Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering

As of 9 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 23 of 23 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2506.21596.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2506.21596 v2

Coverage vector

measured 23 of 23 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:05.141147Z

measured 23 of 23 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

23 of 23 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy18
unresolved5
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation fae8a539-5ada-4a15-8b65-ee2a7d11eaa7 · outbound

This paper cites Visual instruction tuning,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Visual instruction tuning,

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:03.563420Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 00f0d1c9-a049-4ace-ba4c-bde3bd43e63d · outbound

This paper cites Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuning.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuning

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:03.623288Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4d946e54-d937-4ff2-b146-3688b3a99d89 · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:03.679170Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7bd79d0f-16e8-494e-a535-8c84e774f444 · outbound

This paper cites Taking the next step with generative artificial intelligence: The transformative role of multimodal large language models in science education,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Taking the next step with generative artificial intelligence: The transformative role of multimodal large language models in science education,

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:09.040655Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 7ce0486e-a7fe-4841-9a56-18d74747f6c9 · outbound

This paper cites On opportunities and challenges of large multimodal foundation models in education,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering On opportunities and challenges of large multimodal foundation models in education,

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:08.905573Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 84789112-6207-439f-af96-0dcb1a5516bb · outbound

This paper cites Are you smarter than a sixth grader? textbook question an- swering for multimodal machine comprehension,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Are you smarter than a sixth grader? textbook question an- swering for multimodal machine comprehension,

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:08.772329Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 151a1e35-aeab-43f6-92c5-1e26822f2f62 · outbound

This paper cites A review on vision-language-based approaches: Challenges and applications,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering A review on vision-language-based approaches: Challenges and applications,

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:08.624559Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation c3a08743-84a5-47c9-9a33-7446f9f640aa · outbound

This paper cites Blip-2: Bootstrapping language- image pre-training with frozen image encoders and large language models,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Blip-2: Bootstrapping language- image pre-training with frozen image encoders and large language models,

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:08.480404Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation f5eeea5c-cbeb-44a8-ae56-fd4e724b9905 · outbound

This paper cites Minigpt-4: Enhancing vision-language understanding with advanced large language models,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Minigpt-4: Enhancing vision-language understanding with advanced large language models,

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:08.330726Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 27591440-ac1b-49a3-ab2e-1d280f14405a · outbound

This paper cites Making the v in VQA matter: Elevating the role of image understanding in visual question answering,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Making the v in VQA matter: Elevating the role of image understanding in visual question answering,

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:08.189944Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 8849f29d-7b38-406b-bb3d-46f2ce5e6da2 · outbound

This paper cites Ok-VQA: A visual question answering benchmark requiring external knowledge,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Ok-VQA: A visual question answering benchmark requiring external knowledge,

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:08.013450Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation d620872c-86af-4ed9-9521-eeafac3d6cac · outbound

This paper cites Microsoft COCO: Common objects in context,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Microsoft COCO: Common objects in context,

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:07.691252Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation f6143b45-6167-4c8f-ac0a-421e7d3d17e2 · outbound

This paper cites SPIQA: A Dataset for Multimodal Question Answering on Scientific Papers.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering SPIQA: A Dataset for Multimodal Question Answering on Scientific Papers

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:04.357027Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0ea08724-8e05-4920-9e19-52d5ca82ee55 · outbound

This paper cites Eduvqa: A multimodal visual question answering framework for smart education,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Eduvqa: A multimodal visual question answering framework for smart education,

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:07.417384Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation d54e57bf-b35c-4e3e-a1f2-94a3233472c4 · outbound

This paper cites Enhancing textual textbook question answering with large language models and retrieval augmented generation,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Enhancing textual textbook question answering with large language models and retrieval augmented generation,

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:07.151392Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 57cf384d-eed3-4364-b65d-c3f0844c66a5 · outbound

This paper cites Enhancing textbook question answering with knowledge graph-augmented large language models,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Enhancing textbook question answering with knowledge graph-augmented large language models,

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:06.928385Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation f75ebdc2-61c3-4db1-8337-07a1e4745380 · outbound

This paper cites ISAAQ - mastering textbook questions with pre-trained transformers and bottom-up and top-down attention,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering ISAAQ - mastering textbook questions with pre-trained transformers and bottom-up and top-down attention,

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:06.642236Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 921db7cb-37bc-4d69-abda-1a6b2cb389f5 · outbound

This paper cites Imagebind: One embedding space to bind them all,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Imagebind: One embedding space to bind them all,

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:06.355230Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 44b78eb2-0f23-4782-ab3a-a9a17102ef91 · outbound

This paper cites KDB.AI: The scalable vector database for ai,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering KDB.AI: The scalable vector database for ai,

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:06.116786Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 0c0e506f-a6b0-4bfb-a07f-4847e7c6b754 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4v(ision) system card,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering GPT-4v(ision) system card,

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:05.828269Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 8b00df41-b0d4-4458-a67e-8354fd5278a6 · outbound

This paper cites Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:04.903476Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation af04fca8-030e-4bf4-95f4-b09c94cea7f5 · outbound

This paper cites Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision,

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:05.582385Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 8e02cfc0-9382-4039-afa1-b29ccdf59431 · outbound

This paper cites Vicuna: An open-source chatbot impressing gpt-4 with 90% chatgpt quality,.

Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Educational Textbook Question Answering Vicuna: An open-source chatbot impressing gpt-4 with 90% chatgpt quality,

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-06T23:53:05.393712Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.