Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size?

As of 17 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 43 of 43 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2509.02225.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.02225 v1

Coverage vector

measured 43 of 43 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.132288Z

measured 43 of 43 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

43 of 43 outbound references displayed

verified exact3
verified fuzzy0
unresolved39
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier1
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 9d656923-8f2d-4eed-b909-7abd6806ff4e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.818626Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 8bab49b1-c7f8-4ac2-a7ef-996e94d5f651 · outbound

This paper cites Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:19.931071Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f3a5328d-6cb5-4ef7-b006-99f0dc116bf4 · outbound

This paper cites SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:19.936311Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1e8097ca-1e64-43fa-bbea-91a4c9c306b0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.799149Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 17918a4d-9e1d-4b66-95c4-74ca2bf810e8 · outbound

This paper cites International AI Safety Report.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? International AI Safety Report

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:19.946782Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ef2f4646-5681-4a36-ad86-d4f2a6d872f6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.781639Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 64fa5357-d6f0-4bf6-a930-0b026417c330 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.762842Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 732c83bb-e2d3-4e51-a2a4-74e07c9aceff · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.746504Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation fa930319-4ee2-4ba6-b967-639a2cc6de07 · outbound

This paper cites Language in Vivo vs. in Silico: Size Matters but Larger Language Models Still Do Not Comprehend Language on a Par with Humans Due to Impenetrable Semantic Reference.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Language in Vivo vs. in Silico: Size Matters but Larger Language Models Still Do Not Comprehend Language on a Par with Humans Due to Impenetrable Semantic Reference

Reference 9

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.445958Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation cf47dd8c-772a-41e2-b8b8-933259b18dc2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 10

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.241888Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 7de1a57a-5e49-4091-a399-3ccd7535be30 · outbound

This paper cites TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? TinyStories: How Small Can Language Models Be and Still Speak Coherent English?

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:19.977116Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5e46e67b-aafa-471a-aac1-a39a4388490c · outbound

This paper cites When One LLM Drools, Multi-LLM Collaboration Rules.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? When One LLM Drools, Multi-LLM Collaboration Rules

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:19.982286Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 86776a54-b377-4892-88d8-5c0a757353c8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:19.987132Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c863be64-5225-447f-8dc1-d5bd06284a44 · outbound

This paper cites How transformers learn structured data: insights from hierarchical filtering.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? How transformers learn structured data: insights from hierarchical filtering

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:19.992093Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a634f44b-b5b4-47f7-bae1-03d33b482e89 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:19.996820Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b9c47ac2-5f79-46e5-9909-db90b88cbc01 · outbound

This paper cites Gordon, Zornitsa Kozareva, and Melissa Roemmele.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Gordon, Zornitsa Kozareva, and Melissa Roemmele

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.001875Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 82c42d57-045a-4a1f-9ec5-dace75a3ffa7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.719158Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation d9a985a3-f1e4-4ac2-af5e-9bfabdc2f79d · outbound

This paper cites Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Findings of the Second BabyLM Challenge: Sample-Efficient Pretraining on Developmentally Plausible Corpora

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.011054Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b2e46ca6-6952-4fdd-9a3d-eccd21c566b8 · outbound

This paper cites Weld, and Luke Zettlemoyer.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Weld, and Luke Zettlemoyer

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.015727Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 752a06cc-31bb-4b28-8a6b-1e920c6db670 · outbound

This paper cites Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.021246Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f508f258-d269-4d77-b8e4-5168bca77ffd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.692513Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 94946e78-09ea-492c-9bfa-716205665199 · outbound

This paper cites u ttler, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Tim Rockt \.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? u ttler, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Tim Rockt \

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.031106Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 45e2190a-1617-4608-9c38-ee4eadfe2afe · outbound

This paper cites ZebraLogic: On the Scaling Limits of LLMs for Logical Reasoning.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? ZebraLogic: On the Scaling Limits of LLMs for Logical Reasoning

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.035612Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dfb88352-39c1-4a5d-a771-f9f62e7170e8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.040335Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4a7dcb86-b5b3-4fd7-b943-5e2d19820f02 · outbound

This paper cites DDK: Distilling Domain Knowledge for Efficient Large Language Models.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? DDK: Distilling Domain Knowledge for Efficient Large Language Models

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.044865Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 034bb1b6-a394-434d-a647-595301f508ec · outbound

This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? The Llama 3 Herd of Models

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.050090Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dd086097-02a9-401b-8959-b592d5a149af · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.666850Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 2158801b-1b2c-4c27-ae9b-7be161b91648 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.651060Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 6172b629-5b63-4d2d-82d0-f3cda4fde0a9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.192758Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation cb614166-d9f6-4a21-a403-46937f3586b3 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.636034Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 87e5d363-7e22-4e88-97d7-151446e8e08f · outbound

This paper cites 2 OLMo 2 Furious.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? 2 OLMo 2 Furious

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.073435Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 71e78120-e6dc-41fc-bfe6-1e5bd4bf931c · outbound

This paper cites The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse context.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse context

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.078226Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d83b2c3d-474d-4468-8467-767a17ef0713 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.618877Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 4944ee45-52d3-4a82-8de6-bc5d01d0d41f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.089201Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d7e435ef-e1d0-429c-ac5f-9d0d4a52f116 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.601884Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 9aa01664-a8b3-475a-b63b-827b24804c94 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.586415Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 087e276f-5b9b-4791-acdf-2c74b2abdfb2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.570135Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation e1242798-1ac3-4c51-b465-e291c5bf1e16 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.552802Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 301e6616-7ddf-4d2d-991d-b9c162595a2d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.535742Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation e21a73ff-1ae9-4d2e-a8d4-bdd1d251ccc7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.117781Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b78e29b3-0687-4ec3-bc04-154e5211532f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 41

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 04971339-197b-4e4c-b4a9-61a240909233 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.127786Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 66c54fa9-ca83-40f4-86c0-cb6d8d48ea76 · outbound

This paper cites ReCoRD: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Commonsense Reading Comprehension.

Towards Fundamental Language Models: Does Linguistic Competence Scale with Model Size? ReCoRD: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Commonsense Reading Comprehension

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T11:47:20.132288Z

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Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.