Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom

As of 18 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 42 of 42 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.18045.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.18045 v1

Coverage vector

measured 42 of 42 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.341632Z

measured 42 of 42 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

42 of 42 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy22
unresolved19
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier1
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation a6417c24-f9ee-4a49-9181-0104d369e310 · outbound

This paper cites & Rose, R.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Rose, R

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:04.034536Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation a88e2782-7140-4f62-a521-c3af7f62633e · outbound

This paper cites & Cohen, J.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Cohen, J

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:04.022150Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 2fd50df5-1580-4270-8781-f29c003f412c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Unresolved cited work

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:04.011281Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation f1487384-0d5a-4434-a8fb-0767d2b8f6f6 · outbound

This paper cites Trust and elections.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Trust and elections

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.999390Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 40bc267b-2798-4f6f-9927-7bb2576ca2e9 · outbound

This paper cites & Steindl, N.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Steindl, N

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.986498Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 70c5e1ce-1cbc-4d7e-b1ef-282999645348 · outbound

This paper cites & Ariely, G.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Ariely, G

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.974712Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 09fa2ec2-a585-40f0-a2be-e29f0f9d60fc · outbound

This paper cites M., Barber´a, P ., Munzert, S.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom M., Barber´a, P ., Munzert, S

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.962734Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation d8029a41-d43f-4eeb-8a79-4241f309c84a · outbound

This paper cites & Fletcher, R.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Fletcher, R

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.949331Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 99c3acab-a0b1-4c7b-a6f6-14472eb30f1f · outbound

This paper cites & Eisenegger, M.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Eisenegger, M

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.937629Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 5fd605f8-5813-4aa0-a621-5bd92ffad4b3 · outbound

This paper cites & Hertwig, R.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Hertwig, R

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.926375Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 40203f32-2d5e-4907-9e2d-8a03031b398d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Unresolved cited work

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.914614Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation da03be20-403e-4c9b-b614-c67a8662c94a · outbound

This paper cites & Starnini, M.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Starnini, M

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.898851Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 42cd3076-7ad0-4167-a282-93e7b9865055 · outbound

This paper cites The hype machine: How social media disrupts our elections, our economy, and our health–and how we must adapt (Crown Currency, 2021).

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom The hype machine: How social media disrupts our elections, our economy, and our health–and how we must adapt (Crown Currency, 2021)

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.884973Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 7a054d91-0547-49e5-bf1a-4f63435c058d · outbound

This paper cites & Evans, J.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Evans, J

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.223407Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bc03a000-8df9-4e38-b58e-edb38b9b1a92 · outbound

This paper cites Echoes of Power: Investigating Geopolitical Bias in US and China Large Language Models.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Echoes of Power: Investigating Geopolitical Bias in US and China Large Language Models

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.226785Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 34c79e25-78ee-446f-aa9c-c2ed00a0197c · outbound

This paper cites Innovation power: why technology will define the future of geopolitics.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Innovation power: why technology will define the future of geopolitics

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.862266Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 418fc05a-669d-4534-975a-bd8b85fa2c9d · outbound

This paper cites & Wang, T.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Wang, T

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.235748Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9b193cd7-a430-4b40-aae2-4a26d2480a1d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.850848Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 61212eda-c0d4-4fb2-9c0b-9662ca36f7c1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Unresolved cited work

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.243790Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2918db28-13e8-43bc-916a-a09d6245d872 · outbound

This paper cites From Pretraining Data to Language Models to Downstream Tasks: Tracking the Trails of Political Biases Leading to Unfair NLP Models.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom From Pretraining Data to Language Models to Downstream Tasks: Tracking the Trails of Political Biases Leading to Unfair NLP Models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.247970Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 326f3183-ccff-4b58-b00f-ef0512470b47 · outbound

This paper cites The political biases of chatgpt.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom The political biases of chatgpt

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.839131Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation ba2c3e37-622a-41a2-bd5c-de8a5c0acad7 · outbound

This paper cites & Rodrigues, V.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Rodrigues, V

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.828389Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 53175e9b-c1e9-4da7-92df-189401d1e2db · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models are Geographically Biased.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Large Language Models are Geographically Biased

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.257148Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c0f6c16-5954-47e7-b769-c377bc6db5d1 · outbound

This paper cites The Woman Worked as a Babysitter: On Biases in Language Generation.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom The Woman Worked as a Babysitter: On Biases in Language Generation

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.260990Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation caf8c599-1054-40dd-b908-62a2277de830 · outbound

This paper cites Identifying and Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Models.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Identifying and Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Models

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.265289Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8d3f20ee-69b4-4e5b-8bb2-a9e0fd1c15f4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.817881Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 6b75e31d-9243-4738-bcec-43299238a16b · outbound

This paper cites Towards Measuring the Representation of Subjective Global Opinions in Language Models.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Towards Measuring the Representation of Subjective Global Opinions in Language Models

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.272987Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9557af0e-918a-46d2-85d6-f37ca5be192c · outbound

This paper cites & Zhang, Y.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Zhang, Y

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.807438Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 009e3318-43e2-48b3-b816-fcb804bbf23b · outbound

This paper cites & Tai, M.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Tai, M

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.795564Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 7ca5e9e0-b960-47c4-aa9b-55488bd00f54 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.784241Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 6736b7eb-bebf-4c7b-9a5f-7876ad9f8d8c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.772093Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation e342876c-147f-459b-8f0c-72e35f5c3114 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.760641Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation ac15e272-f3f4-4b1e-a4f1-60a47b92d081 · outbound

This paper cites & Cross, M.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Cross, M

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.748843Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 34e099d4-bb8a-40d7-8b50-e2977d403a09 · outbound

This paper cites & Freedman, R.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Freedman, R

Reference 34

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.737484Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation b82220d5-aa5f-4387-bbf3-57d383a5329e · outbound

This paper cites & Stillwell, D.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom & Stillwell, D

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.724727Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 28d82ee0-f493-45af-ac60-e7e5e34fecd3 · outbound

This paper cites World press freedom index (2024).

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom World press freedom index (2024)

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.711423Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation dfa7d7e6-24a3-4a89-8ce4-4a38c419d13c · outbound

This paper cites Press freedom barometer (2024).

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Press freedom barometer (2024)

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.695694Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 6d38dec9-68b8-4477-adcf-26e064e00b46 · outbound

This paper cites T ., Ross Arguedas, A.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom T ., Ross Arguedas, A

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.682019Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 78df9a80-62f7-4cce-843a-571b11c598dc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.667241Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation ec9b24a7-1e75-4e71-aa13-55df36751c75 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models Sensitivity to The Order of Options in Multiple-Choice Questions.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Large Language Models Sensitivity to The Order of Options in Multiple-Choice Questions

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.332928Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c8312f3c-efb2-4894-a81a-cb4f3561b9e8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.654342Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 095f0e09-f43b-4729-a143-6e9aaa6d1de9 · outbound

This paper cites The answers are pre -ordered by RWB, with the first option representing the best possible outcome and the last option representing the worst.

The Democratic Paradox in Large Language Models' Underestimation of Press Freedom The answers are pre -ordered by RWB, with the first option representing the best possible outcome and the last option representing the worst

Reference 42

Resolution: malformed identifier; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:59:03.640121Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.