Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 116 references

Electron and gas temperature-driven chemistry during microdischarges formed in water vapour bubbles

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read In water-vapour bubble microdischarges, electron-impact and high-temperature neutral reactions both control the gas chemistry, with the balance shifting from electrons at onset to hot neutral-neutral reactions during decay.

desk verdict Useful reaction scheme and an honest modelling exercise, but the main conclusion hinges on a gas-temperature assumption that the paper never properly stress-tests. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.05124 v1 pith:HXHYT7I4 submitted 2025-06-05 physics.plasm-ph

Florens Grimm , Jan-Luca Gembus , Jana Schöne , Peter Awakowicz , Lars Schücke , Andrew R. Gibson This is my paper
classification physics.plasm-ph
keywords plasmaelectrolyticoxidationwatervapourmicrodischarges0-Dkineticsgas-phasechemistryelectron-drivenhigh-temperatureneutralreactionscheme
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper argues that the chemistry in microdischarges formed inside water-vapour bubbles is driven by two distinct engines: fast electrons and a very hot neutral gas. Using a zero-dimensional kinetics model fed with experimentally measured power densities, temperatures, and bubble pressures, it shows that early in the discharge electron-impact dissociation and ionization dominate, while later, once large densities of H and O have built up, neutral-neutral reactions with threshold temperatures near 10,000 K take over. In the base case, water is almost completely dissociated at peak power, with H and O becoming the main gas constituents, and the maximum ionization degree is only about 0.31%. The authors conclude that both classes of chemistry are essential and that neither can be neglected when modelling plasma-electrochemistry systems such as plasma electrolytic oxidation. They expect the reaction scheme and qualitative picture to transfer to other bubble-based discharges in liquids.

What carries the argument

The mechanism that carries the argument is a 0-D plasma-chemical kinetics model that solves species mass balance and electron energy balance equations, using as input a time-resolved power density derived from synchronized current, voltage, and high-speed bubble-radius measurements. The new reaction scheme contains 310 reactions among 21 species, combining electron-impact rate coefficients calculated from cross sections, Arrhenius and pressure-dependent neutral reactions, ion chemistry, and three-body recombination; it deliberately includes high-threshold neutral reactions such as R288, R292, and thermal decomposition of H2O (R269) so that the relative contributions of electron and gas temperature driven chemistry can be compared within one framework. The base case divides the discharge into an onset phase, a power-density peak phase, and a decay phase, and attributes the changing dominance of reaction classes to the densities of H, O, and OH rather than to the power input alone.

What would settle it

Measure the neutral gas temperature inside a single bubble during the microdischarge (for example by rotational temperature of the Q-branch of the OH A-X band or by Doppler broadening of H lines) at the time of peak power. If the temperature is below roughly 1500 K, the exponential factors in reactions R288 and R292 make their rates so small that the paper's predicted switch to neutral-driven H2O consumption would not occur at the stated densities.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that the gas-phase kinetics of these microdischarges cannot be reduced to either electron-driven or gas-temperature-driven chemistry alone: both are prominent, with their relative weight changing over the discharge lifetime. In the base case at 2000 K, electron impact processes ionize and dissociate H2O during the onset phase, but as H and O densities grow, reactions such as H + H2O -> H2 + OH (R288) and H2O + O -> 2OH (R292), which have threshold temperatures near 10,000 K, become major consumption channels for water. At the peak power, H2O is depleted by more than two orders of magnitude and H and O form most of the neutral gas; after the power decays, neutral-neutral reactions recombine these atoms into H2O, H2, and O2 before bubble collapse. Raising the gas temperature from 2000 K to 6000 K strengthens the role of thermal decomposition and of the high-threshold neutral channels, but electron-impact reactions remain non-negligible throughout.

Load-bearing premise

The neutral gas temperature inside the bubble is taken to equal the measured anode surface temperature (around 2000 K in the base case) and is held constant, even though the paper calls this a poorly defined input; the high-threshold neutral reactions central to the conclusions depend exponentially on this temperature.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • At gas temperatures of 2000 K and above, models of in-liquid discharges that include only electron-driven reactions will miss a major dissociative pathway for H2O once radical densities are high.
  • The final gas composition of the bubble at collapse is decided mostly by neutral-neutral recombination and high-threshold neutral reactions, not by the electron impact reactions that start the discharge.
  • In the base case, H2O is so strongly dissociated at peak power that H and O, not H2O, are the dominant gas species, and the peak ionization degree is below 1%.
  • The reaction scheme and conclusions are stated by the authors to be transferable to other bubble-based plasma-electrochemistry systems, such as contact glow discharge electrolysis.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the neutral gas temperature inside the bubble is actually much lower than the measured anode surface temperature, the neutral-driven phase the paper describes would largely disappear, because the rates of R288 and R292 fall exponentially with temperature; the authors flag this input as poorly defined.
  • The model assumes the measured electrical power is deposited uniformly over the whole bubble volume, even though the microdischarge is smaller than the bubble. A spatially resolved calculation with the power concentrated in the discharge channel would likely predict higher local electron densities and faster radical production than the 0-D base case.
  • Because excited states are lumped into ground states, the predictions are for total dissociation and ionisation balances; a testable extension would be to track OH(A) or other excited states and compare with the emission spectra used to infer electron densities.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents a 0-D plasma-chemical kinetics model with a newly assembled 310-reaction scheme for water-vapour microdischarges in bubbles, using experimentally measured power densities from single microdischarges during plasma electrolytic oxidation as input. A base-case simulation at T_g=2000 K predicts strong H2O dissociation, a peak ionization degree of 0.31%, and a three-phase evolution: electron-impact-dominated onset, a mixed regime near peak power, and a neutral-neutral-dominated decay. The paper's central assertion is that both electron-driven and high-temperature neutral-neutral reactions are significant determinants of the gas composition, with their relative importance shifting over time and with gas temperature.

Significance. If the model's results are robust, the new reaction scheme and the explicit treatment of high-threshold neutral reactions are a useful contribution for the plasma-liquid community. The use of experimentally derived power density as an input rather than a fitted parameter, and the transparent discussion of limitations, are strengths. The electron-density comparison provides only order-of-magnitude validation. The significance is conditional on the neutral gas temperature being in the kilokelvin range; if the in-bubble gas temperature were closer to 400-600 K, as used in some prior models, the central conclusion that gas-temperature-driven chemistry has a prominent role would be substantially weakened.

major comments (3)
  1. [Sec. 3.5 and Sec. 4.4] The central claim that both electron- and gas-temperature-driven chemistry shape the gas composition rests on the value of the neutral gas temperature T_g, which the paper itself describes as 'a relatively poorly defined input' (Sec. 3.5). The base case assumes T_g=2000 K, justified only by the measured anode surface temperature of 2600-3750 K (Sec. 2.1), and the sensitivity study in Sec. 4.4 covers only 2000, 4000, and 6000 K. Prior modelling of similar systems used T_g=400-600 K (Ref. [29]). At T_g=500 K, the Arrhenius rate coefficients for R288 (E_a/k_B=9270 K) and R292 (8600 K) are approximately six orders of magnitude smaller than at 2000 K, so the neutral-neutral pathways that dominate Phase III in the base case would become negligible and the overall chemistry would be essentially electron-driven. To support the conclusion, the authors should either provide independent evidence that the in-bubble gas temperature is at least about 2000 K, or extend the sensitivity study to the lower-temperature regime and explicitly state how the conclusions change. Without this, the claim that 'both electron- and gas-temperature driven chemistry have prominent roles' is not robust to the stated uncertainty in a key input.
  2. [Sec. 4.1, Fig. 6] The validation of the model against experimental electron densities is only order-of-magnitude, as the authors acknowledge. The simulated maximum and plateau electron densities vary by one to two orders of magnitude between microdischarges, and the comparison with the two electron densities derived from Stark broadening shows that some simulations fall between the experimental bounds while others exceed the upper bound. The authors also note that the power input to the electrons is likely overestimated in all cases and that the deviation between experiment and simulation increases with treatment time. Because the relative rates of electron-impact versus neutral-neutral reactions depend directly on electron density, the pathway analysis in Sec. 4.3 is not quantitatively validated. The paper should state how the uncertainties in power density (e.g., the homogeneous-deposition assumption and the minimum-bubble-radius constraint in Sec. 3.3) propagate to the reported reaction-pathway fractions, or provide a sensitivity test of the base-case conclusions to a factor-of-ten variation in the power density or electron density.
  3. [Sec. 3.4] The ad hoc replacement of complex ions H3O+ and HO2+ by H2O+ and O2+ with modified reaction stoichiometry is a significant simplification of the ion chemistry. The authors state that this 'preserves the essential pathways,' but no test is provided to show that the main conclusions are insensitive to this replacement. Since H2O+ and O2+ are the dominant positive ions in the base case (Sec. 4.3.2) and since their recombination products contribute to neutral species densities, the modified stoichiometry could affect the balance between electron-driven and neutral-driven pathways. A test case that includes H3O+ and HO2+ as lumped species, even with approximate rate coefficients, would demonstrate that the central findings do not depend on this ad hoc choice.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Sec. 3.1, Eq. (4)] The electron energy distribution function is assumed to be Maxwellian; given the high electron densities and strong collisional coupling in these microdischarges, a brief justification of this assumption, or a note on its expected impact on the cross-section-based rate coefficients, would be helpful.
  2. [Sec. 3.3] The choice of the 75% quantile of the electrolysis current as the background subtraction value is stated to be 'most suitable' after testing, but no quantitative criterion or sensitivity analysis is given; a short discussion of how the results vary with this choice would strengthen the power-density input.
  3. [Sec. 5] The conclusion states that both electron- and gas-temperature-driven chemistry are significant 'even at the lowest temperature studied,' but the lowest temperature studied is 2000 K, which is far above the 400-600 K range used in some previous models (Ref. [29]); the wording should be qualified to avoid implying robustness to the lower-temperature regime.
  4. [Appendix, Tables 5-13] For reactions marked as 'used as' with modified stoichiometries (e.g., R219-R226), the paper does not explain whether the original rate coefficient is assigned to the new product channel; since the original rate coefficient may depend on the specific exit channel, a brief note on how these modifications are implemented would improve reproducibility.
  5. [Throughout] There are several minor typographical errors, including 'gas temperate' in Sec. 3.5 and 'T able' in table captions; these should be corrected in a revision.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the model's chemical predictions follow from literature rate coefficients and measured experimental inputs; the main caveat is the unmeasured gas-temperature assumption, which is a robustness issue rather than circularity.

full rationale

The derivation chain is self-contained in the sense relevant to circularity. The 0-D model outputs (species densities, electron density, pathway contributions) are computed from a 310-reaction scheme whose rate coefficients are taken from literature and cross-section databases, with the experimentally measured power density as the only time-dependent driving input (Eqs. 12-14, fitted via Eq. 18). Electron-impact and neutral-neutral rate coefficients are not tuned to reproduce the target chemistry; the comparison of simulated and measured electron densities (Fig. 6) is an independent benchmark, not a fit. The base-case gas temperature is assumed from anode surface temperature measurements (Sec. 2.1, Tab. 4), and the paper explicitly calls it 'a relatively poorly defined input' (Sec. 3.5); the sensitivity study covers 2000-6000 K. This is a legitimate conditional analysis: at the assumed T_g, the neutral-neutral reactions R288 and R292 have Arrhenius rates with E_a/k_B = 9270 K and 8600 K respectively, so their prominence follows from the stated input, not from re-importing the conclusion. The authors' self-citations ([21], [30]) supply the experimental inputs (power density, surface temperature, bubble pressure, electron-density data) rather than the chemical conclusion, and those inputs are external measurements, not the model's output. No fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction, no load-bearing result is justified only by self-citation, and no ansatz is smuggled in via citation. The main caveat is not circularity: if the in-bubble neutral gas temperature were instead in the 400-600 K range used by Zheng et al. [29], the high-threshold neutral channels would be exponentially suppressed and the central claim would not hold; the paper's sensitivity range does not include that regime. That is a robustness/uncertainty issue, not a circularity of the derivation.

Assumptions & free parameters 5 free parameters · 7 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The model rests on a set of standard plasma-chemistry simplifications (0-D, Maxwellian EEDF, ground-state-only) plus several ad hoc choices specific to this paper (replacing H3O+ with H2O+, using a fitted power density input, constant gas temperature). No new physical entities are introduced. The central claims depend most heavily on the gas temperature and power density inputs, which are experimentally estimated rather than derived.

free parameters (5)
  • Power density fit parameters (A1, mu, sigma, A2, tau, k) = Not tabulated; shown only as a curve in Fig. 3c
    The experimentally derived power density is fitted with a log-normal plus exponential function (Eqs. 15-18). These parameters set the temporal power input, which drives all species densities and the electron temperature. They are fitted to data and are not provided numerically.
  • Gas temperature Tg = 2000 K (base), 4000 K, 6000 K
    Constant gas temperature assumed equal to the anode surface temperature range. This is a chosen input, not derived from the model, and it directly controls the rates of high-threshold neutral reactions that are central to the conclusions.
  • Gas pressure p = 1 bar
    Assumed constant at the average bubble pressure. The paper notes the actual pressure varies by about a factor of ten during bubble expansion and collapse, affecting all densities via the ideal gas law.
  • Electrolysis current background quantile = 75% quantile of measured background current
    Chosen by hand after testing different values to subtract the electrolysis current before computing power. This choice affects the power density input and is not derived from first principles.
  • Minimum bubble radius = 8 µm
    Imposed to avoid unphysically large power densities when the measured radius approaches zero. This constraint changes the early-time power density profile.
assumptions (7)
  • domain assumption 0-D spatially homogeneous model, neglecting all spatial gradients and surface interactions
    Adopted in Section 3 and Eq. (1). The microdischarge is actually smaller than the bubble, so power deposition is inhomogeneous; the authors acknowledge this is a significant simplification.
  • domain assumption Maxwellian electron energy distribution function
    Used in Eq. (4) to compute electron impact rate coefficients from cross sections. Real EEDFs in high-power microdischarges can be non-Maxwellian, which could affect the rates.
  • domain assumption Only ground states are tracked; excited states are lumped into ground states
    Stated in Section 3.4. The model retains energy loss channels but loses explicit excited-state chemistry, which can affect dissociation and ionization pathways.
  • ad hoc to paper Complex ions H3O+ and HO2+ are replaced by H2O+ and O2+ with modified reaction stoichiometry
    Described in Section 3.4 and used in reactions R219, R220, R223, R225, R226. This changes the ion chemistry and the branching of recombination reactions, and the same rate coefficients are applied to different product channels.
  • domain assumption Neutral gas temperature is constant and equal to the anode surface temperature
    Stated in Sections 2.1 and 3.5. The gas temperature controls the high-threshold neutral reaction rates, and the paper itself calls it a poorly defined input.
  • domain assumption The bubble initially contains pure H2O vapour
    Stated in Section 3.5. Electrolysis products (H2, O2) and electrolyte or substrate vapours (K, Al) are neglected, which could change the initial composition and the early chemistry.
  • domain assumption Literature rate coefficients remain valid when extrapolated to 2000-6000 K
    The reaction scheme uses Arrhenius fits and measured rates from sources that may not cover the full temperature range. The paper notes high-threshold reactions but does not provide uncertainty bounds or validation for the extrapolations.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Electron and gas temperature-driven chemistry during microdischarges formed in water vapour bubbles." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/HXHYT7I4

@misc{pith2026250605124,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Electron and gas temperature-driven chemistry during microdischarges formed in water vapour bubbles},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/HXHYT7I4}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.05124}
}
abstract

Microdischarges formed in bubbles immersed in liquids are of interest for materials synthesis and chemical conversion applications in the frame of plasma-driven electrochemistry. A key challenge associated with controlling such processes is the limited understanding of the gas-phase chemical kinetics in these microdischarges. Due to their large electron densities, and high gas temperatures, both electron and gas temperature driven chemistry are likely to be important. Here, a 0-D modelling approach, informed by experimental measurements, is used to study the chemical kinetics in these systems. A new reaction scheme is developed for microdischarges in water vapour, including reactions for both high electron density, and high gas temperature regimes. Microdischarges formed during plasma electrolytic oxidation are used as a test case, however, the key results are expected to be transferable to other plasma electrolysis systems with similar properties. Experimentally measured power densities are used as input to the 0-D model, together with estimates of temperatures and gas pressures within the gas bubble. Comparison of measured and simulated electron densities shows good agreement, given the limitations of both model and experiment. In the base case microdischarge, H$_{2}$O is found to be highly dissociated during the period of peak power density, with H and O making up the majority of the neutral gas in the bubble. The maximum ionization degree is around 0.31$\,\%$, and the electronegativity during the period of peak electron density is found to be low. Species formation and reaction pathways are analysed under variation of the neutral gas temperature from 2000$\,$K to 6000$\,$K. At all temperatures, electron, ion, and neutral reactions with high threshold energies are found to be important for the overall chemical kinetics.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.05124 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Experimental setup for single microdischarge studies. Image reproduced from [21]. The experimental setup consists of a quartz glass cylinder containing a stainless steel cathode and an aluminium wire anode. The cylinder contains a so￾lution of distilled water with an electrolyte, typically potassium hydroxide (KOH), at concentrations rang￾ing from 0.5 g/l to 4 g/l. For simplicity, only KOH at a concentration of 1 g/… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Current associated with an individual microdischarge event with corresponding high-speed camera images and bubble radii for an electrolyte composition of 1 g/l KOH at a constant ignition voltage of 481 V. The arrows in each image indicate the position of the bubble. approximately constant at 481 V. Further information on the analysis of current, voltage and bubble radius to calculate the power density profile of the… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. a) Synchronised current and bubble radius measurements as functions of time, including a series of consecutive microdischarge ignitions. b) Detailed view of the current and radius associated with the microdischarge event marked by the grey shared area in a), processed according to the assumptions described in the text. c) Power density calculated from the microdischarge in b), and subsequent fit used as input to the… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (14 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Power density fit function used in the simulation. The simulation timeframe is divided into three phases based on the behaviour of the fitted power density. These phases will be used in the discussion of the results. This is the same power density fit profile shown in …
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Simulated electron densities and temperatures for the base case simulation. The base case uses the power density profile shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Comparison of electron densities from the simulations at their maximum, and during the plateau region after the main power pulse, with the two densities derived from Stark broadening of the measured Hα emission line. may be an indication that this assumption is better …
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Simulated positive species densities for the base case simulation. Time / s 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 S p e cie s d e n sitie s / m − 3 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 e H − O− O2 − OH − [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Simulated negative species densities for the base case simulation. The temporal variations of the negatively charged species are shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_8.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Production and consumption pathways of H for the base case simulation. Time / s 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 P r o d u c tio n r a t e / % 0 25 50 75 100 Time / s 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 C o n s u m p tio n r a t e / % 0 25 50 75 100 R64 : e + H2O →…
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Production and consumption pathways of O for the base case simulation. O/O2 ratio is extremely high, reaching approximately 2 × 107 :1 at around 10−10 s, due to the absence of di￾rect O2 production pathways from H2O. Production and consumption pathways for O and O2 ar…
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Production and consumption pathways of O2 for the base case simulation. Time / s 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 P r o d u c tio n r a t e / % 0 25 50 75 100 Time / s 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 C o n s u m p tio n r a t e / % 0 25 50 75 100 R83 : e + H2O …
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Production and consumption pathways of H2 for the base case simulation. by e + H2O e + H + H + O (R64) at the beginning of the phase, which is surpassed by the contribution of e + H2O + H + H + O (R95) with increasing elec￾tron and H2O + densities. Conversely, O consu…
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Production and consumption pathways of electrons for the base case simulation. Time / s 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 P r o d u c tio n r a t e / % 0 25 50 75 100 Time / s 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 C o n s u m p tio n r a t e / % 0 25 50 75 100 R70 : e…
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Production and consumption pathways of OH– for the base case simulation. via charge exchange reactions of H2O + with O i.e. H2O + + O O + 2 + H2 (R227). Similarly to H2O +, consumption of O + 2 at early times occurs via dissocia￾tive recombination with electrons, e + …
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: Neutral species densities at gas temperatures of a) 2000 K i.e the base case simulation, b) 4000 K and c) 6000 K. neutral species remain too low for these reactions to play a role. At 4000 K, the higher gas temperature introduces a slight shift, with thermal decomposi…
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: Production and consumption pathways of H2O at a gas temperature of 2000 K i.e. the base case simulation. Time / s 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 P r o d u c tio n r a t e / % 0 25 50 75 100 Time / s 10−10 10−9 10−8 10−7 10−6 10−5 10−4 C o n s u m p tio n r a t e …
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: Production and consumption pathways of H2O at a gas temperature of 4000 K. Higher densities of H facilitate a larger contribu￾tion of H + H2O H2 + OH (R288) towards H2O dissociation as the gas temperature increases. As noted above, this reaction is itself strongly gas…

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

116 extracted references · 78 canonical work pages

  1. [29]

    Clyne T W and Troughton S C 2019In- ternational Materials Reviews64127–162 ISSN 0950-6608 publisher: SAGE Publica- tions URLhttps://journals.sagepub.com/ action/showAbstract

  2. [1]

    doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/25/5/053002

    Bruggeman P J, Kushner M J, Locke B R, Gardeniers J G E, Graham W G, Graves D B, Hofman-Caris R C H M, Maric D, Reid J P, Ceriani E, Fernandez Rivas D, Foster J E, Garrick S C, Gorbanev Y, Hamaguchi S, Iza F, Jablonowski H, Klimova E, Kolb J, Krcma F, Lukes P, Machala Z, Marinov I, Mariotti D, Mededovic Thagard S, Minakata D, Neyts E C, Pawlat J, Petrovic...

  3. [2]

    org/10.1063/5.0044261

    Bruggeman P J, Frontiera R R, Kortshagen U R, Kushner M J, Linic S, Schatz G C, Andaraarachchi H, Exarhos S, Jones L O, Mueller C M, Rich C C, Xu C, Yue Y and Zhang Y 2021Journal of Applied Physics129 200902 ISSN 0021-8979 URLhttps://doi. org/10.1063/5.0044261

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0044261

  4. [3]

    Graham W G and Stalder K R 2011Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics44174037 ISSN 0022-3727 URLhttps://dx.doi.org/ 10.1088/0022-3727/44/17/174037

    work page doi:10.1088/0022-3727/44/17/174037

  5. [4]

    Sen Gupta S K 2017Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing37897–945 ISSN 1572-8986 URLhttps://doi.org/10.1007/ s11090-017-9804-z

  6. [5]

    Microdischarges formed during plasma electrolytic oxidation of aluminium are used as a test case

    Conclusion In this work, the plasma chemistry of microdischarges formed in gas bubbles immersed in a liquid environ- ment has been studied using a 0-D plasma chemi- cal kinetics model. Microdischarges formed during plasma electrolytic oxidation of aluminium are used as a test case. Complementary experimental measure- ments have been performed, both to inf...

    2000

  7. [6]

    Acknowledgments This work was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) via CRC 1316 (project number 327886311), project B5

  8. [7]

    Yerokhin A L, Nie X, Leyland A, Matthews A and Dowey S J 1999Surface and Coat- ings Technology12273–93 ISSN 0257- 8972 URLhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0257897299004417

Show all 116 references
  1. [8]

    Aliofkhazraei M, Macdonald D D, Matyk- ina E, Parfenov E V, Egorkin V S, Cur- ran J A, Troughton S C, Sinebryukhov S L, Gnedenkov S V, Lampke T, Sim- chen F and Nabavi H F 2021Applied Sur- face Science Advances5100121 ISSN 2666- 5239 URLhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/a...

  2. [9]

    Angelina, Cullen P J, Prescott S W, Leslie G L, Rao N R H and Henderson R K 2025Chemical Engineering Journal505159667 ISSN 1385- 8947 URLhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S1385894725004668

  3. [10]

    doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/35/355201

    Seepersad Y, Pekker M, Shneider M N, Fridman A and Dobrynin D 2013Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics46355201 ISSN 0022-3727 publisher: IOP Publishing URLhttps://dx. doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/35/355201

    doi

  4. [11]

    Ceccato P H, Guaitella O, Le Gloahec M R and Rousseau A 2010Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics43175202 ISSN 0022-3727 publisher: IOP Publishing URLhttps://dx.doi.org/ 10.1088/0022-3727/43/17/175202

    doi

  5. [12]

    doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/46/464013

    Marinov I, Guaitella O, Rousseau A and Starikovskaia S M 2013Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics46464013 ISSN 0022-3727 publisher: IOP Publishing URLhttps://dx. doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/46/464013

    doi

  6. [13]

    Pongr´ ac B,ˇSimek M, ˇClupek M, Babick´ y V and Lukeˇ s P 2018Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics51124001 ISSN 0022-3727 publisher: IOP Publishing URLhttps://dx.doi.org/ 10.1088/1361-6463/aaabb1

    doi

  7. [14]

    Grosse K, Held J, Kai M and von Keudell A 2019Plasma Sources Science and Tech- nology28085003 ISSN 0963-0252 publisher: IOP Publishing URLhttps://dx.doi.org/ 10.1088/1361-6595/ab26fc

    doi

  8. [15]

    Simeni Simeni M, Luo Y and Bruggeman P J 2025Plasma Sources Science and Tech- nology34025003 ISSN 0963-0252 publisher: IOP Publishing URLhttps://dx.doi.org/ 10.1088/1361-6595/adac0b

    doi

  9. [16]

    doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/20/3/034004

    Schaper L, Stalder K R and Graham W G 2011Plasma Sources Science and Technology 20034004 ISSN 0963-0252 URLhttps://dx. doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/20/3/034004

    doi

  10. [17]

    Asimakoulas L, Graham W G, Krcma F, Dostal L, Stalder K R and Field T A 2020 Plasma Sources Science and Technology29 035013 ISSN 0963-0252 publisher: IOP Pub- lishing URLhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1088/ 1361-6595/ab2cab

    2020

  11. [18]

    Troughton S C, Nomin´ e A, Nomine A V, Electron and gas temperature-driven chemistry during microdischarges formed in water vapour bubbles23 Henrion G and Clyne T W 2015Applied Surface Science359405–411

  12. [19]

    Babaeva N Y and Kushner M J 2009Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics42132003 ISSN 0022-3727 URLhttps://dx.doi.org/ 10.1088/0022-3727/42/13/132003

    doi

  13. [20]

    Pillai N, Sponsel N L, Mast J T, Kushner M J, Bolotnov I A and Stapelmann K 2022 Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics55 475203 ISSN 0022-3727 publisher: IOP Pub- lishing URLhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1088/ 1361-6463/ac9538

    2022

  14. [21]

    Jovovi´ c J, Stojadinovi´ c S, ˇSiˇ sovi´ c N M and Konjevi´ c N 2012Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer1131928– 1937 ISSN 0022-4073

    1937

  15. [22]

    org/10.1088/1361-6595/abf71c

    Wang J, Simeni M S, Rong M and Brugge- man P J 2021Plasma Sources Science and Technology30075016 ISSN 0963-0252 pub- lisher: IOP Publishing URLhttps://dx.doi. org/10.1088/1361-6595/abf71c

    doi

  16. [23]

    Gembus J L, Bracht V, Grimm F, Bibinov N, Sch¨ ucke L, Awakowicz P and Gibson A R 2025 Characterisation of single mi- crodischarges during plasma electrolytic oxidation of aluminium and titanium (Preprint http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.12139:2504.12139) URLhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2504.12139

    2025 arXiv

  17. [24]

    Forschner L, Gembus J L, Sch¨ ucke L, Awakow- icz P, Gibson A R, Jacob T and Engstfeld A K 2025Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics58 215204 ISSN 0022-3727 publisher: IOP Pub- lishing URLhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1088/ 1361-6463/adce16

  18. [25]

    Xiang Y, Sun H, Yang D, Wang J and Sun L 2025Physics of Fluids37027122 ISSN 1070-6631 URLhttps://doi.org/10.1063/ 5.0249596

  19. [26]

    Curran J A and Clyne T W 2005Surface and Coatings Technology199177–183 ISSN 0257- 8972 URLhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0257897205000228

  20. [27]

    Troughton S C, Nomin´ e A, Dean J and Clyne T W 2016Applied Surface Sci- ence389260–269 ISSN 0169-4332 URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0169433216315422

  21. [28]

    doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ad7301

    Krettek O, Pottk¨ amper P, Cignoni P, Tschulik K and von Keudell A 2024Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics57485201 ISSN 0022-3727 publisher: IOP Publishing URLhttps://dx. doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ad7301

    doi

  22. [30]

    Mededovic S and Locke B R 2007Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics407734 ISSN 0022-3727 URLhttps://dx.doi.org/ 10.1088/0022-3727/40/24/021

    doi

  23. [31]

    doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ab36a6

    Zheng B, Wang K, Shrestha M, Schuelke T and Fan Q H 2019Plasma Sources Science and Technology28085016 ISSN 0963-0252 publisher: IOP Publishing URLhttps://dx. doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ab36a6

    doi

  24. [32]

    Bracht V 2022Characterisation of single mi- crodischarges during plasma electrolytic ox- idation of aluminiumdoctoralthesis Ruhr- Universit¨ at Bochum, Universit¨ atsbibliothek

  25. [33]

    Dunleavy C, Golosnoy I, Curran J and Clyne T 2009Surface and Coatings Technology203 3410–3419 ISSN 02578972

  26. [34]

    Konjevi´ c N, Ivkovi´ c M and Sakan N 2012Spec- trochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 7616–26 ISSN 0584-8547

  27. [35]

    Hillebrand B, Iglesias E, Gibson A R, Bibinov N, Neugebauer A, Enderle M and Awakowicz P 2020Plasma Sources Science and Technology 29125011

  28. [36]

    Dorval A, Hamdan A and Stafford L 2025 Plasma Sources Science and Technology34 025005 ISSN 0963-0252 publisher: IOP Pub- lishing URLhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1088/ 1361-6595/ada8d7

    2025

  29. [37]

    doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/abef18

    B ´ ılek P, Tungli J, Hoder T, ˇSimek M and Bonaventura Z 2021Plasma Sources Science and Technology3004LT01 URLhttps://dx. doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/abef18

    doi

  30. [38]

    Bezanson J, Edelman A, Karpinski S and Shah V B 2017SIAM Review5965–98 URLhttps: //epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/141000671

    doi

  31. [39]

    Rackauckas C and Nie Q 2017Journal of Open Research Software515

  32. [40]

    Hosea M and Shampine L 1996Applied Numerical Mathematics2021–37

  33. [41]

    Baulch D L, Cobos C J, Cox R A, Esser C, Frank P, Just T, Kerr J A, Pilling M J, Troe J, Walker R W and Warnatz J 1992Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data21411 ISSN 0047-2689

  34. [42]

    National Institute of Standards and Technology 2025 NIST Chemistry WebBookhttps:// webbook.nist.govaccessed on 4 June 2025

    2025

  35. [43]

    Marques L, Jolly J and Alves L L 2007 Electron and gas temperature-driven chemistry during microdischarges formed in water vapour bubbles24 Journal of Applied Physics102ISSN 0021- 8979 URLhttps://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/ article/102/6/063305/979765

    2007

  36. [44]

    IST-Lisbon database 2023 Ist-lisbon database, www.lxcat.net, retrieved on may 8, 2023 https://www.lxcat.netretrieved on May 8, 2023

    2023

  37. [45]

    Budde M, Cunha Dias T, Vialetto L, Pinh˜ ao N, Guerra V and Silva T 2022Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics55445205 ISSN 0022- 3727 URLhttps://iopscience.iop.org/ article/10.1088/1361-6463/ac8da3/meta

    doi

  38. [46]

    1140/epjd/e2016-70102-1

    Alves L L, Coche P, Ridenti M A and Guerra V 2016The European Physical Journal D701–9 ISSN 1434-6079 URL https://link.springer.com/article/10. 1140/epjd/e2016-70102-1

  39. [47]

    IST-Lisbon database 2025 Ist-lisbon database, www.lxcat.net, retrieved on june 1, 2025 https://www.lxcat.netretrieved on June 1, 2025

    2025

  40. [48]

    Itikawa Y 2009Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data381–20 ISSN 0047- 2689

  41. [49]

    Itikawa database 2025 Itikawa database, www.lxcat.net, retrieved on june 1, 2025 https://www.lxcat.netretrieved on June 1, 2025

    2025

  42. [50]

    1088/1361-6595/ab364c/meta

    Chakrabarti K, Laporta V and Tennyson J 2019Plasma Sources Science and Tech- nology28085013 ISSN 0963-0252 URL https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10. 1088/1361-6595/ab364c/meta

  43. [51]

    1088/0022-3727/24/3/010/meta

    Gousset G, Ferreira C M, Pinheiro M, Sa P A, Touzeau M, Vialle M and Loureiro J 1991Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics24290–300 ISSN 0022-3727 URL https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10. 1088/0022-3727/24/3/010/meta

  44. [52]

    IST-Lisbon database 2022 Ist-lisbon database, www.lxcat.net, retrieved on october 26, 2022 https://www.lxcat.netretrieved on October 26, 2022

    2022

  45. [53]

    Liu D X, Bruggeman P, Iza F, Rong M Z and Kong M G 2010Plasma Sources Science and Technology19025018 ISSN 0963-0252

  46. [54]

    Tavant A and Lieberman M A 2016Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics49465201 ISSN 0022-3727

  47. [55]

    Soloshenko I A, Tsiolko V V, Pogulay S S, Kalyuzhnaya A G, Bazhenov V Y and Shchedrin A I 2009Plasma Sources Science and Technology18045019 ISSN 0963-0252

  48. [56]

    Soloshenko I A, Tsiolko V V, Khomich V A, Bazhenov V, Ryabtsev A V, Schedrin A I and Mikhno I L 2002IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science301440–1444 ISSN 0093-3813

  49. [57]

    Turner M M 2015Plasma Sources Science and Technology24035027 ISSN 0963-0252

  50. [58]

    1088/1361-6463/abefec/meta

    Brisset A, Gibson A R, Schr¨ oter S, Niemi K, Booth J P, Gans T, O’Connell D and Wagenaars E 2021Journal of Physics D: Ap- plied Physics54285201 ISSN 0022-3727 URL https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10. 1088/1361-6463/abefec/meta

  51. [59]

    Nandi D, Krishnakumar E, Rosa A, Schmidt W F and Illenberger E 2003Chemical Physics Letters373454–459 ISSN 0009- 2614 URLhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/s0009261403006225? casa_token=-wkl6it-8raaaaaa: u7j-ucjgysflokllfw6agogbi0cvfagpwwludqpks_ eeige8c9laabhe...

  52. [60]

    Matejcik S, Kiendler A, Cicman P, Skalny J, Stampfli P, Illenberger E, Chu Y, Stamatovic A and M¨ ark T D 1997Plasma Sources Science and Technology6140–146 ISSN 0963-0252

  53. [61]

    Aleksandrov N L 1988Soviet Physics Uspekhi 31101–118 ISSN 0038-5670

  54. [62]

    Deutsch H, Scheier P, Becker K and M¨ ark T 2003Chemical Physics Letters38226–31 ISSN 0009-2614

  55. [63]

    Pedersen H B, Djuri´ c N, Jensen M J, Kella D, Safvan C P, Schmidt H T, Vejby-Christensen L and Andersen L H 1999Physical Review A60 2882–2899 ISSN 0556-2791

  56. [64]

    Prasad S S and Huntress JR W T 1980The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series431 ISSN 0067-0049

  57. [65]

    24022025 The UMIST Database for Astro- chemistry URLhttps://umistdatabase.uk/ database

  58. [66]

    Millar T J, Walsh C, van de Sande M and Markwick A J 2024Astronomy & Astrophysics 682A109 ISSN 0004-6361

  59. [67]

    Brian J and Mitchell A 1990Physics Re- ports186215–248 ISSN 0370-1573 URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/037015739090159y

  60. [68]

    Rosen S, Derkatch A, Semaniak J, Neau A, al Khalili A, Le Padellec A, Vikor L, Thomas R, Danared H, af Ugglas M and Larsson M 2000Faraday Discussions115295–302; discus- sion 303–30 URLhttps://pubs.rsc.org/en/ content/articlehtml/2000/fd/a909314a Electron and gas temperature-dr...

    2000

  61. [69]

    Hjartarson A T, Thorsteinsson E G and Gudmundsson J T 2010Plasma Sources Science and Technology19065008 ISSN 0963- 0252

  62. [70]

    org/article/10.1086/313173/meta

    Nahar S N 1999The Astrophysical Jour- nal Supplement Series120131–145 ISSN 0067-0049 URLhttps://iopscience.iop. org/article/10.1086/313173/meta

    doi

  63. [71]

    1088/0022-3700/16/8/017/meta

    Alge E, Adams N G and Smith D 1983Jour- nal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics161433–1444 ISSN 0022-3700 URL https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10. 1088/0022-3700/16/8/017/meta

  64. [72]

    1088/0963-0252/1/3/011/meta

    Kossyi I A, Kostinsky A Y, Matveyev A A and Silakov V P 1992Plasma Sources Science and Technology1207–220 ISSN 0963-0252 URL https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10. 1088/0963-0252/1/3/011/meta

  65. [73]

    Ard S G, Melko J J, Jiang B, Li Y, Shuman N S, Guo H and Viggiano A A 2013The Journal of Chemical Physics139144302 ISSN 0021-9606

  66. [74]

    Bortner M H and Baurer T 1975Defense Nuclear Agency reaction rate handbook

  67. [75]

    van Gaens W and Bogaerts A 2013Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics46ISSN 0022-3727

  68. [76]

    Albritton D L 1978Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables221–89 ISSN 0092640X

  69. [77]

    Bogaerts A 2009Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy641266–1279 ISSN 0584- 8547 URLhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/s0584854709003243

  70. [78]

    Stafford D S and Kushner M J 2004Journal of Applied Physics962451–2465 ISSN 0021-8979

  71. [79]

    Harada N and Herbst E 2008The Astrophysical Journal685272–280 ISSN 0004-637X

  72. [80]

    Kim J K and Huntress W T 1975The Journal of Chemical Physics622820–2825 ISSN 0021- 9606

  73. [81]

    Theard L P and Huntress W T 1974The Journal of Chemical Physics602840–2848 ISSN 0021-9606

  74. [82]

    Huntress W T and Pinizzotto R F 1973The Journal of Chemical Physics594742–4756 ISSN 0021-9606

  75. [83]

    Hillenbrand P M, de Ruette N, Urbain X and Savin D W 2022The Astrophysical Journal927 47 ISSN 0004-637X

  76. [84]

    Anicich V G, Futrell J H, Huntress W T and Kim J K 1975International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics1863–64 ISSN 00207381

  77. [85]

    Adams N G and Smith D 1984Chemical Physics Letters105604–607 ISSN 0009-2614

  78. [86]

    Viggiano A A, Albritton D L, Fehsenfeld F C, Adams N G, Smith D and Howorka F 1980The Astrophysical Journal236492 ISSN 0004-637X

  79. [87]

    Stancil P C, Schultz D R, Kimura M, Gu J P, Hirsch G and Buenker R J 1999Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series140225–234 ISSN 0365-0138

  80. [88]

    Smith D, Spanel P and Mayhew C A 1992 International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes117457–473 ISSN 0168-1176

    1992

  81. [89]

    Karpas Z, Anicich V and Huntress W T 1979 The Journal of Chemical Physics702877–2881 ISSN 0021-9606 URLhttps://pubs.aip.org/ aip/jcp/article/70/6/2877/218117

    1979

  82. [90]

    Adams N G, Smith D and Paulson J F 1980The Journal of Chemical Physics72288–297 ISSN 0021-9606

  83. [91]

    Rakshit A B and Warneck P 1980Jour- nal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2761084 ISSN 0300-9238 URLhttps://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ articlehtml/1980/f2/f29807601084

    1980

  84. [92]

    sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ 0009261481851913

    Jones J, Birkinshaw K and Twiddy N D 1981Chemical Physics Letters77484– 488 ISSN 0009-2614 URLhttps://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ 0009261481851913

  85. [93]

    Martinez O, Yang Z, Demarais N J, Snow T P and Bierbaum V M 2010The Astrophysical Journal720173–177 ISSN 0004-637X

  86. [94]

    Melton C E and Neece G A 1971Journal of the American Chemical Society936757–6759 ISSN 0002-7863

  87. [95]

    Bruhns H, Kreckel H, Miller K A, Urbain X and Savin D W 2010Physical Review A82ISSN 0556-2791

  88. [96]

    Ferguson E E 1973Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables12159–178 ISSN 0092640X

  89. [97]

    A1123040–3045

    Midey A, Dotan I and Viggiano A A 2008The journal of physical chemistry. A1123040–3045

  90. [98]

    jp/english/publications/books.html

    Ikezoe, Y, Matsuoka, S, Takebe, M, & Viggiano, A A 1987Gas Phase Ion-Molecule Reaction Rate Constants Through 1986(Ion Reaction Research Group of the Mass Spectroscopy Society of Japan) URLhttps://www.mssj. jp/english/publications/books.html

    1986

  91. [99]

    1007/s11090-012-9403-y Electron and gas temperature-driven chemistry during microdischarges formed in water vapour bubbles26

    Locke B R and Thagard S M 2012 Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Process- ing32875–917 ISSN 1572-8986 URL https://link.springer.com/article/10. 1007/s11090-012-9403-y Electron and gas temperature-driven chemistry during microdischarges formed in water vapour bubbles26

    2012

  92. [100]

    Manion J A, Huie R E, Levin R D, Burgess JR D R, Orkin V L, Tsang W, McGivern W S, Hudgens J W, v d Knyazev, Atkinson D B, Chai E, Tereza A M, Lin C Y, Allison T C, Mallard W G, Westley F, Herron J T, Hampson R F and Frizzell D H 2015 NIST Chemical Kinetics Database URLhttps:/...

    2015

  93. [101]

    Tsang W and Hampson R F 1986Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data15 1087–1279 ISSN 0047-2689

  94. [102]

    Schofield K 1973Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data225–84 ISSN 0047- 2689

  95. [103]

    Isaacson A D 1997The Journal of Chemical Physics1073832–3839 ISSN 0021-9606

  96. [104]

    JB Burkholder, SP Sander, JPD Abbatt, JR Barker, RE Huie, CE Kolb, MJ Kurylo, VL Orkin, DM Wilmouth and PH Wine 2015 Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies, Evaluation Num- ber 18(Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA)

    2015

  97. [105]

    Shaw R 1977International Journal of Chemical Kinetics9929–941 ISSN 0538-8066

  98. [106]

    Jian J, Hashemi H, Wu H, Jasper A W and Glarborg P 2022Fuel322ISSN 00162361

  99. [107]

    Miller J A and Garrett B C 1997International Journal of Chemical Kinetics29275–287 ISSN 0538-8066

  100. [108]

    Lloyd A C 1974International Journal of Chemical Kinetics6169–228 ISSN 0538-8066

  101. [109]

    Mayer S W and Schieler L 1968The Journal of Physical Chemistry722628–2631 ISSN 0022- 3654

  102. [110]

    Atkinson R, Baulch D L, Cox R A, Crowley J N, Hampson R F, Hynes R G, Jenkin M E, Rossi M J and Troe J 2004Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics41461–1738

  103. [111]

    Ju L P, Han K L and Varandas A J C 2007 International Journal of Chemical Kinetics39 148–153 ISSN 0538-8066

    2007

  104. [112]

    Warnatz J 1984 Rate Coefficients in the C/H/O SystemCombustion Chemistryed Gardiner W C (New York, NY: Springer New York) pp 197–360 ISBN 978-1-4684-0188-2

    1984

  105. [113]

    HEIMERL J and COFFEE T 1979Combustion and Flame35117–123 ISSN 00102180

  106. [114]

    Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences253–276 URLhttps://www.jstor

    I R Hurle, A Jones, J L J Rosenfeld 1969Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences253–276 URLhttps://www.jstor. org/stable/2416313

  107. [115]

    Hippler H, Rahn R and Troe J 1990The Journal of Chemical Physics936560–6569 ISSN 0021-9606 Electron and gas temperature-driven chemistry during microdischarges formed in water vapour bubbles27

  108. [116]

    An energy threshold (E thr) given asT e,eV means the threshold is taken to be the current value ofT e,eV

    Appendix T able 5.Te,eV: electron temperature in units of eV,T e,K: electron temperature in units of Kelvin. An energy threshold (E thr) given asT e,eV means the threshold is taken to be the current value ofT e,eV . AnE thr of 0 does not imply that the process does not have a ...

Pith tools

Reviewed August 7, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.