Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics

As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 43 of 43 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2508.21452.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2508.21452 v1

Coverage vector

measured 43 of 43 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:54.059209Z

measured 44 of 44 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-15T01:00:37.004719Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-15T01:03:25.303712Z

Reference resolution

43 of 43 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy26
unresolved15
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch2

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 8b589e98-5480-493e-a8ba-976be0006950 · outbound

This paper cites E.; Salakhutdinov, R.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics E.; Salakhutdinov, R

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:01.230971Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation b1858d17-b170-4840-83dc-2ef16d4ee510 · outbound

This paper cites Learning deep architectures for AI.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Learning deep architectures for AI

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:01.155694Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation e6d2796c-3698-4761-9814-65a6a2eb3e94 · outbound

This paper cites Deep learning.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Deep learning

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:01.087875Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 88102b01-bd7f-4f76-8ff6-f07101434651 · outbound

This paper cites N.; Kaiser, .; Polosukhin, I.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics N.; Kaiser, .; Polosukhin, I

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:00.966358Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 93712903-e1fb-4076-99b8-f7816008d424 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:00.814754Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 9347246b-9708-42a8-8365-2ab1dede45e4 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:50.283203Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2afce5a6-8ba0-497d-b2bc-9dd96ed37138 · outbound

This paper cites Thermodynamics and Chemistry: A Non-mathematical Treatise for Chemists and Students of Chemistry; J.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Thermodynamics and Chemistry: A Non-mathematical Treatise for Chemists and Students of Chemistry; J

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:00.704757Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 6ba29131-b556-4a1b-857b-40a40381d47c · outbound

This paper cites B.; Zenzen, M.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics B.; Zenzen, M

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:00.575889Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation ae0e323c-085e-4746-896a-d007d1c8f0c2 · outbound

This paper cites Unearthing a Buried Memory: Duhem’s Third Way to Thermodynamics.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Unearthing a Buried Memory: Duhem’s Third Way to Thermodynamics

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:00.446279Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 002ad4d6-67a6-4440-8228-b8dd2adf22f9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:00.304749Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation d347bc94-ec30-492a-bd4f-3c3d6d1bfa72 · outbound

This paper cites Physical Chemistry, 11th ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2018.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Physical Chemistry, 11th ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2018

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:00.190952Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 2cff13fd-7e32-4451-b774-bd910fde251f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:22:00.054752Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 8b8a559d-2ea0-4420-bf0a-f6d0acd9f053 · outbound

This paper cites Extracting Blockchain Concepts from Text.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Extracting Blockchain Concepts from Text

Reference 13

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:55.374751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 21257e3a-c8df-416d-a0ae-a09890f97524 · outbound

This paper cites Humanity's Last Exam.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Humanity's Last Exam

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:51.234783Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d1214083-cf38-4d4e-b172-7a4aec433dd4 · outbound

This paper cites R.; Zhang, S.; Sun, Y.; Wang, W.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics R.; Zhang, S.; Sun, Y.; Wang, W

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:59.924756Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 693d8496-15c5-4270-9b29-96c745a8dcc9 · outbound

This paper cites In Albert Einstein: Philosopher--Scientist; Schilpp, P.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics In Albert Einstein: Philosopher--Scientist; Schilpp, P

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:59.777828Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation ad087f3c-7b36-43b5-b0f1-9c5bc6e8cd11 · outbound

This paper cites The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:59.717124Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 630e227f-6a5d-49a7-937e-a5df5fa75ca3 · outbound

This paper cites https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-foundry/openai/how-to/prompt-caching, OpenAI documentation (accessed 2025).

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-foundry/openai/how-to/prompt-caching, OpenAI documentation (accessed 2025)

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:59.655759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 811d01c8-36b6-427a-a673-7b9f1154fa41 · outbound

This paper cites Enhancing Chat Language Models by Scaling High-quality Instructional Conversations.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Enhancing Chat Language Models by Scaling High-quality Instructional Conversations

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:51.805443Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 620ae82d-5042-4750-ac0b-3e05743e91b8 · outbound

This paper cites LLM-SRBench: A New Benchmark for Scientific Equation Discovery with Large Language Models.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics LLM-SRBench: A New Benchmark for Scientific Equation Discovery with Large Language Models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:51.919907Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 25d4f93c-4a1d-4b8e-b98b-7670d51304b3 · outbound

This paper cites Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:59.546086Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 896cfd10-8523-4b08-ae50-a9a8aaec7627 · outbound

This paper cites M.; Rodriguez, M.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics M.; Rodriguez, M

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:59.476193Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation c84e6497-d454-40bf-a2ba-0f0647231d55 · outbound

This paper cites Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:59.401856Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 22cb163d-90e4-4def-8514-dfceb69ef398 · outbound

This paper cites Prompt Programming for Large Language Models: Beyond the Few-Shot Paradigm.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Prompt Programming for Large Language Models: Beyond the Few-Shot Paradigm

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:59.224761Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 9099a1a6-127f-4c03-9142-81d7e2ca3d96 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:58.795614Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 7e568103-5dd1-4c85-963f-234afb0830e0 · outbound

This paper cites Does Prompt Formatting Have Any Impact on LLM Performance?.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Does Prompt Formatting Have Any Impact on LLM Performance?

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:52.524764Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation e5a653a7-954d-42fb-a5d3-2ade2f3316d0 · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:58.384751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation f74254e7-93b3-426e-ac15-77980c215a35 · outbound

This paper cites Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:58.020041Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation a2297dbf-d2df-48ff-b707-75c39296aa23 · outbound

This paper cites Graph of Thoughts: Solving Elaborate Problems with Large Language Models.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Graph of Thoughts: Solving Elaborate Problems with Large Language Models

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:57.705071Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 516e87c4-ee0c-4b6f-b97d-3c2cea9629b2 · outbound

This paper cites L ogi C o T : Logical Chain-of-Thought Instruction Tuning.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics L ogi C o T : Logical Chain-of-Thought Instruction Tuning

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:57.384787Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation e4651cb9-b71e-417f-a72f-67c1d80a71e2 · outbound

This paper cites A farewell to particles.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics A farewell to particles

Reference 31

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:54.591972Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 52200d5c-7e66-4bfe-b48a-0be70df274c5 · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models Understand and Can be Enhanced by Emotional Stimuli.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Large Language Models Understand and Can be Enhanced by Emotional Stimuli

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:53.045479Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation a21e19ce-849d-4c5d-bdf2-164c6c18f538 · outbound

This paper cites Selective Prompting Tuning for Personalized Conversations with LLMs.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Selective Prompting Tuning for Personalized Conversations with LLMs

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:53.097845Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4d0d867b-eea6-4fbb-a818-1e34f8a8f830 · outbound

This paper cites Measuring Faithfulness in Chain-of-Thought Reasoning.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Measuring Faithfulness in Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:53.185137Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4c5bfa9c-4ace-4248-9d36-2ffff753fc78 · outbound

This paper cites Not All Errors Are Created Equal: ASCoT Addresses Late-Stage Fragility in Efficient LLM Reasoning.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Not All Errors Are Created Equal: ASCoT Addresses Late-Stage Fragility in Efficient LLM Reasoning

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:53.328551Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 169d3674-ef52-42e0-94e9-a794c7b57eeb · outbound

This paper cites Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasoners

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:53.388483Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 99187d29-ae05-4b1a-b1bc-e95fb9e5f812 · outbound

This paper cites E.; Uccelli, P.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics E.; Uccelli, P

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:57.039587Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 432b90d0-c6ea-4616-8f95-b992d738ecdb · outbound

This paper cites Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:56.854776Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 4298018d-9025-4d28-8a59-3990fd25c35a · outbound

This paper cites H.; Simon, H.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics H.; Simon, H

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:56.614765Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 5f60737f-abeb-4650-87b4-35149b7f9c41 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:56.264743Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 5f901b57-db96-4784-b717-f12042396c02 · outbound

This paper cites Construction and interference in learning from multiple representation.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Construction and interference in learning from multiple representation

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:55.972588Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation c0efe20e-38c6-4a26-963f-a0654e188cce · outbound

This paper cites C.; McNamara, D.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics C.; McNamara, D

Reference 42

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:55.818889Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Observation 1ca59e70-0b5e-4dbe-9c3a-d8a07913c2cf · outbound

This paper cites urzburg, 97074 W\.

From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics urzburg, 97074 W\

Reference 43

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T14:21:55.645268Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation f0a29f9a-5090-4511-96d0-4a1e76a0196b · inbound

ThermoQA: A Three-Tier Benchmark for Evaluating Thermodynamic Reasoning in Large Language Models cites this paper.

ThermoQA: A Three-Tier Benchmark for Evaluating Thermodynamic Reasoning in Large Language Models From Canonical to Complex: Benchmarking LLM Capabilities in Undergraduate Thermodynamics

Reference 2

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-15T01:03:25.305243Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.