Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder

As of 7 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 36 of 36 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2508.13247.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2508.13247 v1

Coverage vector

measured 36 of 36 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:21.000089Z

measured 37 of 37 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-09T19:55:16.880044Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-11T15:26:21.525353Z

Reference resolution

36 of 36 outbound references displayed

verified exact5
verified fuzzy18
unresolved13
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation d998a072-e32b-43be-a858-00a5de6c070e · outbound

This paper cites A behavioral model of rational choice.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder A behavioral model of rational choice

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:31.494756Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 1f7d31d9-5606-4c75-afd5-8f371168f6a8 · outbound

This paper cites Agents and Devices: A Relative Definition of Agency.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Agents and Devices: A Relative Definition of Agency

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:17.472445Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 43a961c5-c07a-4eca-b7f0-12f1c3d2c825 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring goal- directedness.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Measuring goal- directedness

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:31.024750Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 69517a9f-dec0-4616-865e-e1d99134843b · outbound

This paper cites Towards Measuring Goal-Directedness in AI Systems.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Towards Measuring Goal-Directedness in AI Systems

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:17.695405Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 93b17a68-3f59-4fed-88a1-2b61f478ace3 · outbound

This paper cites Modeling AGI Safety Frameworks with Causal Influence Diagrams.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Modeling AGI Safety Frameworks with Causal Influence Diagrams

Reference 5

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:23.904234Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 1854e9e1-90a4-4428-a3b4-1dadf469e896 · outbound

This paper cites Agent incentives: A causal perspective.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Agent incentives: A causal perspective

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:30.594755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 84dff373-a0a9-47e9-aada-7cfa7aef5bfb · outbound

This paper cites Causality.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Causality

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:18.034839Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a6a3735f-c3ce-4ce5-bf00-96e893867438 · outbound

This paper cites Bayesianism and causality, or, why I am only a half-Bayesian.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Bayesianism and causality, or, why I am only a half-Bayesian

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:30.147436Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation ceeab8fe-78ea-46f4-b6a4-6670c7fbfd7a · outbound

This paper cites The Mythos of Model Interpretability.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder The Mythos of Model Interpretability

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:18.234751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c4c87fac-fb23-4360-8d1f-d5efb6ce741b · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating the Goal-Directedness of Large Language Models.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Evaluating the Goal-Directedness of Large Language Models

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:18.304751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8c85f0aa-0d44-4204-a29a-ede02b6cd8dc · outbound

This paper cites Function Vectors in Large Language Models.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Function Vectors in Large Language Models

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:18.405652Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9f51db79-e482-4bd0-baed-fbd733f3a43c · outbound

This paper cites Thorn, Christian Eichhorn, Gabriele Kern-Isberner, and Gerhard Schurz.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Thorn, Christian Eichhorn, Gabriele Kern-Isberner, and Gerhard Schurz

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:29.844756Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation a3eb9378-403f-404f-9509-65f876869d50 · outbound

This paper cites Towards bidirectional human-ai alignment: A systematic review for clarifications, framework, and future directions.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Towards bidirectional human-ai alignment: A systematic review for clarifications, framework, and future directions

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:18.595209Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dd5594ee-22de-4544-a428-a9bce106cad7 · outbound

This paper cites Multi-Agent Risks from Advanced AI.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Multi-Agent Risks from Advanced AI

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:18.673112Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f2f299e8-f28f-4e36-b92f-6afbee6f5724 · outbound

This paper cites Collective intentions and actions.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Collective intentions and actions

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:29.534767Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 087334ec-ae5e-48e0-be6b-b48edf0df2a0 · outbound

This paper cites Multi-agent influence diagrams for representing and solving games.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Multi-agent influence diagrams for representing and solving games

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:29.194755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 11da3255-a984-4571-96a6-2e9498b03e10 · outbound

This paper cites On Imperfect Recall in Multi-Agent Influence Diagrams.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder On Imperfect Recall in Multi-Agent Influence Diagrams

Reference 17

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:22.654741Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 2261f007-3516-4403-8d25-4b2f6a9233c5 · outbound

This paper cites Equilibrium Refinements for Multi-Agent Influence Diagrams: Theory and Practice.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Equilibrium Refinements for Multi-Agent Influence Diagrams: Theory and Practice

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:19.054888Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f7ebf712-8a54-410e-9640-7ff29adda428 · outbound

This paper cites Graphical models for interactive pomdps: representations and solutions.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Graphical models for interactive pomdps: representations and solutions

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:28.834863Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation e0ffa74b-2d29-493b-ba64-14b3a4096b5f · outbound

This paper cites Recursively modeling other agents for decision making: A research perspective.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Recursively modeling other agents for decision making: A research perspective

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:28.414752Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation b03ebfc5-374c-41cb-be0a-2c5779bf4b29 · outbound

This paper cites A cognitive hierarchy model of games.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder A cognitive hierarchy model of games

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:28.011068Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 5a20f38e-580a-45d2-a556-71a24fc8ddd5 · outbound

This paper cites Bounded rationality.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Bounded rationality

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:27.615017Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 069c0289-171a-4e73-9684-84f970085a3b · outbound

This paper cites The Intentional Stance.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder The Intentional Stance

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:26.995161Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation d6ab77e2-f7c3-4aba-9a1c-e8dfb91f6067 · outbound

This paper cites Actions, reasons, and causes.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Actions, reasons, and causes

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:26.672319Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 182e6211-23c8-4324-a340-11d91d75b0fe · outbound

This paper cites Précis of the intentional stance.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Précis of the intentional stance

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:26.354755Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation bd4e73de-c646-418b-ba79-212b515824ae · outbound

This paper cites Cognitive ethology and the intentionality of animal behavior.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Cognitive ethology and the intentionality of animal behavior

Reference 27

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id_nonexistent, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:21.840583Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation cb266305-6d3e-4553-884a-f55fbd215d79 · outbound

This paper cites Technological approach to mind everywhere: A framework for conceptualizing goal-directedness in biology and other domains.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Technological approach to mind everywhere: A framework for conceptualizing goal-directedness in biology and other domains

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:25.836438Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 6c3909d0-9179-4763-80cf-340481024898 · outbound

This paper cites Planarian regeneration: achievements and future directions after 20 years of research.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Planarian regeneration: achievements and future directions after 20 years of research

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:25.494975Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 2830431c-ce65-4f56-8723-cc2c66c91239 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:25.186211Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 6aa5e44b-6b67-4394-bec7-de3c8b278b39 · outbound

This paper cites Mistakes in action: on clarifying the phenomenon of goal-directedness.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Mistakes in action: on clarifying the phenomenon of goal-directedness

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:24.954751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 9ef37766-914a-40a6-9f32-67d0ffa9f3c8 · outbound

This paper cites Cooperate or collapse: Emergence of sustainable cooperation in a society of llm agents.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Cooperate or collapse: Emergence of sustainable cooperation in a society of llm agents

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:24.674835Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 66a14bcf-203f-4836-b674-ab34a4782e5c · outbound

This paper cites Understanding from machine learning models.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Understanding from machine learning models

Reference 33

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:21.244741Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation f132fc7d-69c5-4cae-80bf-a85f3a687bb0 · outbound

This paper cites Bowman, and Evan Hubinger.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Bowman, and Evan Hubinger

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:20.814748Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bd2b8466-2731-43ec-a97d-bd80aa1a8bfb · outbound

This paper cites Frontier Models are Capable of In-context Scheming.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Frontier Models are Capable of In-context Scheming

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:21.000089Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c03610ec-0317-4500-ba35-92bb5fe7dae9 · outbound

This paper cites URL http://www.jstor.org/stable/2023177.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder URL http://www.jstor.org/stable/2023177

Reference 1963

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:22.291385Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation be355883-06f3-4da0-9f1c-2a5f399a4d77 · outbound

This paper cites Alignment faking in large language models.

Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder Alignment faking in large language models

Reference 2024

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T19:23:20.916413Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 0f22f8d4-8d13-4a15-ae0b-128dac7ab49b · inbound

Causal Foundations of Collective Agency cites this paper.

Causal Foundations of Collective Agency Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder

Reference 51

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T15:26:21.589484Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.