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REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 110 references

Investigating the physical properties of dusty star-forming galaxies at z>=1.5 in the GOODS-South field using JWST

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read JWST's JADES survey can recover the stellar masses of dusty proto-spheroids at z≥1.5 to about 0.1 dex, while their star formation rates still need far-infrared data.

desk verdict Useful, honest JWST survey forecast whose headline mass and redshift accuracies are in-family estimates from the same SED machinery; deserves review with a request for a stellar-mass SFH stress test. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.08995 v1 pith:6AXPRLLH submitted 2025-06-10 astro-ph.GA

Dipanjan Mitra , Mattia Negrello , Gianfranco De Zotti This is my paper
classification astro-ph.GA
keywords dustystar-forminggalaxiesproto-spheroidsJWSTJADESphotometricredshiftsSEDfittingstellarmassGOODS-South
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper asks how well the James Webb Space Telescope, as configured for the JADES survey in GOODS-South, can constrain the nature of the dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) that are thought to become today's massive elliptical galaxies. The authors generate a mock catalog of proto-spheroids at $z\gtrsim1.5$ from a physical model of galaxy and black-hole co-evolution, assign spectral energy distributions to them, and then run the standard redshift and SED-fitting tools on the simulated photometry. They find that JWST photometry alone recovers photometric redshifts with a 5 percent outlier fraction for the parent sample and 4.2 percent for the 250-$\mu$m-selected DSFG subsample, and that stellar masses come back with 1$\sigma$ dispersions of 0.2 and 0.14 dex, improving to 0.1 dex for DSFGs when HST data are added. The same exercise shows that star formation rates cannot be trusted from near-infrared data alone and need the far-infrared data from Spitzer and Herschel. If the forecast is right, JWST can weigh the stellar content of proto-spheroids down to about $10^{10}\,M_\odot$, while their ongoing star formation will still need far-infrared and submillimetre observations.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the simulated proto-spheroid catalog built from the Cai et al. (2013) co-evolution model as upgraded in Mitra et al. (2024), which links star formation and black-hole accretion in haloes with $11.3\le\log(M_{\rm vir}/M_\odot)\le13.3$ virializing at $1.5\le z_{\rm vir}\le8$. Each simulated galaxy gets an SED from the da Cunha et al. (2008) energy-balance formalism plus a smooth-torus AGN component; the survey strategy is applied by imposing 5$\sigma$ depth limits in the nine NIRCam bands and the ancillary HST, Spitzer, and Herschel bands. The recovery test then feeds this photometry through EAZY, a template-based photometric-redshift code, and CIGALE, an energy-balance SED-fitting code, and compares every recovered quantity to the known input value via $Q_{\log P}=\log(P_{\rm CIGALE}/P_{\rm input})$. What carries the argument is this closed model-to-model loop: any bias or scatter the fitting codes show against the model's own SEDs is taken as the expected performance on real DSFGs.

What would settle it

Compare the model-predicted photo-z outlier fractions against real JADES sources with spectroscopic redshifts in GOODS-S: if the fraction with $|\Delta z|/(1+z)>0.15$ exceeds roughly 10 percent for NIRCam-selected DSFGs, the 5-percent forecast is wrong. Similarly, measure stellar masses for a dozen DSFGs from ALMA dynamics or from a second, independent SED code; if the median offset against CIGALE exceeds about 0.3 dex, the claimed 0.1 dex mass recovery will not hold on real data.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that JWST/JADES photometry alone is sufficient to determine photometric redshifts of massive dusty star-forming galaxies at $z\gtrsim1.5$ with an outlier fraction $f_{\rm out}=0.05$ for the parent sample and $0.042$ for the DSFG subsample (defined by a 5$\sigma$ detection at 250 $\mu$m), and stellar masses with 1$\sigma$ dispersions of 0.2 and 0.14 dex respectively. When HST photometry is added, the outlier fractions drop to 0.019 and 0.008, and the DSFG stellar-mass dispersion falls to 0.1 dex. The paper further claims JWST can detect DSFGs with stellar masses down to $\sim10^{10}\,M_\odot$, roughly an order of magnitude below what was accessible before JWST, and that a NIRCam colour-selected DSFG catalog drawn from the ASTRODEEP-JWST data matches the simulated population in stellar mass and SFR distributions. By contrast, the authors report that star formation rates recovered from JWST photometry alone have dispersions of about 0.55–0.8 dex, and that changing the assumed star-formation history in CIGALE changes recovered SFRs by about an order of magnitude. The conclusion is that JWST alone can constrain the stellar content of proto-spheroids, while their ongoing star formation and dust properties remain hostage to far-infrared follow-up.

Load-bearing premise

The forecast stands on the premise that the model's spectral templates, star-formation histories, dust attenuation laws, and AGN fractions span the real diversity of proto-spheroids; the pipeline is only tested against the model's own outputs, and the paper itself shows that changing one star-formation history parametrisation changes recovered SFRs by an order of magnitude.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the recovery statistics hold for real galaxies, JWST photometry alone can map the stellar mass content of DSFGs at $z\gtrsim1.5$ to about 0.15–0.2 dex, enough to test models of proto-spheroid assembly at cosmic noon.
  • Photometric redshifts from NIRCam, with outlier fractions of a few percent, mean that DSFG samples can be selected and roughly placed in redshift without far-infrared data, opening the low-mass regime that was Herschel-blind.
  • The 250-$\mu$m-selected DSFG sample recovers SFR, dust luminosity, and dust mass with dispersions of about 0.16–0.18, 0.12, and 0.26 dex respectively only when JWST is combined with Spitzer and Herschel, so the far-infrared complement remains essential for star formation.
  • JWST lowers the detectable stellar-mass threshold for dusty galaxies by roughly an order of magnitude, to about $10^{10}\,M_\odot$, so future deep surveys should uncover a populous low-mass DSFG population invisible to Herschel and Spitzer.
  • The consistency between simulated and ASTRODEEP NIRCam-selected DSFGs supports using the same physical model to predict what future far-infrared and submillimetre facilities will see.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The quoted accuracies are probably optimistic lower bounds, because the test only checks whether the fitting codes can recover the values the model put in; real galaxies with richer star-formation histories or more complex dust geometries could degrade the dispersions.
  • The reported order-of-magnitude sensitivity of SFR to the assumed star-formation history implies that any JWST-only SFR reported for an obscured galaxy should be read as template-dependent, not as a measurement.
  • A sharp, testable extension of the paper would be to apply the NIRCam colour selection $f_{444}/f_{150}>3.5$ to the full JADES footprint and compare EAZY outlier fractions against the growing spectroscopic sample; if the outlier fraction stays near 5 percent, the model-based forecast is confirmed.
  • If real DSFGs at $10^{10}\,M_\odot$ are as numerous as simulated, the integrated star-formation-rate density at cosmic noon may be higher than currently inferred from submillimetre-selected samples that miss low-mass dusty galaxies.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper uses the Cai et al. (2013) / Mitra et al. (2024) physical model of proto-spheroids to simulate JADES/GOODS-S observations, then applies EAZY and CIGALE to recover photometric redshifts, stellar masses, SFRs, dust luminosities, and dust masses. It reports photo-z outlier fractions of 0.05 with JWST alone and 0.019 with JWST+HST for the parent sample (0.042 and 0.008 for the DSFG sub-sample), stellar-mass dispersions of about 0.2 and 0.14 dex from JWST alone (down to 0.1 dex for the DSFG sample after adding HST and removing outliers), and demonstrates that far-IR photometry is needed to constrain SFRs. It also constructs a NIRCam-selected DSFG sample from the ASTRODEEP-JWST catalog and compares CIGALE-derived masses and SFRs with the simulations, finding broad consistency and claiming that JWST can detect DSFGs down to about 10^10 solar masses.

Significance. The forecasting question is timely, and the paper deserves credit for reporting honest scatter, outlier, and bias metrics, and for clearly separating what JWST can constrain (stellar masses, photo-z) from what it cannot (SFRs without FIR data). The central result, stellar masses recovered to 0.1-0.2 dex, is physically plausible if the generative model spans the real diversity of proto-spheroids. However, the study is a model-to-model recovery test: the simulated SEDs are generated with the same class of physical ingredients and templates that CIGALE fits. The external checks in Figures 1 and 2 and Section 4.3 are suggestive but do not independently validate absolute accuracy, and the paper's own SFH sensitivity test in Section 4.2.2 shows an order-of-magnitude variation in recovered SFRs. With additional robustness tests and an independent observed-sample validation, this would be a useful reference for JWST DSFG studies.

major comments (3)
  1. [Sec. 4.2.2] The paper reports that switching CIGALE's SFH module from sfhdelayed to sfhdelayedbq changes recovered SFRs by an order of magnitude. This is presented as a caveat for SFRs, but no analogous stress test is shown for stellar masses, which are the headline quantities of Section 4.2.1 and the conclusions. Because the generative model and the fitting model share the same delayed-SFH family, the quoted 0.1-0.2 dex mass dispersions likely understate sensitivity to template assumptions. Please add a robustness test in which the simulated SEDs are generated with a different SFH, dust attenuation law, or AGN prescription, or in which CIGALE is run with deliberately mismatched templates, and quote the resulting stellar-mass dispersions and biases.
  2. [Secs. 2.1, 2.3, 4.2, 4.3] The recovery analysis is closed-loop: the simulated SEDs are built with the da Cunha et al. (2008) energy-balance formalism and Fritz et al. (2006) AGN templates, and CIGALE fits the same formalism. The external comparisons do not break the loop: Figure 1 shows the model under-predicts the low-luminosity end of the mid-IR luminosity functions, Figure 2 shows the simulated population occupies a narrower colour-colour region than the CEERS sources, and Section 4.3 applies the same EAZY/CIGALE pipeline to both observed and simulated samples, so systematic template biases cancel. To support the absolute accuracy claims, please validate against an independent benchmark, for example by fitting observed galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts and comparing CIGALE stellar masses with dynamical masses or with a second SED-fitting code, and state the implied systematic floor on stellar mass.
  3. [Sec. 4.2.1] The reduced dispersions of 0.15 and 0.1 dex are quoted after removing catastrophic photo-z outliers. In a real survey the true redshift is unknown, so an outlier-removal criterion based on |∆z|/(1+z) cannot be applied. Please specify a practical, observable outlier-rejection strategy, such as posterior-based quality cuts or agreement between multiple photo-z codes, and recompute the dispersions and mean offsets using only that strategy. Otherwise the post-outlier-removal numbers are not directly transferable to the JADES data.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Abstract / Sec. 5] The abstract states photo-z accuracy of at least 95%, while Section 5 says that for 90% of the sources EAZY gave an estimate accurate to better than 15% in (1+z); please reconcile these two numbers.
  2. [Fig. 3 caption] The caption describes the galaxies as also detected by HST, but the left-hand panels show JWST-only photometry and the right-hand panels show JWST+HST; please clarify which panels correspond to which data combination.
  3. [Sec. 4.2.3] There is a typo in the sentence preceding Equation (2): 'The the distribution' should read 'The distribution'.
  4. [References] The reference list contains Liao et al. (2024) twice with identical bibliographic data; please merge the duplicate entries.
  5. [Sec. 3.2] The text refers to the 'GOOD-S field'; the standard abbreviation used elsewhere is GOODS-S, and this should be made consistent.

Circularity Check

1 steps flagged · score 6.0 of 10

Stellar-mass recovery is an in-family test: the simulated SEDs use the same energy-balance BC03/Fritz-2006 template family CIGALE fits, so the quoted 0.1-0.2 dex dispersions certify internal consistency, not JWST's accuracy on real galaxies.

  1. self definitional [Sec 2.1 (generative SEDs) & Sec 3.3 (CIGALE setup); headline claims in Abstract and Sec 4.2.1]
    "we used the SED fitting code CIGALE ... which uses the principle of 'energy balance' ... The G. Bruzual & S. Charlot (2003) SSP models along with a Chabrier initial mass function ... To incorporate the contribution from the AGN, templates from J. Fritz et al. (2006) are used."

    The Sec 2.1 generative model builds simulated SEDs with the da Cunha et al. (2008) energy-balance formalism, BC03 stellar populations, and the Fritz et al. (2006) AGN torus — the same ingredients CIGALE is given (energy balance, BC03 SSPs, Fritz 2006 templates). The claimed 0.1-0.2 dex M* dispersions therefore measure in-family self-consistency, not absolute accuracy for real galaxies. External checks do not close the loop: the MIR LF comparison under-predicts the faint end; CEERS simulated colours occupy a narrower region than observed; and the ASTRODEEP comparison (Sec 4.3) fits observed and simulated samples with the same CIGALE configuration, so template bias cancels.

full rationale

The paper is an honest, clearly framed simulation forecast: it draws a proto-spheroid population from the Cai et al. (2013) model as upgraded in Mitra et al. (2024), simulates JADES photometry, and measures how well EAZY and CIGALE recover the input redshifts and physical parameters. Much of this is legitimate. The photometric-redshift claim (f_outlier = 0.05 with JWST alone, 0.019/0.008 with HST added) is a genuinely non-circular test: EAZY's templates (Grazian et al. 2006, Maraston 2005, Erb 2010) are not the generative model's template family, so the Lyman-alpha/4000-break degeneracy test has independent content. The model also faces external data — the Ling et al. (2024) mid-IR luminosity functions and the CEERS colour-colour plane — although both checks are only partially successful (the model under-predicts the faint LF end, and the simulated colours occupy a narrower locus). The central circular step concerns the stellar-mass and panchromatic recovery claims. The simulated SEDs are built from the da Cunha et al. (2008) energy-balance formalism with BC03 stellar populations and Fritz et al. (2006) AGN templates, and CIGALE is configured with energy balance, BC03 SSPs, Charlot and Fall attenuation, and the same Fritz et al. (2006) AGN templates. The quoted 1-sigma M* dispersions (0.2/0.14 dex with JWST alone; 0.1 dex with HST or after outlier rejection) therefore measure how well the fitter recovers galaxies drawn from its own template family — a self-consistency statistic, not a validated accuracy for real galaxies. The ASTRODEEP comparison cannot rescue this: fitting observed and simulated samples with the same CIGALE configuration cancels any shared template bias by construction. The paper's own Section 4.2.2 experiment — switching the CIGALE SFH prior from sfhdelayed to sfhdelayedbq changes recovered SFRs by an order of magnitude — demonstrates that the recovery statistics are controlled by fitting assumptions, yet no equivalent stress test is reported for the headline stellar masses. Because the photo-z claim and the external model checks carry real independent content, the circularity is partial (score 6) rather than total; conversely, it is not a 0-2 case because the abstract's headline mass-recovery claim reduces, by construction, to an in-family recovery within the shared template family.

Assumptions & free parameters 5 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No new physical entities are invented; the paper is an observational forecast. The central results depend on a chain of model assumptions (halo mass range, halo formation rate approximation, SED templates) that are carried from prior work by the same group (Cai et al. 2013, Mitra et al. 2024). The free parameters are the halo mass cuts, the virialization redshift floor, the CIGALE grid choices, and the dust emissivity convention, all of which shape the quoted dispersions. The absence of fitted free parameters in the model itself is a point in the paper's favor, but the model-to-model nature of the test limits the strength of the conclusions.

free parameters (5)
  • Minimum virial halo mass (log M_vir/M_sun = 11.3) = 11.3
    The parent sample is restricted to halos with log M_vir >= 11.3, chosen to match the model's valid range of the halo formation rate approximation. The paper admits that this choice causes the model to under-predict low-luminosity MIR LFs, so the threshold is a hand-chosen truncation that affects the predicted source counts and the central forecasts.
  • Maximum virial halo mass (log M_vir/M_sun = 13.3) = 13.3
    Upper truncation of the sampled halo mass range, carried over from the model setup. It caps the bright end of the predicted populations.
  • Minimum virialization redshift (z_vir = 1.5) = 1.5
    The simulation only samples halos virializing at z >= 1.5, consistent with the proto-spheroid definition but imposed as a modeling choice that removes any z<1.5 DSFGs from the forecast.
  • CIGALE parameter grid choices (SFH e-folding times, ages, dust attenuation slopes, AGN fractions, etc.) = see Table 2 grid
    The recovered properties depend on the chosen discrete grid of CIGALE parameters (e.g., e-folding time 500-7000 Myr, burst fraction 0.0-0.5, A_V^ISM 0.3-2.0). These are user-chosen hyperparameters that shape the recovery dispersions. The authors show that changing the SFH module changes SFR estimates by an order of magnitude, demonstrating sensitivity to these choices.
  • Dust mass absorption coefficient kappa_0 = not stated numerically
    The paper explains in Section 4.2.3 that the offset in recovered dust mass between CIGALE and the input model is partly due to the different reference dust emissivity kappa_0 adopted by the two SED fitting approaches. The chosen value of kappa_0 is a model assumption that directly shifts M_dust estimates.
assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption The Cai et al. (2013) model and its Mitra et al. (2024) upgrade correctly describe the co-evolution of proto-spheroids and their AGN, including the halo formation rate approximation.
    The entire simulated catalog is generated from this model (Section 2.1 and 2.3). The model's consistency is checked against MIR LFs and NIRCam colors in Figures 1 and 2, but the checks are qualitative and the model under-predicts the low-luminosity LF end by construction.
  • domain assumption The halo formation rate is well approximated by the positive term of the cosmic time derivative of the halo mass function.
    The paper explicitly states in Section 2.1 that this approximation is a basic model assumption that is less accurate at low halo masses, motivating the M_vir >= 11.3 cut. The forecast inherits this limitation.
  • domain assumption The da Cunha et al. (2008) energy balance formalism and the Fritz et al. (2006) AGN torus model adequately represent the SEDs of real proto-spheroids.
    Both the simulated model SEDs (Section 2.1) and the CIGALE fitting templates (Section 3.3) are built on these formalisms. The model-to-model recovery therefore partially tests the internal consistency of the same SED framework, not its fidelity to real galaxies.
  • domain assumption A single PAH template adequately captures the mid-infrared emission of proto-spheroids.
    The paper notes in Section 2.1 that the MIR complexity, specifically PAH features, is not fully captured because only a single PAH template is used. This affects the MIR LF comparison and the realism of the simulated photometry.
  • domain assumption The JADES survey depths and the 5 sigma detection criteria in Table 1 represent the actual survey
    The forecasts of detection fractions and recovered properties depend on these assumed depths and the rule that a source must be detected at >5 sigma in all nine NIRCam bands. The paper uses JADES-Medium depths; systematic differences between assumed and actual noise properties would shift the numbers.
  • standard math Photometric scatter and flux uncertainties are correctly propagated through EAZY and CIGALE as implemented
    The recovered parameter dispersions depend on the fidelity of the noise model applied to the simulated photometry. The paper does not provide the full noise implementation details, so this is treated as a standard but unverified assumption.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Investigating the physical properties of dusty star-forming galaxies at z>=1.5 in the GOODS-South field using JWST." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/6AXPRLLH

@misc{pith2026250608995,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Investigating the physical properties of dusty star-forming galaxies at z>=1.5 in the GOODS-South field using JWST},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/6AXPRLLH}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.08995}
}
read the original abstract

We investigated how well the physical properties of progenitors of present-day massive spheroidal galaxies (proto-spheroids) can be constrained by the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) in the GOODS-South field, which benefits from extensive photometric and spectroscopic data, including those from the Hubble, Spitzer and Herschel. We adopted a physical model for the evolution of proto-spheroidal galaxies, which form the bulk of dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at z>=1.5 and confirmed its consistency with recent mid-infrared high-z galaxy luminosity functions. Using the model and the JADES survey strategy, we simulated a sample of proto-spheroids over 87.5 arcmin^2, matching the JADES/GOODS-S survey area. Photometric redshifts estimated from simulated JWST photometry showed >=95% accuracy and were used in SED fitting with CIGALE. We demonstrated that JWST will provide reliable stellar mass estimates up to 0.1 dex for the majority of proto-spheroids at z>=1.5 and can detect low-mass systems during cosmic noon that were inaccessible in the pre-JWST era. Focusing on the active star-forming phase of the proto-spheroid evolution, we defined a sub-sample flux limited at 250 micron (DSFG sample) and derived SFR, dust luminosity and dust mass complementing the JWST photometry with that from Spitzer/MIPS and Herschel. We also constructed a JWST-selected DSFG catalog from ASTRODEEP data using NIRCam colour criteria and demonstrated strong consistency between the observed and simulated DSFG populations.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.08995 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Comparison of the measured monochromatic LFs with those predicted for the population of massive (11.3 ≤ log(Mvir/M⊙) ≤ 13.3) proto-spheroids at 7.7, 10, 12.8, 15, 18, and 21 µm for z = 1.8, 2.5, and 3.5. The red line shows the model curve. Note that the model parameters were not optimized; no fit of the data was attempted. At low lumi￾nosity the dominant contribution to the LFs comes from galaxies with halo masses b… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. JWST/NIRCam F150W − F277W versus F277W −F444W colour-colour diagram. Grey points repre￾sent observed galaxies from the CEERS survey (taken from the ASTRODEEP-JWST catalog), and cyan points show simulated proto-spheroids from our model. The black curves represent evolutionary tracks from redshift z ∼ 1 to 6 for galaxies with different dust attenuations: AV < 1 (bottom), AV ∼ 2 (middle), and AV ≳ 3 (top). The model ga… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Derived photometric redshift using EAZY vs input redshift of the galaxies detected by JWST at > 5 σ in all 9 NIRCam bands, also detected by the HST at ≥ 5 σ in the F435W and F160W bands. The solid red line denotes zinput = z EAZY phot while the dashed red lines define the region where |∆z| ≤ 0.15(1 + zinput).The top row refers to the parent sample while the bottom row is for DSFG sub-sample (detected at ≥ 5 σ at 250… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (11 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Scatter plot of the logarithm of the ratio between the estimated stellar mass (MCIGALE ⋆ ) and the input stellar mass (Minput ⋆ ) as a function of Minput ⋆ for the parent sample of galaxies (i.e., log(Mvir/M⊙) ≥ 11.3) from the JWST photometry (top row) and the JWST+HST…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Scatter plot of the logarithm of the ratio of estimated stellar mass (MCIGALE ⋆ ) and the input stellar mass (Minput ⋆ ) as a function of Minput ⋆ for the DSFG sample from the JWST photometry (top row) and the JWST+HST photometry (bottom row). The points are colour-cod…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Boxplot showing the distribution of the Qlog(M⋆), for the parent sample (top panel) using JWST and JWST+HST photometry and the DSFG sample (bottom panel) using JWST, JWST+HST, JWST+Spitzer+Herschel and JWST+HST+Spitzer+Herschel photometry. The solid orange line denotes…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Scatter plot of the logarithm of the ratio of estimated (M˙ CIGALE ⋆ ) to input (M˙ input ⋆ ) SFR obtained for the DSFG sample from HST+Spitzer+Herschel, JWST+Spitzer+Herschel and JWST+HST+Spitzer+Herschel photometry. The points are colour-coded with their values of |∆…
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Boxplot showing the distribution of the Qlog(M˙ ⋆) for the DSFG sample using HST+Spitzer+Herschel (HSHe), JWST+Spitzer+Herschel (JSHe) and JWST+HST+Spitzer+Herschel (JHSHe) photometry. The solid orange line denotes the median and the dashed green line indicates the mea…
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_10.png]
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Colorflux diagram for NIRCam DSFG selection showing the ratio f444/f150 vs f444 (in µJy) for galaxies in the simulated (black points) and ASTRODEEP (brown points) sample. Red points correspond to NIRCam DSFG candidates from ASTRODEEP sample, while green points represe…
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_11.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Scatter plot showing the correlation between Qlog(Mdust) and Qlog(Tdust). A clear negative trend is ob￾served, highlighting the degeneracy between dust mass and dust temperature in SED fitting. This indicates that when CIGALE estimates a higher dust temperature relati…
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Normalized distribution of stellar masses (left) and SFR (right) derived from CIGALE for the simulated (green) and the ASTRODEEP (red) NIRCam-selected DSFGs. than possible in the pre-JWST era. The com￾parison of the estimated physical properties of the ASTRODEEP sourc…

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