Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 6 minor 78 references

Exploring the halo occupation distribution for moderate X-ray luminosity active galactic nuclei in the EAGLE cosmological simulation

T0 review · 3 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read The paper argues that minor galaxy mergers, not major collisions, are the dominant trigger of moderate-luminosity active galactic nuclei across most of cosmic time from z=2 to the present, at least inside group- and cluster-sized halos.

desk verdict Useful HOD extension to EAGLE, but the abstract overclaims a merger-triggering result that the analysis doesn't support. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.05506 v1 pith:SQ2ZJXRB submitted 2025-06-05 astro-ph.GA

Liliana Altamiran-Dévora , Hector Aceves , Angel Castro , Takamitsu Miyaji This is my paper
classification astro-ph.GA
keywords halooccupationdistributionmoderate-luminosityAGNgalaxymergersEAGLEsimulationX-rayluminositygroupsandclustersblackholeaccretioncosmologicalhydrodynamics
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper asks what lights up moderate X-ray luminosity active galactic nuclei (mXAGN) inside the largest galaxy halos, and answers: mostly minor mergers. Using the EAGLE hydrodynamical simulation, the authors build halo occupation distributions for central and satellite mXAGN in halos more massive than $10^{12.75}\,M_\odot\,h^{-1}$ across ten redshifts from $z=2$ to $z=0$, and trace each AGN's merger history. They find that at most redshifts minor mergers (mass ratios $0.1$ to $0.25$) account for a slightly larger fraction of triggered mXAGN than major mergers, with major mergers taking over at $z=1$ and almost no recent mergers at $z=0$. If correct, this means models that couple AGN activity only to violent major mergers will undercount moderate-luminosity AGN at most epochs, and it anchors the halo occupation approach for this population in a full hydrodynamical treatment of gas and stars rather than dark-matter-only approximations.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the merger-event identification pipeline built from the EAGLE merger tree. A candidate pair is selected when the companion lies within five half-stellar-mass radii of the main progenitor; the pair counts as a merger if the Farouki-Shapiro criteria are met, namely the relative velocity is below the mean velocity dispersion of the two subhalos and the separation is below the sum of their virial radii, which the authors verify is followed by an actual merger within about a gigayear. The pair is then classified by mass ratio into major ($0.25\le \mu \le 1$) or minor ($0.1\le \mu<0.25$). The accompanying HOD construction separates catalogs into centrals (SubGroupNumber=0) and satellites, and computes $N(M_G)=n_{G,\mathrm{AGN}}/n_G$ over the halo mass range $10^{12.75}$ to $10^{14.35}\,M_\odot\,h^{-1}$, which is the statistical quantity used to compare with observations and with the earlier dark-matter-only results.

What would settle it

A decisive test would be to match every mXAGN in EAGLE with a non-active galaxy of the same halo mass, stellar mass, and redshift and compare minor-merger fractions: if inactive galaxies show the same fraction of recent minor mergers, the claimed triggering mechanism is falsified. Alternatively, checking the black hole accretion-rate light curve of each minor-merger pair and finding no rise in accretion within about one gigayear after the F-S criteria are met would contradict the trigger interpretation.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that, across most redshifts $0<z\le 2$, the mXAGN population hosted by EAGLE halos of mass $M_G\ge 10^{12.75}\,M_\odot\,h^{-1}$ is preferentially associated with minor mergers between a massive galaxy and a companion with $0.1\le M_2/M_1<0.25$, identified through the Farouki-Shapiro close-pair criteria. Major mergers (mass ratio up to 1) are the dominant trigger only near $z=1$, reaching roughly 50 percent for satellite and 62 percent for central mXAGN, while at $z=0$ very few mXAGN show a recent merger at all. The same simulation produces HODs for central and satellite mXAGN that rise toward higher redshift, with central galaxies hosting more mXAGN than satellites, and a satellite HOD at $z=0.5$ that flattens at high halo mass, matching prior observational estimates. The authors present this as an extension of earlier HOD work based on dark-matter-only simulations and empirical relations, now grounded in a hydrodynamical model that tracks black hole accretion and feedback.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that a close pair satisfying the Farouki-Shapiro velocity and separation criteria has actually merged and that this merger is what turned on the AGN; the paper offers no comparison with an inactive control sample, so it cannot separate triggering from coincidence.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • At most redshifts between 0 and 2, moderate-luminosity AGN in group/cluster-mass halos are more often the product of minor mergers than of major mergers, so accretion-triggering models that ignore minor mergers will underproduce the mXAGN population.
  • The epoch around $z=1$ is special: major mergers become the dominant trigger for both central and satellite mXAGN, pointing to a redshift-dependent balance between the two channels.
  • Number densities of mXAGN in these halos decline toward $z=0$, consistent with the picture that clusters at low redshift host fewer active galaxies despite more frequent interactions.
  • The satellite HOD flattens at high halo mass at $z=0.5$, reproducing the observational trend and confirming that the dark-matter-only HOD shape from earlier work survives the addition of baryonic physics.
  • Central galaxies host more mXAGN than satellites across most redshifts, implying that the population's clustering signal is dominated by central occupation.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Because the paper compares active galaxies only among themselves, it cannot rule out that the same minor-merger fraction appears among inactive galaxies; a matched control sample of non-AGN hosts in EAGLE would be the direct test of whether minor mergers trigger mXAGN or merely accompany them.
  • The single bolometric correction applied to convert black hole accretion rate into soft X-ray luminosity is a strong assumption; if the mXAGN population has a different X-ray-to-bolometric ratio than the Lusso relation, the selected sample and the derived merger fractions would shift.
  • Extending the same merger-history analysis below $10^{12.75}\,M_\odot\,h^{-1}$ would test whether minor-merger dominance is specific to groups and clusters or is a general feature of moderate-luminosity AGN down to field galaxies.
  • The same pipeline applied to other cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, such as the larger-volume FLAMINGO run the paper mentions, would establish how much of the conclusion depends on EAGLE's particular subgrid feedback model.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 6 minor

Summary. The paper uses the public EAGLE Ref-L100N1504 hydrodynamical simulation to construct halo occupation distributions (HODs) for moderate X-ray luminosity AGN (mXAGN) in halos with M_G >= 10^12.75 Msun/h, at ten redshifts from z=0 to z=2. The authors separate central and satellite galaxies, estimate X-ray luminosities from black hole accretion rates via a bolometric correction, and identify close pairs satisfying the Farouki-Shapiro criteria as merger events. They classify mergers as major or minor by mass ratio, and report the fraction of mXAGN associated with each type across redshift. The central claim, stated in the Abstract and Conclusions, is that minor mergers slightly predominate as the primary mechanism for triggering mXAGN at most redshifts, with major mergers important at z=1.

Significance. The paper provides a comparison of HOD predictions from a modern hydrodynamical simulation with earlier dark-matter-only work and with X-ray observations at z~0.5, which is a useful step for connecting simulated AGN populations to observed clustering. The use of the public EAGLE simulation makes the analysis reproducible in principle. However, the paper's headline conclusion about merger triggering is not established by the presented analysis, because no control sample of inactive galaxies and no timing of black hole accretion relative to encounters are included. The reported merger fractions also lack statistical uncertainties, so the redshift-dependent claims cannot be evaluated quantitatively. If the HOD results and merger fractions were presented as descriptive population statistics without causal triggering language, the paper would make a modest but publishable contribution.

major comments (3)
  1. [Abstract and Section 2.3] The claim that minor mergers are the primary triggering mechanism for mXAGN is not supported by the analysis as presented. The paper reports merger fractions among mXAGN hosts only; there is no control sample of non-active galaxies matched in redshift, stellar mass, and halo mass. In dense group and cluster halos, close encounters are common, so a high merger fraction among AGN hosts is expected even if mergers play no causal role. To support the triggering claim, the authors should either compare the merger fraction of mXAGN with that of a matched inactive control sample, or directly measure whether the black hole accretion rate rises after the F-S encounter relative to the pre-encounter baseline for the same galaxy.
  2. [Section 2.3 and Figure 4] The temporal link between the identified F-S pairs and the mXAGN phase is not established. The paper states that 'all subhalos meeting these criteria eventually merged' and uses the F-S criteria as a proxy for mergers, but no analysis of the time delay between the encounter and the peak of BH accretion is presented. Without comparing the BHAR evolution before and after the encounter, the results can only demonstrate that many mXAGN hosts had a recent close pair; they cannot show that the encounter triggered the activity. The causal language in the Abstract and Conclusions should be tempered, or a timing analysis should be added.
  3. [Figures 2 and 4 and Table 1] The merger fractions are reported without error bars or sample sizes. For example, the text reports a 56% satellite minor-merger fraction at z=0.5 and 50-62% major-merger fractions at z=1, but the number of mXAGN in each redshift bin and the Poisson/binomial uncertainties on these fractions are not given. Without these, the statements that minor mergers 'predominate' at z=0.5 and z=2 and that major mergers dominate at z=1 cannot be quantitatively assessed. The authors should provide the sample counts and confidence intervals for each fraction, and ideally test the significance of the minor-versus-major difference in each redshift bin.
minor comments (6)
  1. [Abstract] There is a typo: 'We study their merger history we quantify' is missing a conjunction; it should read 'We study their merger history and quantify'.
  2. [Section 2.2] The exact X-ray luminosity selection criterion is ambiguous: the text says 'a cut in X-ray luminosity to select only galaxies that emit moderate X-ray luminosity, L_X ≈ 10^43 erg/s' but does not specify the lower and upper bounds of the selection. Additionally, the band is 0.5-2 keV in Equation (2) but the conclusions state 0.2-5 keV; please clarify the band used.
  3. [Equation (4)] The mass range in the text '10^12.75 ≤ M_G [M⊙h^−1] ≥ 10^14.35' contains a typographical error; it should be '10^12.75 ≤ M_G [M⊙h^−1] ≤ 10^14.35'.
  4. [Introduction] The phrase 'with moderate luminosities (10^44 ≤ L_BOL [erg/s] ≥ 10^45)' is logically inconsistent; this should be corrected to '10^44 ≤ L_BOL [erg/s] ≤ 10^45'.
  5. [Section 2.3] The Farouki-Shapiro criteria are attributed to 'Faruki & Shapiro' in the text; the correct spelling is Farouki.
  6. [Section 3] The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is reported only as 'did not yield substantial results'; the p-value and sample sizes should be reported so that the reader can interpret the comparison between the EAGLE and observed HODs.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the HOD and merger fractions are measured from public EAGLE simulation data and external calibrations; the merger-trigger conclusion has a causal-inference gap but does not reduce to the paper's own inputs.

full rationale

The paper's central outputs are (i) an HOD N(M_G)=n_{G,AGN}/n_G for mXAGN in the public EAGLE Ref-L100N1504 simulation and (ii) merger fractions among those mXAGN computed by tracing LastProgID and applying the Farouki-Shapiro criteria (Sec. 2.3). Neither quantity is fitted to the target claim and then recycled as a prediction. The AGN selection uses the simulation's BHAR with epsilon=0.1 and the external Lusso et al. (2012) bolometric correction (Eqs. 1-2), so the mXAGN catalog is an external-data measurement, not a self-defined construct. The only self-citation is to Altamirano-Dévora et al. (2016), used as a previous dark-matter-only HOD definition and as a comparison benchmark; it is not load-bearing and no uniqueness or forcing argument is imported from it. The abstract's causal language ('minor mergers ... triggering mXAGN') is not established by the analysis, because merger fractions are reported only for the active sample with no inactive control and no timing of BHAR increases relative to each galaxy's pre-encounter baseline; the paper even notes no recent mergers at z=0 and major-merger dominance at z=1, and it cites McAlpine et al. (2020), which finds mergers in EAGLE do not induce significant black hole growth. This is a validity/causal-inference concern, however, not circularity: the quoted merger fractions are computed from the simulation rather than being definitions, fits, or self-citation chains. The paper also openly acknowledges its number-limited sample (Sec. 4), further supporting that the measurements are contingent empirical results.

Assumptions & free parameters 4 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The quantitative products depend on hand-set thresholds and on the EAGLE subgrid model plus the external Lusso correction. None of these are fitted to the final HOD, so the circularity burden is low, but the causal triggering conclusion rests on domain assumptions not independently validated here.

free parameters (4)
  • mXAGN X-ray luminosity selection threshold = ~1e43 erg/s (exact range not given)
    The defining cut for the AGN sample is given only as LX ~ 10^43 erg/s; no inequality, band, or redshift dependence is specified, which materially affects the sample and all derived HODs.
  • Merger distance criterion d_p = 5 R_M*
    Equation (3) declares a pair to be a potential merger if separation is within 5 half-stellar-mass radii; this coefficient is chosen without calibration or sensitivity test.
  • Minor/major merger mass-ratio boundaries = 0.1 and 0.25
    Standard but hand-set separators; the quantitative minor versus major fractions depend directly on these values.
  • Halo mass range = 1e12.75 to 1e14.35 Msun/h
    The analysis is restricted to group/cluster-scale FoF halos; HOD and merger conclusions are conditional on this window.
assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption EAGLE's subgrid black hole growth and feedback model produces a realistic population of moderate-luminosity X-ray AGN.
    The sample is defined by BH accretion rates from EAGLE Ref-L100N1504; no mXAGN-specific validation of the subgrid model is offered in Section 2.1.
  • domain assumption The Lusso et al. (2012) bolometric correction, fitted to observed X-ray-selected AGN, applies to simulated EAGLE AGN across z=0 to 2 and to the 0.5-2 keV band.
    Eq. (2) is used to convert Lbol from Eq. (1) to X-ray luminosity; the coefficients are imported from an observational sample outside the simulation.
  • domain assumption The Farouki-Shapiro criteria identify genuine imminent mergers in the EAGLE merger trees.
    Section 2.3 uses V12 <= <Vrms> and R12 <= Rv1+Rv2 as a proxy for mergers; the authors state they verified eventual merging but present no verification data.
  • domain assumption A merger in the host's past is the triggering mechanism for the mXAGN activity.
    The abstract and Section 4 interpret merger fractions among mXAGN as the triggering mechanism; no control sample of inactive galaxies or accretion timing is presented.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Exploring the halo occupation distribution for moderate X-ray luminosity active galactic nuclei in the EAGLE cosmological simulation." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/SQ2ZJXRB

@misc{pith2026250605506,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Exploring the halo occupation distribution for moderate X-ray luminosity active galactic nuclei in the EAGLE cosmological simulation},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/SQ2ZJXRB}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.05506}
}
abstract

The hydrodynamical cosmological simulation \eagle{} is used to model the Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) of moderate X-ray luminosity active galactic nuclei (mXAGN), extending previous work using only dark matter simulations and empirical relations. By examining mergers as a triggering mechanism, we focus on halos typical of galaxy groups and cluster-like systems with masses $\geq 10^{12.75}\,{\rm M}{\odot}\,h^{-1}$. We analyze simulation data to create catalogs of central and satellite galaxies. We study their merger history we quantify the percentage of minor and major mergers in the mXAGN sample. We obtain the HOD for central and satellite mXAGN across a redshift interval from \(z=2\) to the present epoch. Our results indicate that, across most redshifts, minor mergers slightly predominate as the primary mechanism for triggering mXAGN.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.05506 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. HOD for satellites at z = 0.5. The results derived from the EAGLE simulation are displayed in green. In contrast, the findings from the GADGET-2 simulations Altamirano-Devora et al. ´ (2016), corresponding to major and minor mergers, are presented in blue and black, respectively. The observational results at ¯z=0.5 from Allevato et al. (2012) are shown in red (See online manuscript for color graph). central galaxies… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. The HOD of mXAGN at redshift between 0 and 2. is illustrated for both central and satellite galaxies. In the plot, satellite galaxies are represented in blue, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Fraction of mXAGN as a function of redshift hosted by halo mass [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (1 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Histogram showing the number of mXAGN present in our catalogs [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png]

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

78 extracted references · 26 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Clustering, Cosmology and a New Era of Black Hole Demographics -- I. The Conditional Luminosity Function of Active Galactic Nuclei

    Baker, N. 1966, in Stellar Evolution, ed.\ R. F. Stein,& A. G. W. Cameron (Plenum, New York) 333 @ARTICLE Ballantyne+17, author = Ballantyne , D. R. , title = " Clustering, cosmology and a new era of black hole demographics- I. The conditional luminosity function of active galactic nuclei ", journal = , keywords = galaxies: active, galaxies: haloes, quasa...

    work page Pith review arXiv 1966

  2. [2]

    Cosmic X-ray surveys of distant active galaxies. The demographics, physics, and ecology of growing supermassive black holes

    Berlind, A. A. & Weinberg, D. H.\ 2002, , 575, 587. doi:10.1086/341469 @ARTICLE Brandt+15, author = Brandt , W. N. and Alexander , D. M. , title = " Cosmic X-ray surveys of distant active galaxies. The demographics, physics, and ecology of growing supermassive black holes ", journal = , keywords = Surveys, Cosmology: observations, Galaxies: active, Galaxi...

    arXiv 2002

  3. [5]

    J., et al.\ 2011, , 726, 57

    Cisternas, M., Jahnke, K., Inskip, K. J., et al.\ 2011, , 726, 57. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/726/2/57

    doi:10.1088/0004-637x/726/2/57 2011

  4. [6]

    Cox, J. P. 1980, Theory of Stellar Pulsation (Princeton University Press, Princeton) 165

    1980

  5. [8]

    The most luminous, merger-free AGN show only marginal correlation with bar presence

    Farouki, R.,& Shapiro, S. L.\ 1981, ApJ, 243, 32 @ARTICLE garland2023, author = Garland , Izzy L. and Fahey , Matthew J. and Simmons , Brooke D. and Smethurst , Rebecca J. and Lintott , Chris J. and Shanahan , Jesse and Silcock , Maddie S. and Smith , Joshua and Keel , William C. and Coil , Alison and G \'e ron , Tobias and Kruk , Sandor and Masters , Kar...

    work page Pith review arXiv 1981

  6. [9]

    doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2429

    Koutoulidis, L., Georgantopoulos, I., Mountrichas, G., et al.\ 2018, , 481, 3063. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2429

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2429 2018

  7. [10]

    doi:10.1093/mnras/sts119

    Koutoulidis, L., Plionis, M., Georgantopoulos, I., et al.\ 2013, , 428, 1382. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts119

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/sts119 2013

  8. [12]

    Larson, D., Dunkley, J., Hinshaw, G., et al.\ 2011, , 192, 1

    work page 2011

Show all 78 references
  1. [13]

    Landy, S. D. & Szalay, A. S.\ 1993, , 412, 64. doi:10.1086/172900

    1993 doi

  2. [16]

    Moving mesh cosmology: tracing cosmological gas accretion

    Mullis, C. R., Henry, J. P., Gioia, I. M., et al.\ 2004, , 617, 192. doi:10.1086/425248 @ARTICLE Nelson+13, author = Nelson , Dylan and Vogelsberger , Mark and Genel , Shy and Sijacki , Debora and Kere s , Du s an and Springel , Volker and Hernquist , Lars , title = " Moving m...

    2004 arXiv

  3. [17]

    Peebles, P. J. E.\ 1980, Large-Scale Structure of the Universe by Phillip James Edwin Peebles. Princeton University Press, 1980. ISBN: 978-0-691-08240-0

    1980

  4. [18]

    Peebles, P. J. E.\ 1993, Principles of physical cosmology, by P. J. E. Peebles, Copyright 1993, eBook 2020. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC: 1193120025. ISBN: 9780691206721.. doi:10.1515/9780691206721

    1993 doi

  5. [22]

    1992, in ASP Conf

    Terlevich, R. 1992, in ASP Conf. Ser. 31, Relationships between Active Galactic Nuclei and Starburst Galaxies, ed. A. V. Filippenko, 13

    1992

  6. [23]

    & Urry, C

    Treister, E. & Urry, C. M.\ 2012, Advances in Astronomy, 2012, 516193. doi:10.1155/2012/516193

    2012 doi

  7. [24]

    Tscharnuter W. M. 1987,A&A, 188, 55

    1987

  8. [25]

    doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2538

    Viitanen, A., Allevato, V., Finoguenov, A., et al.\ 2021, , 507, 6148. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2538

    2021 doi

  9. [26]

    Cosmological simulations predict that AGN preferentially live in gas-rich, star-forming galaxies despite effective feedback

    Vogelsberger, M., Genel, S., Springel, V., et al.\ 2014, , 444, 1518. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1536 @ARTICLE Ward+22, author = Ward , S. R. and Harrison , C. M. and Costa , T. and Mainieri , V. , title = " Cosmological simulations predict that AGN preferentially live in gas-rich, ...

    2014 arXiv

  10. [28]

    , author Coil , A.L

    author Aird , J. , author Coil , A.L. , author Georgakakis , A. , year 2018 . title X-rays across the galaxy population - II. The distribution of AGN accretion rates as a function of stellar mass and redshift. journal volume 474 , pages 1225--1249 . :10.1093/mnras/stx2700, htt...

    2018 arXiv

  11. [29]

    , author Hickox , R.C

    author Alexander , D.M. , author Hickox , R.C. , year 2012 . title What drives the growth of black holes? journal volume 56 , pages 93--121 . :10.1016/j.newar.2011.11.003, http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.1949 arXiv:1112.1949

    2012 arXiv

  12. [30]

    , author Finoguenov , A

    author Allevato , V. , author Finoguenov , A. , author Cappelluti , N. , author Miyaji , T. , author Hasinger , G. , author Salvato , M. , author Brusa , M. , author Gilli , R. , author Zamorani , G. , author Shankar , F. , author James , J.B. , author McCracken , H.J. , autho...

    2011 arXiv

  13. [31]

    , author Finoguenov , A

    author Allevato , V. , author Finoguenov , A. , author Civano , F. , author Cappelluti , N. , author Shankar , F. , author Miyaji , T. , author Hasinger , G. , author Gilli , R. , author Zamorani , G. , author Lanzuisi , G. , author Salvato , M. , author Elvis , M. , author Co...

    2014 arXiv

  14. [32]

    , author Finoguenov , A

    author Allevato , V. , author Finoguenov , A. , author Hasinger , G. , author Miyaji , T. , author Cappelluti , N. , author Salvato , M. , author Zamorani , G. , author Gilli , R. , author George , M.R. , author Tanaka , M. , author Brusa , M. , author Silverman , J. , author ...

    2012 arXiv

  15. [33]

    , author Miyaji , T

    author Altamirano-D \'e vora , L. , author Miyaji , T. , author Aceves , H. , author Castro , A. , author Ca \ n as , R. , author Tamayo , F. , year 2016 . title Halo Occupation Distributions of Moderate X-ray AGNs formed through Major and Minor Mergers in a -CDM Cosmology . j...

    2016 doi arXiv

  16. [34]

    , author Hahn , O

    author Angulo , R.E. , author Hahn , O. , year 2022 . title Large-scale dark matter simulations . journal Living Reviews in Computational Astrophysics volume 8 , pages 1 . :10.1007/s41115-021-00013-z, http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.05165 arXiv:2112.05165

    2022 arXiv

  17. [35]

    , author Sijacki , D

    author Bennett , J.S. , author Sijacki , D. , author Costa , T. , author Laporte , N. , author Witten , C. , year 2024 . title The growth of the gargantuan black holes powering high-redshift quasars and their impact on the formation of early galaxies and protoclusters . journa...

    2024 arXiv

  18. [36]

    , author Schaye , J

    author Booth , C.M. , author Schaye , J. , year 2010 . title Dark matter haloes determine the masses of supermassive black holes . journal volume 405 , pages L1--L5 . :10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00832.x, http://arxiv.org/abs/0911.0935 arXiv:0911.0935

    2010

  19. [37]

    , author Faucher-Giguere , C.A

    author Byrne , L. , author Faucher-Giguere , C.A. , author Wellons , S. , author Hopkins , P.F. , author Angl \'e s-Alc \'a zar , D. , author Sultan , I. , author Wijers , N. , author Moreno , J. , author Ponnada , S. , year 2023 . title Effects of multi-channel AGN feedback i...

    2023 doi arXiv

  20. [38]

    , author Angulo , R.E

    author Chaves-Montero , J. , author Angulo , R.E. , author Schaye , J. , author Schaller , M. , author Crain , R.A. , author Furlong , M. , author Theuns , T. , year 2016 . title Subhalo abundance matching and assembly bias in the EAGLE simulation . journal volume 460 , pages ...

    2016 arXiv

  21. [39]

    , year 2021

    author Combes , F. , year 2021 . title Active Galactic Nuclei: Fueling and Feedback . :10.1088/2514-3433/ac2a27

    2021 doi

  22. [40]

    , author Schaye , J

    author Crain , R.A. , author Schaye , J. , author Bower , R.G. , author Furlong , M. , author Schaller , M. , author Theuns , T. , author Dalla Vecchia , C. , author Frenk , C.S. , author McCarthy , I.G. , author Helly , J.C. , author Jenkins , A. , author Rosas-Guevara , Y.M....

    2015 arXiv

  23. [42]

    , author Angl \'e s-Alc \'a zar , D

    author Dav \'e , R. , author Angl \'e s-Alc \'a zar , D. , author Narayanan , D. , author Li , Q. , author Rafieferantsoa , M.H. , author Appleby , S. , year 2019 . title SIMBA: Cosmological simulations with black hole growth and feedback . journal volume 486 , pages 2827--284...

    2019 arXiv

  24. [43]

    , author Viswanathan , A

    author Ellison , S.L. , author Viswanathan , A. , author Patton , D.R. , author Bottrell , C. , author McConnachie , A.W. , author Gwyn , S. , author Cuillandre , J.C. , year 2019 . title A definitive merger-AGN connection at z 0 with CFIS: mergers have an excess of AGN and AG...

    2019 arXiv

  25. [44]

    , author Shapiro , S.L

    author Farouki , R. , author Shapiro , S.L. , year 1981 . title Computer simulations of environmental influences on galaxy evolution in dense clusters. II - Rapid tidal encounters . journal volume 243 , pages 32--41 . :10.1086/158563

    1981 doi

  26. [45]

    , year 1986

    author Gehrels , N. , year 1986 . title Confidence Limits for Small Numbers of Events in Astrophysical Data . journal volume 303 , pages 336 . :10.1086/164079

    1986 doi

  27. [46]

    , author Bose , S

    author Hadzhiyska , B. , author Bose , S. , author Eisenstein , D. , author Hernquist , L. , author Spergel , D.N. , year 2020 . title Limitations to the basicHOD model and beyond . journal volume 493 , pages 5506--5519 . :10.1093/mnras/staa623, http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02610...

    2020 arXiv

  28. [47]

    , author Dolag , K

    author Hirschmann , M. , author Dolag , K. , author Saro , A. , author Bachmann , L. , author Borgani , S. , author Burkert , A. , year 2014 . title Cosmological simulations of black hole growth: AGN luminosities and downsizing . journal volume 442 , pages 2304--2324 . :10.109...

    2014 arXiv

  29. [48]

    , author Hernquist , L

    author Hopkins , P.F. , author Hernquist , L. , year 2006 . title Fueling Low-Level AGN Activity through Stochastic Accretion of Cold Gas . journal volume 166 , pages 1--36 . :10.1086/505753, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0603180 arXiv:astro-ph/0603180

    2006 arXiv

  30. [49]

    , author Liu , B

    author Jeon , J. , author Liu , B. , author Bromm , V. , author Finkelstein , S.L. , year 2023 . title Observability of low-luminosity AGNs in the early Universe with JWST . journal volume 524 , pages 176--187 . :10.1093/mnras/stad1877, http://arxiv.org/abs/2304.07369 arXiv:2304.07369

    2023 arXiv

  31. [50]

    , author Heckman , T.M

    author Kauffmann , G. , author Heckman , T.M. , author Tremonti , C. , author Brinchmann , J. , author Charlot , S. , author White , S.D.M. , author Ridgway , S.E. , author Brinkmann , J. , author Fukugita , M. , author Hall , P.B. , author Ivezi \'c , Z . , author Richards , ...

    2003

  32. [51]

    , author Faber , S.M

    author Kocevski , D.D. , author Faber , S.M. , author Mozena , M. , author Koekemoer , A.M. , author Nandra , K. , author Rangel , C. , author Laird , E.S. , author Brusa , M. , author Wuyts , S. , author Trump , J.R. , author Koo , D.C. , author Somerville , R.S. , author Bel...

    2012 arXiv

  33. [52]

    , author Ho , L.C

    author Kormendy , J. , author Ho , L.C. , year 2013 . title Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies . journal volume 51 , pages 511--653 . :10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811, http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.7762 arXiv:1304.7762

    2013 arXiv

  34. [53]

    , author Treister , E

    author Krawczynski , H. , author Treister , E. , year 2013 . title Active galactic nuclei the physics of individual sources and the cosmic history of formation and evolution . journal Frontiers of Physics volume 8 , pages 609--629 . :10.1007/s11467-013-0310-3, http://arxiv.org...

    2013 arXiv

  35. [54]

    , author Miyaji , T

    author Krumpe , M. , author Miyaji , T. , author Georgakakis , A. , author Schulze , A. , author Coil , A.L. , author Dwelly , T. , author Coffey , D. , author Comparat , J. , author Aceves , H. , author Salvato , M. , author Merloni , A. , author Maraston , C. , author Nandra...

    2023 arXiv

  36. [55]

    , author Georgakakis , A

    author Laloux , B. , author Georgakakis , A. , author Andonie , C. , author Alexander , D.M. , author Ruiz , A. , author Rosario , D.J. , author Aird , J. , author Buchner , J. , author Carrera , F.J. , author Lapi , A. , author Ramos Almeida , C. , author Salvato , M. , autho...

    2023 arXiv

  37. [56]

    , author J

    author Leauthaud , A. , author J. Benson , A. , author Civano , F. , author L. Coil , A. , author Bundy , K. , author Massey , R. , author Schramm , M. , author Schulze , A. , author Capak , P. , author Elvis , M. , author Kulier , A. , author Rhodes , J. , year 2015 . title T...

    2015 arXiv

  38. [57]

    , author Dempsey , A.M

    author Li , J. , author Dempsey , A.M. , author Li , H. , author Lai , D. , author Li , S. , year 2023 . title Hydrodynamical Simulations of Black Hole Binary Formation in AGN Disks . journal volume 944 , pages L42 . :10.3847/2041-8213/acb934, http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10357 a...

    2023 arXiv

  39. [58]

    , author Chen , K.J

    author Lin , C.H. , author Chen , K.J. , author Hwang , C.Y. , year 2023 . title Rapid Growth of Galactic Supermassive Black Holes through Accreting Giant Molecular Clouds during Major Mergers of Their Host Galaxies . journal volume 952 , pages 121 . :10.3847/1538-4357/acd841,...

    2023 arXiv

  40. [59]

    , author Comastri , A

    author Lusso , E. , author Comastri , A. , author Simmons , B.D. , author Mignoli , M. , author Zamorani , G. , author Vignali , C. , author Brusa , M. , author Shankar , F. , author Lutz , D. , author Trump , J.R. , author Maiolino , R. , author Gilli , R. , author Bolzonella...

    2012

  41. [60]

    , author Alberts , S

    author Lyu , J. , author Alberts , S. , author Rieke , G.H. , author Shivaei , I. , author P \'e rez-Gonz \'a lez , P.G. , author Sun , F. , author Hainline , K.N. , author Baum , S. , author Bonaventura , N. , author Bunker , A.J. , author Egami , E. , author Eisenstein , D.J...

    2024 arXiv

  42. [61]

    , author Bower , R.G

    author McAlpine , S. , author Bower , R.G. , author Harrison , C.M. , author Crain , R.A. , author Schaller , M. , author Schaye , J. , author Theuns , T. , year 2017 . title The link between galaxy and black hole growth in the eagle simulation . journal volume 468 , pages 339...

    2017 arXiv

  43. [62]

    , author Harrison , C.M

    author McAlpine , S. , author Harrison , C.M. , author Rosario , D.J. , author Alexander , D.M. , author Ellison , S.L. , author Johansson , P.H. , author Patton , D.R. , year 2020 . title Galaxy mergers in EAGLE do not induce a significant amount of black hole growth yet do i...

    2020 arXiv

  44. [63]

    , author Helly , J.C

    author McAlpine , S. , author Helly , J.C. , author Schaller , M. , author Trayford , J.W. , author Qu , Y. , author Furlong , M. , author Bower , R.G. , author Crain , R.A. , author Schaye , J. , author Theuns , T. , author Dalla Vecchia , C. , author Frenk , C.S. , author Mc...

    2016 arXiv

  45. [64]

    , author Dai , X

    author Mishra , H.D. , author Dai , X. , year 2020 . title Lower AGN Abundance in Galaxy Clusters at z < 0.5 . journal volume 159 , pages 69 . :10.3847/1538-3881/ab6225, http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.10342 arXiv:1912.10342

    2020 arXiv

  46. [65]

    , author Young , A.J

    author Musoke , G. , author Young , A.J. , author Birkinshaw , M. , year 2020 . title Hydrodynamic simulations of AGN jets: the impact of Riemann solvers and spatial reconstruction schemes on jet evolution . journal volume 498 , pages 3870--3887 . :10.1093/mnras/staa2657

    2020 doi

  47. [66]

    , author Laird , E.S

    author Nandra , K. , author Laird , E.S. , author Steidel , C.C. , year 2005 . title The space density of moderate-luminosity active galaxies at z= 3 . journal volume 360 , pages L39--L44 . :10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00042.x, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0503490 arXiv:astro-ph/0503490

    2005

  48. [67]

    , author Shirakata , H

    author Oogi , T. , author Shirakata , H. , author Nagashima , M. , author Nishimichi , T. , author Kawaguchi , T. , author Okamoto , T. , author Ishiyama , T. , author Enoki , M. , year 2020 . title Semi-analytic modelling of AGNs: autocorrelation function and halo occupation ...

    2020 arXiv

  49. [68]

    title Chatgpt (v4)

    author OpenAI , year 2023 . title Chatgpt (v4) . howpublished https://chat.openai.com/ . note Accessed: 2024-10-02

    2023

  50. [69]

    , year 1997

    author Peterson , B.M. , year 1997 . title An Introduction to Active Galactic Nuclei

    1997

  51. [70]

    , author Aghanim , N

    author Planck Collaboration , author Ade , P.A.R. , author Aghanim , N. , author Alves , M.I.R. , author Armitage-Caplan , C. , author Arnaud , M. , author Ashdown , M. , author Atrio-Barandela , F. , author Aumont , J. , author Aussel , H. , author Baccigalupi , C. , author B...

    2014 arXiv

  52. [71]

    , author Helly , J.C

    author Qu , Y. , author Helly , J.C. , author Bower , R.G. , author Theuns , T. , author Crain , R.A. , author Frenk , C.S. , author Furlong , M. , author McAlpine , S. , author Schaller , M. , author Schaye , J. , author White , S.D.M. , year 2017 . title A chronicle of galax...

    2017 arXiv

  53. [72]

    , author Oh , K

    author Rey , S.C. , author Oh , K. , author Kim , S. , year 2021 . title Compact Elliptical Galaxies Hosting Active Galactic Nuclei in Isolated Environments . journal volume 917 , pages L9 . :10.3847/2041-8213/ac15f6, http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.10289 arXiv:2107.10289

    2021 arXiv

  54. [73]

    , author Bower , R.G

    author Rosas-Guevara , Y. , author Bower , R.G. , author Schaye , J. , author McAlpine , S. , author Dalla Vecchia , C. , author Frenk , C.S. , author Schaller , M. , author Theuns , T. , year 2016 . title Supermassive black holes in the EAGLE Universe. Revealing the observabl...

    2016 arXiv

  55. [74]

    , author Bose , S

    author Saha , B. , author Bose , S. , year 2024 . title Quantifying the impact of AGN feedback on the large-scale matter distribution using two- and three-point statistics . journal volume 534 , pages 3876--3892 . :10.1093/mnras/stae2312, http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.05376 arXiv:...

    2024 arXiv

  56. [75]

    , author Crain , R.A

    author Schaye , J. , author Crain , R.A. , author Bower , R.G. , author Furlong , M. , author Schaller , M. , author Theuns , T. , author Dalla Vecchia , C. , author Frenk , C.S. , author McCarthy , I.G. , author Helly , J.C. , author Jenkins , A. , author Rosas-Guevara , Y.M....

    2015 arXiv

  57. [76]

    , author Dalla Vecchia , C

    author Schaye , J. , author Dalla Vecchia , C. , year 2008 . title On the relation between the Schmidt and Kennicutt-Schmidt star formation laws and its implications for numerical simulations . journal volume 383 , pages 1210--1222 . :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12639.x, http://a...

    2008

  58. [77]

    , author Kugel , R

    author Schaye , J. , author Kugel , R. , author Schaller , M. , author Helly , J.C. , author Braspenning , J. , author Elbers , W. , author McCarthy , I.G. , author van Daalen , M.P. , author Vandenbroucke , B. , author Frenk , C.S. , author Kwan , J. , author Salcido , J. , a...

    2023 arXiv

  59. [78]

    , author Silverman , J.D

    author Schulze , A. , author Silverman , J.D. , author Kashino , D. , author Akiyama , M. , author Schramm , M. , author Sanders , D. , author Kartaltepe , J. , author Daddi , E. , author Rodighiero , G. , author Renzini , A. , author Arimoto , N. , author Nagao , T. , author ...

    2018 arXiv

  60. [79]

    , year 1943

    author Seyfert , C.K. , year 1943 . title Nuclear Emission in Spiral Nebulae. journal volume 97 , pages 28 . :10.1086/144488

    1943 doi

  61. [80]

    , author Van Duyne , J

    author Simmons , B.D. , author Van Duyne , J. , author Urry , C.M. , author Treister , E. , author Koekemoer , A.M. , author Grogin , N.A. , author GOODS Team , year 2011 . title Obscured GOODS Active Galactic Nuclei and Their Host Galaxies at z < 1.25: The Slow Black Hole Gro...

    2011 arXiv

  62. [81]

    , year 2005

    author Springel , V. , year 2005 . title The cosmological simulation code GADGET-2 . journal volume 364 , pages 1105--1134 . :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09655.x, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0505010 arXiv:astro-ph/0505010

    2005

  63. [82]

    , author Pakmor , R

    author Springel , V. , author Pakmor , R. , author Zier , O. , author Reinecke , M. , year 2021 . title Simulating cosmic structure formation with the GADGET-4 code . journal volume 506 , pages 2871--2949 . :10.1093/mnras/stab1855, http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.03567 arXiv:2010.03567

    2021 arXiv

  64. [83]

    , author Yoshida , N

    author Springel , V. , author Yoshida , N. , author White , S.D.M. , year 2001 . title GADGET: a code for collisionless and gasdynamical cosmological simulations . journal volume 6 , pages 79--117 . :10.1016/S1384-1076(01)00042-2, http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0003162 arXiv:as...

    2001 arXiv

  65. [84]

    , year 2015

    author Wang, J. , year 2015 . title Role of feedback in agn-host coevolution: A study from partially obscured active galactic nuclei . journal New Astronomy volume 37 , pages 15--25 . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1384107614001808, :https://doi.org/10.1016...

    2015 doi

  66. [85]

    , author Springel , V

    author Weinberger , R. , author Springel , V. , author Pakmor , R. , author Nelson , D. , author Genel , S. , author Pillepich , A. , author Vogelsberger , M. , author Marinacci , F. , author Naiman , J. , author Torrey , P. , author Hernquist , L. , year 2018 . title Supermas...

    2018 arXiv

  67. [86]

    , author Schaye , J

    author Wiersma , R.P.C. , author Schaye , J. , author Smith , B.D. , year 2009 a. title The effect of photoionization on the cooling rates of enriched, astrophysical plasmas . journal volume 393 , pages 99--107 . :10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14191.x, http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.374...

    2009

  68. [87]

    , author Schaye , J

    author Wiersma , R.P.C. , author Schaye , J. , author Theuns , T. , author Dalla Vecchia , C. , author Tornatore , L. , year 2009 b. title Chemical enrichment in cosmological, smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations . journal volume 399 , pages 574--600 . :10.1111/j.1365-2...

    2009

  69. [88]

    , author Hadzhiyska , B

    author Yuan , S. , author Hadzhiyska , B. , author Bose , S. , author Eisenstein , D.J. , year 2022 . title Illustrating galaxy-halo connection in the DESI era with ILLUSTRISTNG . journal volume 512 , pages 5793--5811 . :10.1093/mnras/stac830, http://arxiv.org/abs/2202.12911 a...

    2022 arXiv

  70. [89]

    , author Capelo , P.R

    author Zana , T. , author Capelo , P.R. , author Dotti , M. , author Mayer , L. , author Lupi , A. , author Haardt , F. , author Bonoli , S. , author Shen , S. , year 2019 . title Barred galaxies in cosmological zoom-in simulations: the importance of feedback . journal volume ...

    2019 arXiv

Pith tools

Reviewed August 7, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.