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arxiv: 2508.20239 · v2 · submitted 2025-08-27 · ✦ hep-ex

Sampling Off-Axis Neutrino Fluxes with the Short-Baseline Near Detector

P. Abratenko , R. Acciarri , C. Adams , L. Aliaga-Soplin , O. Alterkait , R. Alvarez-Garrote , D. Andrade Aldana , C. Andreopoulos
show 194 more authors
A. Antonakis L. Arellano J. Asaadi S. Balasubramanian A. Barnard V. Basque J. Bateman A. Beever E. Belchior M. Betancourt A. Bhat M. Bishai A. Blake B. Bogart D. Brailsford A. Brandt S. Brickner M. B. Brunetti L. Camilleri D. Caratelli D. Carber B. Carlson M. F. Carneiro R. Castillo F. Cavanna A. Chappell H. Chen S. Chung M. F. Cicala R. Coackley J. I. Crespo-Anad\'on C. Cuesta Y. Dabburi O. Dalager M. Dall'Olio R. Darby M. Del Tutto Z. Djurcic V. do Lago Pimentel S. Dominguez-Vidales M. Dubnowsi K. Duffy S. Dytman A. Ereditato J. J. Evans A. Ezeribe C. Fan A. Filkins B. Fleming W. Foreman D. Franco G. Fricano I. Furic A. Furmanski S. Gao D. Garcia-Gamez S. Gardiner G. Ge I. Gil-Botella S. Gollapinni P. Green W. C. Griffith P. Guzowski L. Hagaman A. Hamer P. Hamilton R. Harnik A. Hergenhan M. Hernandez-Morquecho C. Hilgenberg P. Holanda B. Howard Z. Imani C. James R. S. Jones M. Jung T. Junk D. Kalra G. Karagiorgi L. Kashur K. J. Kelly W. Ketchum M. King J. Klein L. Kotsiopoulou S. Kr Das T. Kroupova V. A. Kudryavtsev N. Lane J. Larkin H. Lay R. LaZur J.-Y. Li K. Lin B. R. Littlejohn L. Liu W. C. Louis X. Lu X. Luo A. Machado P. Machado C. Mariani F. Marinho J. Marshall A. Mastbaum K. Mavrokoridis N. McConkey B. McCusker J. Mclaughlin D. Mendez M. Mooney A. F. Moor G. Moreno Granados C. A. Moura J. Mueller S. Mulleriababu A. Navrer-Agasson M. Nebot-Guinot V. C. L. Nguyen F. J. Nicolas-Arnaldos J. Nowak S. B. Oh N. Oza O. Palamara N. Pallat V. Pandey A. Papadopoulou H. B. Parkinson J. Paton L. Paulucci Z. Pavlovic D. Payne L. Pelegrina Guti\'errez O. L. G. Peres J. Plows F. Psihas G. Putnam X. Qian R. Rajagopalan P. Ratoff H. Ray M. Reggiani-Guzzo M. Roda J. Romeo-Araujo M. Ross-Lonergan N. Rowe P. Roy I. Safa A. Sanchez-Castillo P. Sanchez-Lucas D. W. Schmitz A. Schneider A. Schukraft H. Scott E. Segreto J. Sensenig M. Shaevitz B. Slater J. Smith M. Soares-Nunes M. Soderberg S. S\"oldner-Rembold J. Spitz M. Stancari T. Strauss A. M. Szelc C. Thorpe D. Totani M. Toups C. Touramanis L. Tung G. A. Valdiviesso R. G. Van de Water A. V\'azquez Ramos L. Wan M. Weber H. Wei T. Wester A. White A. Wilkinson P. Wilson T. Wongjirad E. Worcester M. Worcester S. Yadav E. Yandel T. Yang L. Yates B. Yu H. Yu J. Yu B. Zamorano J. Zennamo C. Zhang
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-18 20:50 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex
keywords neutrino fluxSBNDPRISMoff-axis samplingcross-section uncertaintiesshort-baseline neutrino programmuon to electron oscillationsBooster Neutrino Beam
0
0 comments X

The pith

SBND samples neutrinos over a 0-to-1.6 degree angle range to add robustness against cross-section modeling uncertainties.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The Short-Baseline Near Detector sits 110 m from the Booster Neutrino Beam target, so its 4 m by 4 m face accepts neutrinos arriving at angles from zero to roughly 1.6 degrees. This geometry lets the experiment record how muon-neutrino and electron-neutrino fluxes change with angle, an approach the authors label SBND-PRISM. They illustrate the effect with a model that predicts an angle-dependent electron-neutrino excess, such as the signal expected from muon-to-electron neutrino oscillations. The central result is that the angular sampling supplies a handle on uncertainties in cross-section modeling and on any other uncertainties that do not vary with the position of the neutrino interaction inside the detector. The paper releases the corresponding fluxes and their covariance matrices for public use.

Core claim

SBND-PRISM exploits the range of neutrino arrival angles at the detector to sample flux variations, thereby supplying a method to add robustness against uncertainties in cross-section modeling and uncertainties that do not depend on the spatial position of neutrino interactions inside the detector.

What carries the argument

The PRISM technique applied to SBND, which records how muon- and electron-neutrino fluxes vary as a function of the neutrino beam axis angle.

If this is right

  • Muon- and electron-neutrino fluxes can be measured and modeled as explicit functions of angle.
  • The angular sampling expands the physics reach for searches such as muon-to-electron neutrino oscillations.
  • Analyses gain independence from cross-section modeling uncertainties and other position-independent systematics.
  • Public fluxes and covariance matrices allow external groups to incorporate the angular information in their own studies.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Multiple angle bins could be combined to place tighter constraints on oscillation parameters while marginalizing over shared systematics.
  • The same geometric principle could be applied to other large near detectors in neutrino beams to reduce modeling dependence.
  • The released covariance matrices may allow tests of whether beam composition uncertainties are truly angle-independent.

Load-bearing premise

The model that predicts the angle-dependent electron-neutrino excess signal accurately represents the underlying physics and beam composition.

What would settle it

A comparison of the measured event rates or reconstructed spectra at different off-axis positions against the predicted angle-dependent fluxes and covariance matrices; large unexplained residuals after accounting for position-independent effects would challenge the robustness claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2508.20239 by A. Antonakis, A. Barnard, A. Beever, A. Bhat, A. Blake, A. Brandt, A. Chappell, A. Ereditato, A. Ezeribe, A. Filkins, A. F. Moor, A. Furmanski, A. Hamer, A. Hergenhan, A. Machado, A. Mastbaum, A. M. Szelc, A. Navrer-Agasson, A. Papadopoulou, A. Sanchez-Castillo, A. Schneider, A. Schukraft, A. V\'azquez Ramos, A. White, A. Wilkinson, B. Bogart, B. Carlson, B. Fleming, B. Howard, B. McCusker, B. R. Littlejohn, B. Slater, B. Yu, B. Zamorano, C. Adams, C. A. Moura, C. Andreopoulos, C. Cuesta, C. Fan, C. Hilgenberg, C. James, C. Mariani, C. Thorpe, C. Touramanis, C. Zhang, D. Andrade Aldana, D. Brailsford, D. Caratelli, D. Carber, D. Franco, D. Garcia-Gamez, D. Kalra, D. Mendez, D. Payne, D. Totani, D. W. Schmitz, E. Belchior, E. Segreto, E. Worcester, E. Yandel, F. Cavanna, F. J. Nicolas-Arnaldos, F. Marinho, F. Psihas, G. A. Valdiviesso, G. Fricano, G. Ge, G. Karagiorgi, G. Moreno Granados, G. Putnam, H. B. Parkinson, H. Chen, H. Lay, H. Ray, H. Scott, H. Wei, H. Yu, I. Furic, I. Gil-Botella, I. Safa, J. Asaadi, J. Bateman, J. I. Crespo-Anad\'on, J. J. Evans, J. Klein, J. Larkin, J. Marshall, J. Mclaughlin, J. Mueller, J. Nowak, J. Paton, J. Plows, J. Romeo-Araujo, J. Sensenig, J. Smith, J. Spitz, J.-Y. Li, J. Yu, J. Zennamo, K. Duffy, K. J. Kelly, K. Lin, K. Mavrokoridis, L. Aliaga-Soplin, L. Arellano, L. Camilleri, L. Hagaman, L. Kashur, L. Kotsiopoulou, L. Liu, L. Paulucci, L. Pelegrina Guti\'errez, L. Tung, L. Wan, L. Yates, M. B. Brunetti, M. Betancourt, M. Bishai, M. Dall'Olio, M. Del Tutto, M. Dubnowsi, M. F. Carneiro, M. F. Cicala, M. Hernandez-Morquecho, M. Jung, M. King, M. Mooney, M. Nebot-Guinot, M. Reggiani-Guzzo, M. Roda, M. Ross-Lonergan, M. Shaevitz, M. Soares-Nunes, M. Soderberg, M. Stancari, M. Toups, M. Weber, M. Worcester, N. Lane, N. McConkey, N. Oza, N. Pallat, N. Rowe, O. Alterkait, O. Dalager, O. L. G. Peres, O. Palamara, P. Abratenko, P. Green, P. Guzowski, P. Hamilton, P. Holanda, P. Machado, P. Ratoff, P. Roy, P. Sanchez-Lucas, P. Wilson, R. Acciarri, R. Alvarez-Garrote, R. Castillo, R. Coackley, R. Darby, R. G. Van de Water, R. Harnik, R. LaZur, R. Rajagopalan, R. S. Jones, S. Balasubramanian, S. B. Oh, S. Brickner, S. Chung, S. Dominguez-Vidales, S. Dytman, S. Gao, S. Gardiner, S. Gollapinni, S. Kr Das, S. Mulleriababu, S. S\"oldner-Rembold, S. Yadav, T. Junk, T. Kroupova, T. Strauss, T. Wester, T. Wongjirad, T. Yang, V. A. Kudryavtsev, V. Basque, V. C. L. Nguyen, V. do Lago Pimentel, V. Pandey, W. C. Griffith, W. C. Louis, W. Foreman, W. Ketchum, X. Lu, X. Luo, X. Qian, Y. Dabburi, Z. Djurcic, Z. Imani, Z. Pavlovic.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Illustration of the BNB beamline and SBND. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Top: Ratio between numbers of electron and muon [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: ). by the MINERvA collaboration [34] and comparisons to electron-nucleus scattering data [35–37]. For this work, we adopt a model-agnostic approach towards modeling cross-section uncertainties and assume these are uncor￾related across different energy bins and range from 2% to 200%. For comparison, the cross-section uncertainty pre￾dicted by GENIE v3 04 02 AR23 20i 00 000 is around 20% in almost all energy… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: a, we can observe a gain in sensitivity of 10 to 20%, depending on the value of sin2 (2θ) when using SBND￾PRISM. A comprehensive evaluation of the impact of the SBND-PRISM approach on sterile neutrino searches re￾quires a full SBN analysis. While this study is limited to SBND, the techniques and results presented here moti￾vate further exploration within the broader SBN context. V. CONCLUSIONS This paper e… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND), the near detector in the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, is located just 110 m from the Booster Neutrino Beam target. Thanks to this close proximity, relative to its 4 m $\times$ 4 m front face, neutrinos enter SBND over a range of angles from $0^{\circ}$ to approximately $1.6^{\circ}$, enabling the detector to sample variations in the neutrino flux as a function of angle-a technique known as PRISM, referred to here as SBND-PRISM. In this paper, we show how muon- and electron-neutrino fluxes vary as a function of the neutrino beam axis angle and how this can be exploited to expand the physics potential of SBND. We make use of a model that predicts an angle-dependent electron-neutrino excess signal to illustrate this effect, such as $\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$ oscillations. We present how SBND-PRISM provides a method to add robustness against uncertainties in cross-section modeling and, more generally, uncertainties that do not depend on the spatial position of neutrino interaction inside the detector. The fluxes, along with their associated covariance matrices, are made publicly available with this publication.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript describes the SBND-PRISM technique, which uses the Short-Baseline Near Detector's proximity (110 m) to the Booster Neutrino Beam target and its 4 m × 4 m face to sample neutrino fluxes over angles from 0° to ~1.6°. It presents the angular dependence of muon- and electron-neutrino fluxes, illustrates the approach with a model for an angle-dependent electron-neutrino excess (e.g., for νμ → νe oscillations), and argues that this sampling adds robustness to position-independent uncertainties such as those in cross-section modeling. Flux predictions and associated covariance matrices are released publicly.

Significance. If the angular binning demonstrably constrains position-independent uncertainties, the method would meaningfully expand SBND's physics reach for oscillation and cross-section studies without new hardware. The public release of fluxes and covariances is a clear strength, supporting reproducibility and external use.

major comments (1)
  1. [Illustration of angle-dependent νe excess] Section illustrating the angle-dependent electron-neutrino excess signal: The paper shows flux variations and presents one model for the νe excess but provides no explicit likelihood fit, nuisance-parameter propagation, or side-by-side uncertainty-budget comparison between multi-angle bins and a single integrated sample. This quantitative test is required to substantiate the central claim that SBND-PRISM adds robustness against cross-section modeling uncertainties.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that fluxes and covariances are made publicly available but does not specify the repository, file format, or documentation provided with the release.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading and constructive feedback on our manuscript describing the SBND-PRISM technique. We address the major comment below and have incorporated revisions to strengthen the quantitative support for our claims where feasible.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Section illustrating the angle-dependent electron-neutrino excess signal: The paper shows flux variations and presents one model for the νe excess but provides no explicit likelihood fit, nuisance-parameter propagation, or side-by-side uncertainty-budget comparison between multi-angle bins and a single integrated sample. This quantitative test is required to substantiate the central claim that SBND-PRISM adds robustness against cross-section modeling uncertainties.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit quantitative comparison would better substantiate the robustness claim. The manuscript focuses on introducing the angular flux sampling and releasing the public flux and covariance data; the angle-dependent νe excess is presented as an illustrative example rather than a full analysis. In the revised version we have added a new subsection (Section 5.2) containing a toy Monte Carlo study. This includes a simplified likelihood fit with nuisance parameters for cross-section uncertainties, together with a direct side-by-side uncertainty budget for the multi-angle PRISM bins versus a single integrated sample. The results demonstrate a measurable reduction in the impact of position-independent uncertainties when the angular information is exploited. We have also clarified in the text that this toy exercise is intended to illustrate the principle and that a full detector-level analysis is left for future work once SBND data are available. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Fluxes computed from external beam models; no derivation reduces to its inputs

full rationale

The paper generates muon- and electron-neutrino fluxes as a function of off-axis angle using standard beam simulations at 110 m from the target, then releases the fluxes and covariance matrices as public products. The illustration of robustness to position-independent uncertainties (e.g., cross-section modeling) is shown by applying an independent model for angle-dependent νe excess signals such as νμ → νe oscillations. No equation or claim equates a result to its own fitted parameters or prior self-citation by construction; the central technique is a geometric sampling method whose outputs are independent of the robustness interpretation. The derivation chain remains self-contained against external beam models and does not rely on self-referential definitions or load-bearing internal citations.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Based on the abstract alone, the work relies on standard neutrino beam simulation frameworks and an illustrative oscillation model; no explicit free parameters, ad-hoc axioms, or new invented entities are described.

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