lahiri, B. B., Bagavathiappan, S., Jayakumar, T. & Philip, J. Medical applications of infrared thermography: A review. Infrared Phys Technol 55, 221–235 (2012)

    work page 2012

  6. [6]

    & Hamblin, M

    Vatansever, F. & Hamblin, M. R. Far infrared radiation (FIR): its biological effects and medical applications. Photonics Lasers Med 4, 255 (2012)

    work page 2012

  7. [7]

    & Selamat, A

    Kirimtat, A., Krejcar, O. & Selamat, A. A Mini-review of Biomedical Infrared Thermography (B-IRT). Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 11466 LNBI, 99–110 (2019)

    work page 2019

  8. [8]

    (Springer Singapore, Singapore, 2017)

    Application of Infrared to Biomedical Sciences. (Springer Singapore, Singapore, 2017). doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3147-2

    work page doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3147-2 2017

Show all 64 references
  1. [9]

    B., Grabska, J

    Beć, K. B., Grabska, J. & Huck, C. W. Biomolecular and bioanalytical applications of infrared spectroscopy – A review. Anal Chim Acta 1133, 150–177 (2020)

    2020

  2. [10]

    Roberts, G. et al. 3D-patterned inverse-designed mid-infrared metaoptics. Nature Communications 2023 14:1 14, 1–12 (2023)

    2023

  3. [11]

    Fang, Z. et al. Ultra-low-energy programmable non-volatile silicon photonics based on phase-change materials with graphene heaters. Nat Nanotechnol 17, 842–848 (2022)

    2022

  4. [12]

    Zhou, M. et al. Self-Focused Thermal Emission and Holography Realized by Mesoscopic Thermal Emitters. ACS Photonics 8, 497–504 (2021)

    2021

  5. [13]

    Wang, Z. et al. Phase change plasmonic metasurface for dynamic thermal emission modulation. APL Photonics 9, (2024)

    2024

  6. [14]

    Jing, L. et al. Electrically driven nanoantenna metasurface for coherent thermal emission. Appl Phys Lett 123, (2023)

    2023

  7. [15]

    Liu, X. et al. Electrically driven thermal infrared metasurface with narrowband emission. Appl Phys Lett 121, (2022)

    2022

  8. [16]

    Cahill, D. G. et al. Nanoscale thermal transport. II. 2003-2012. Appl Phys Rev 1, 11305 (2014)

    2014

  9. [17]

    Yao, Y. et al. Electrically tunable metasurface perfect absorbers for ultrathin mid-infrared optical modulators. Nano Lett 14, 6526–6532 (2014)

    2014

  10. [18]

    Yao, Y. et al. High-responsivity mid-infrared graphene detectors with antenna-enhanced photocarrier generation and collection. Nano Lett 14, 3749–3754 (2014)

    2014

  11. [19]

    Li, Z. et al. Brochosome-inspired binary metastructures for pixel-by-pixel thermal signature control. Sci Adv 10, eadl4027 (2024)

    2024

  12. [20]

    & Wong, T.-S

    Wang, L., Li, Z., Shen, S. & Wong, T.-S. Geometric design of antireflective leafhopper brochosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121, e2312700121 (2024). 9

    2024

  13. [21]

    Salihoglu, O. et al. Graphene-Based Adaptive Thermal Camouflage. Nano Lett 18, 4541– 4548 (2018)

    2018

  14. [22]

    Wang, J. et al. Multilevel Information Encryption Mediated by Reconfigurable Thermal Emission in Smart Bilayer Material. Laser Photon Rev (2024) doi:10.1002/lpor.202301106

    2024 doi

  15. [23]

    Tong, J. K. et al. Infrared-Transparent Visible-Opaque Fabrics for Wearable Personal Thermal Management. ACS Photonics 2, 769–778 (2015)

    2015

  16. [24]

    Cao, F. et al. Enhanced Thermal Stability of W-Ni-Al2O3 Cermet-Based Spectrally Selective Solar Absorbers with Tungsten Infrared Reflectors. Adv Energy Mater 5, 1401042 (2015)

    2015

  17. [25]

    K., Goosen, J

    Lau, G. K., Goosen, J. F. L., van Keulen, F., Chu Duc, T. & Sarro, P. M. Powerful polymeric thermal microactuator with embedded silicon microstructure. Appl Phys Lett 90, 214103 (2007)

    2007

  18. [26]

    S., Liu, X., Salihoglu, H., Li, Z

    Yun, H. S., Liu, X., Salihoglu, H., Li, Z. & Shen, S. Electromechanically reconfigurable plasmonic nanoslits for efficient nano-opto-electro-mechanical tuning. Materials Today Physics 42, 101369 (2024)

    2024

  19. [27]

    Yeo, J. et al. Single Nanowire Resistive Nano-heater for Highly Localized Thermo- Chemical Reactions: Localized Hierarchical Heterojunction Nanowire Growth. Small 10, 5015–5022 (2014)

    2014

  20. [28]

    Kim, H. et al. Hybrid Plasmonic-GeTe Active Metasurfaces with High Tunability. Adv Photonics Res 6, 2400132 (2025)

    2025

  21. [29]

    Luke, K., Okawachi, Y., Lamont, M. R. E., Gaeta, A. L. & Lipson, M. Broadband mid - infrared frequency comb generation in a Si3N4 microresonator. Optics Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 21, pp. 4823-4826 40, 4823–4826 (2015)

    2015

  22. [30]

    E., Bhuvaneshwari, K

    Jeroish, Z. E., Bhuvaneshwari, K. S., Samsuri, F. & Narayanamurthy, V. Microheater: material, design, fabrication, temperature control, and applications—a role in COVID-19. Biomed Microdevices 24, 1–49 (2022)

    2022

  23. [31]

    & Fihn, M

    Chen, J., Cranton, W. & Fihn, M. Handbook of visual display technology. Handbook of Visual Display Technology 1–3564 (2016) doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14346-0/COVER

    2016 doi

  24. [32]

    & Nathan, A

    Guo, X., Deng, L. & Nathan, A. Active‐Matrix Electroluminescent Displays. in Advances in Semiconductor Technologies 109–131 (Wiley, 2022). doi:10.1002/9781119869610.ch7

    2022 doi

  25. [33]

    W., Yim, D

    Jung, W., Kim, Y. W., Yim, D. & Yoo, J. Y. Microscale surface thermometry using SU8/Rhodamine-B thin layer. Sens Actuators A Phys 171, 228–232 (2011)

    2011

  26. [34]

    Guo, T. et al. Durable and programmable ultrafast nanophotonic matrix of spectral pixels. Nat Nanotechnol 19, 1635–1643 (2024)

    2024

  27. [35]

    Bai, Y. et al. Development of a high throughput micro-heater array with controllable temperature for each heating unit. Microsystem Technologies 26, 787–792 (2020)

    2020

  28. [36]

    E., Bhuvaneshwari, K

    Jeroish, Z. E., Bhuvaneshwari, K. S., Samsuri, F. & Narayanamurthy, V. Microheater: material, design, fabrication, temperature control, and applications—a role in COVID-19. Biomed Microdevices 24, 1–49 (2022). 10

    2022

  29. [37]

    Alt, P. M. & Pleshko, P. Scanning limitations of liquid-crystal displays. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 21, 146–155 (1974)

    1974

  30. [38]

    Li, Z. Q. et al. Dirac charge dynamics in graphene by infrared spectroscopy. Nature Physics 2008 4:7 4, 532–535 (2008)

    2008

  31. [39]

    Kulkarni, E. S. et al. Exploiting the IR Transparency of Graphene for Fast Pyroelectric Infrared Detection. Adv Opt Mater 3, 34–38 (2015)

    2015

  32. [40]

    Bae, S. et al. Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nature Nanotechnology 2010 5:8 5, 574–578 (2010)

    2010

  33. [41]

    Sui, D. et al. Flexible and Transparent Electrothermal Film Heaters Based on Graphene Materials. Small 7, 3186–3192 (2011)

    2011

  34. [42]

    & Koziol, K

    Janas, D. & Koziol, K. K. A review of production methods of carbon nanotube and graphene thin films for electrothermal applications. Nanoscale 6, 3037–3045 (2014)

    2014

  35. [43]

    & Koziol, K

    Janas, D. & Koziol, K. K. Rapid electrothermal response of high-temperature carbon nanotube film heaters. Carbon N Y 59, 457–463 (2013)

    2013

  36. [44]

    Bae, J. J. et al. Heat Dissipation of Transparent Graphene Defoggers. Adv Funct Mater 22, 4819–4826 (2012)

    2012

  37. [45]

    Bae, M.-H., Islam, S., Dorgan, V. E. & Pop, E. Scaling of High-Field Transport and Localized Heating in Graphene Transistors. ACS Nano 5, 7936–7944 (2011)

    2011

  38. [46]

    H., Ong, Z

    Bae, M. H., Ong, Z. Y., Estrada, D. & Pop, E. Imaging, simulation, and electrostatic control of power dissipation in graphene devices. Nano Lett 10, 4787–4793 (2010)

    2010

  39. [47]

    & Avouris, P

    Freitag, M., Chiu, H.-Y., Steiner, M., Perebeinos, V. & Avouris, P. Thermal infrared emission from biased graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 5, 497–501 (2010)

    2010

  40. [48]

    Liu, X. et al. Electrically programmable pixelated coherent mid-infrared thermal emission. Nature Communications 2025 16:1 16, 1–13 (2025)

    2025

  41. [49]

    & Gómez-Aleixandre, C

    Muñoz, R. & Gómez-Aleixandre, C. Review of CVD Synthesis of Graphene. Chemical Vapor Deposition 19, 297–322 (2013)

    2013

  42. [50]

    Wang, M. et al. Single-crystal, large-area, fold-free monolayer graphene. Nature 596, 519–524 (2021)

    2021

  43. [51]

    Kidambi, P. R. et al. The parameter space of graphene chemical vapor deposition on polycrystalline Cu. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116, 22492–22501 (2012)

    2012

  44. [52]

    Kong, W. et al. Path towards graphene commercialization from lab to market. Nature Nanotechnology vol. 14 927–938 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0555-2 (2019)

    2019 doi

  45. [53]

    Zhao, H. et al. PMMA direct exfoliation for rapid and organic free transfer of centimeter- scale CVD graphene. 2d Mater 9, (2022)

    2022

  46. [54]

    Li, X. et al. Transfer of Large-Area Graphene Films for High-Performance Transparent Conductive Electrodes. Nano Lett 9, 4359–4363 (2009). 11

    2009

  47. [55]

    Zhao, Y. et al. Large-area transfer of two-dimensional materials free of cracks, contamination and wrinkles via controllable conformal contact. Nature Communications 2022 13:1 13, 1–10 (2022)

    2022

  48. [56]

    & Ning, T

    Taur, Y. & Ning, T. H. Fundamentals of Modern VLSI Devices. Fundamentals of Modern VLSI Devices (Cambridge University Press, 2021). doi:10.1017/9781108847087

    2021 doi

  49. [57]

    H., Galitski, V

    Adam, S., Hwang, E. H., Galitski, V. M. & Das Sarma, S. A self-consistent theory for graphene transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104, 18392–18397 (2007)

    2007

  50. [58]

    & Rho, J

    Jung, C., Lee, E. & Rho, J. The rise of electrically tunable metasurfaces. Sci Adv 10, eado8964 (2024)

    2024

  51. [59]

    Doshi, S. et al. Electrochemically mutable soft metasurfaces. Nature Materials 2024 24:2 24, 205–211 (2024)

    2024

  52. [60]

    De, Asano, T

    Inoue, T., Zoysa, M. De, Asano, T. & Noda, S. Realization of dynamic thermal emission control. Nature Materials 2014 13:10 13, 928–931 (2014)

    2014

  53. [61]

    L., Chou, S

    Zhang, K. L., Chou, S. K. & Ang, S. S. Fabrication, modeling and testing of a thin film Au/Ti microheater. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 46, 580–588 (2007)

    2007

  54. [62]

    Ashley, E. J. & Bennett, J. M. Infrared Reflectance and Emittance of Silver and Gold Evaporated in Ultrahigh Vacuum. Applied Optics, Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 221-224 4, 221–224 (1965)

    1965

  55. [63]

    & Yang, C

    Cardenas, C., Fabris, D., Tokairin, S., Madriz, F. & Yang, C. Y. Thermoreflectance measurement of temperature and thermal resistance of thin film gold. J Heat Transfer 134, (2012)

    2012

  56. [64]

    Pixel off

    Burzo, M. G., Komarov, P. L. & Raad, P. E. Optimized thermo-reflectance system for measuring the thermal properties of thin-films and their interfaces. Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium 2006, 87–94 (2006). 12 Figures and Tables Figure 1. Re...

    2006

Pith tools

Reviewed August 7, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.