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Reinforced Refinement with Self-Aware Expansion for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
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End-to-end autonomous driving has emerged as a promising paradigm for directly mapping sensor inputs to planning maneuvers using learning-based modular integrations. However, existing imitation learning (IL)-based models suffer from generalization to hard cases, and a lack of corrective feedback loop under post-deployment. While reinforcement learning (RL) offers a potential solution to tackle hard cases with optimality, it is often hindered by overfitting to specific driving cases, resulting in catastrophic forgetting of generalizable knowledge and sample inefficiency. To overcome these challenges, we propose Reinforced Refinement with Self-aware Expansion (R2SE), a novel learning pipeline that constantly refines hard domain while keeping generalizable driving policy for model-agnostic end-to-end driving systems. Through reinforcement fine-tuning and policy expansion that facilitates continuous improvement, R2SE features three key components: 1) Generalist Pretraining with hard-case allocation trains a generalist imitation learning (IL) driving system while dynamically identifying failure-prone cases for targeted refinement; 2) Residual Reinforced Specialist Fine-tuning optimizes residual corrections using reinforcement learning (RL) to improve performance in hard case domain while preserving global driving knowledge; 3) Self-aware Adapter Expansion dynamically integrates specialist policies back into the generalist model, enhancing continuous performance improvement. Experimental results in closed-loop simulation and real-world datasets demonstrate improvements in generalization, safety, and long-horizon policy robustness over state-of-the-art E2E systems, highlighting the effectiveness of reinforce refinement for scalable autonomous driving.
Forward citations
Cited by 10 Pith papers
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ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
ReCogDrive unifies VLM scene understanding with a diffusion planner reinforced by DiffGRPO to reach state-of-the-art results on NAVSIM and Bench2Drive benchmarks.
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MAPLE: Latent Multi-Agent Play for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
MAPLE proposes latent multi-agent rollouts with supervised fine-tuning followed by reinforcement learning using safety, progress, interaction, and diversity rewards to enable scalable closed-loop training for end-to-e...
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MAPLE: Latent Multi-Agent Play for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
MAPLE performs closed-loop multi-agent training of VLA driving models entirely in latent space using supervised fine-tuning followed by RL with safety, progress, and diversity rewards, reaching SOTA on Bench2Drive.
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Evaluation as Evolution: Transforming Adversarial Diffusion into Closed-Loop Curricula for Autonomous Vehicles
E² uses transport-regularized sparse control on learned reverse-time SDEs with topology-driven selection and Topological Anchoring to generate realistic adversarial scenarios, improving collision discovery by 9.01% on...
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SpaceDrive: Infusing Spatial Awareness into VLM-based Autonomous Driving
SpaceDrive replaces textual coordinate tokens with shared 3D positional encodings in a VLM driving planner, achieving state-of-the-art open-loop planning on nuScenes and 78.02 Driving Score on Bench2Drive.
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SpaceDrive: Infusing Spatial Awareness into VLM-based Autonomous Driving
SpaceDrive integrates 3D positional encodings derived from depth and ego-states into VLMs, replacing digit tokens to improve spatial reasoning and trajectory regression in autonomous driving.
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Optimization-Guided Diffusion for Interactive Scene Generation
OMEGA guides diffusion sampling with per-step constrained optimization and game-theoretic adversarial modeling to generate physically valid and interactive driving scenes, raising valid scene ratios from 32% to 72% an...
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SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scale
SimScale synthesizes unseen driving states from real logs via neural rendering and reactive environments, generates pseudo-expert trajectories, and shows that co-training on real plus simulated data improves planning ...
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RAD-2: Scaling Reinforcement Learning in a Generator-Discriminator Framework
RAD-2 uses a diffusion generator and RL discriminator to cut collision rates by 56% in closed-loop autonomous driving planning.
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MindDrive: A Vision-Language-Action Model for Autonomous Driving via Online Reinforcement Learning
An autonomous-driving vision-language model that uses online RL over discrete language actions, with a separate action expert mapping decisions to trajectories, reports DS 78.04 and SR 55.09% on Bench2Drive.
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