Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 5 minor 51 references

Capillary $L_p$ Minkowski Flows

T0 review · 2 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-15 · deepseek-v4-flash

Pith's one-line read This paper proves that a volume-normalized anisotropic Gauss curvature flow for capillary hypersurfaces in the Euclidean half-space converges to a strictly convex solution of the capillary even $L_p$ Minkowski problem for every $p>-n-1$…

desk verdict A genuinely useful flow proof for the capillary L_p Minkowski problem, but the advertised negative-p range rests on an unverified external compactness lemma applied to a density that is only continuous. read the letter →

arxiv 2509.06110 v1 pith:N24ABTLB submitted 2025-09-07 math.AP math.DG

classification math.APmath.DG MSC 53C2135J6635K5552A20
keywords capillaryL_pMinkowskiproblemGausscurvatureflowMonge-AmpereequationRobinboundaryconditionsupportfunctionconvexhypersurfacelong-timeexistencemaximumprinciple
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper studies a family of capillary hypersurfaces in the half-space whose speed is set by a prescribed function, the $p$-th power of the support function, and the Gauss curvature. It establishes long-time existence and smooth convergence for two volume-normalized flows, and identifies the limit as a solution of the capillary $L_p$ Minkowski equation with Robin boundary condition. The even case is solved for all $p>-n-1$; dropping evenness costs a range restriction to $p>n+1$. The flow approach gives a constructive, parabolic route to solutions of a Monge-Ampere equation that earlier elliptic treatments reached only in smaller ranges or with more involved boundary estimates.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the capillary support function $h$ defined on the spherical cap $C_\theta$, which encodes the hypersurface through the relation $b_{ij}=\nabla^2_{ij}h+h\delta_{ij}$, so the Gauss curvature satisfies $K=1/\det(\nabla^2h+hI)$. The normalized flow (1.3) for $h$ is designed to preserve the enclosed capillary volume while decreasing the functional $J$; equality in the monotonicity formula is exactly the target equation (1.4). The proof proceeds through uniform $C^0$, $C^1$, Gauss curvature, and principal curvature bounds, with the boundary condition $\nabla_\mu h=\cot\theta\,h$ used repeatedly to rule out boundary maxima.

What would settle it

A concrete test is to search for a sequence of even, smooth, strictly convex capillary hypersurfaces $\Sigma_i$ with fixed volume and a fixed even positive $f$ for which the normalized quantity $V(\Xi_i)(\int_{S^n}\tilde f\,\hat h_i^p)^{-(n+1)/p}$ stays bounded below as in the paper's inequality (4.1) while the support functions $h_i$ fail to admit uniform positive lower and upper bounds; such a sequence would disprove the external compactness lemma and invalidate Lemma 4.1 for $p<0$. A numerical check for $p=-n$ on ellipsoidal cap initial data would test whether $h$ drifts toward zero or infinity under the normalized flow.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is Theorem 1.1: for an even smooth positive function $f$ on the capillary spherical cap $C_\theta$ with $\theta\in(0,\pi/2)$ and an even smooth strictly convex capillary initial hypersurface, the normalized flow (1.3) has a smooth strictly convex solution for all $\tau>0$, with a subsequence converging in $C^\infty$ to a solution of $\det(\nabla^2 h+hI)=\frac{(n+1)V(\widehat\Sigma_0)}{\int_{C_\theta} f h^p\,d\xi}\, f h^{p-1}$ in $C_\theta$ together with $\nabla_\mu h=\cot\theta\,h$ on $\partial C_\theta$. Theorem 1.2 removes the evenness assumption for $p>n+1$ using the flow (1.5). The paper presents these convergence results as a flow approach to the capillary even $L_p$ Minkowski problem for all $p>-n-1$ and the capillary $L_p$ Minkowski problem for $p>n+1$, with uniform $C^k$ estimates obtained by maximum-principle arguments rather than the boundary double-normal test used in earlier elliptic work.

Load-bearing premise

For the hardest range $-n-1<p<0$, the proof that the support function stays uniformly bounded above and below relies on a compactness lemma in a companion paper by the same authors; if that lemma is false or does not cover the full range, the long-time convergence proof for negative $p$ collapses.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Smooth strictly convex solutions to the capillary even $L_p$ Minkowski problem exist for every $p>-n-1$ and $\theta\in(0,\pi/2)$, including all negative $p$ in that range.
  • For $p>n+1$, the evenness assumption is unnecessary: the flow (1.5) produces a solution of (1.1) from any smooth strictly convex capillary initial hypersurface with positive support function.
  • Any even smooth strictly convex initial capillary hypersurface can be continuously deformed through strictly convex capillary hypersurfaces into a solution, so existence is obtained constructively rather than only by elliptic methods.
  • The uniform $C^k$ estimates and the monotone functional give a compactness mechanism: subsequential limits are automatically smooth strictly convex solutions.
  • The paper leaves the non-even cases $p=1$ and $p=n+1$ as open problems, which it identifies as targets for further flow-based work.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • A natural extension the paper does not pursue is to remove the evenness condition for $p\in(-n-1,n+1]$: the paper states that evenness enters only through the $C^0$ estimate, so any alternative lower and upper bound on the support function would extend Theorem 1.1 to the full non-even range.
  • The monotone functional $J$ resembles an entropy whose critical points are the desired solutions; a numerical study of its convexity near the limit could upgrade subsequential convergence to full convergence of the flow.
  • The flow framework likely adapts to $\theta>\pi/2$ if the capillary Minkowski existence question in that regime is settled, since the boundary-angle restriction here inherits the current state of the elliptic theory.
  • Because the hardest negative range relies on an external compactness lemma, a concrete check is to test that lemma for sequences with $p$ approaching $-n-1$; if the lemma has counterexamples there, the range in Theorem 1.1 would shrink accordingly.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 5 minor

Summary. This paper introduces two anisotropic capillary Gauss curvature flows in the Euclidean half-space with Robin boundary conditions, one volume-normalized (1.3) and one anisotropic (1.5), and studies their long-time behavior. The main results, Theorems 1.1 and 1.2, assert that for an even smooth positive density f on the capillary cap C_theta and an even smooth strictly convex capillary initial hypersurface, the normalized flow (1.3) exists for all times and subconverges in C^infty to a capillary hypersurface whose support function solves the capillary even L_p Minkowski equation for every p > -n-1; for p > n+1 the evenness assumption is removed for the flow (1.5). The proof combines monotone functionals with a priori estimates, including a C^0 estimate that is split into three regimes, maximum-principle bounds on gradient, Gauss curvature, and principal curvatures, and a final parabolic compactness argument.

Significance. If the theorems are correct, the paper provides a flow-based existence proof for smooth solutions of the capillary even L_p Minkowski problem in the full range p > -n-1, and of the non-even problem for p > n+1, complementing the elliptic and iterative approaches of [MWW25a, MWW25b, HI25b]. The monotone functionals J and J-tilde are defined directly from the flow and the target equation emerges from the equality case, so the core derivation is not circular. The maximum-principle computations in Lemmas 4.3-4.5 and the C^0 arguments for p >= 0 are self-contained and internally consistent. However, the advertised extension to negative p rests on an unverified external compactness lemma and on an inequality that is not justified in the manuscript, so the central claim is not yet established as written.

major comments (2)
  1. [Section 4.1, Lemma 4.1, after (4.1)] The transition from the monotonicity bound (4.1) to the stated normalized bound for the symmetrized body Xi_tau is not justified. Since the symmetrized density tilde f is positive on the whole band -cos theta <= u_{n+1} <= cos theta and the support function hat h_{Xi_tau} is positive there, the full-sphere integral int_{S^n} tilde f hat h_{Xi_tau}^p du strictly exceeds the capillary integral int_{C_theta} f h^p dxi. Because p < 0, the exponent -(n+1)/p is positive, so the claimed inequality V(Xi_tau) (int_{S^n} tilde f hat h^p)^{-(n+1)/p} >= e^{-(n+1)J(0)} does not follow from (4.1); the displayed inequality is in fact weaker than what (4.1) directly controls. Since Lemmas 4.2-4.5 all start from the C^0 bound of Lemma 4.1, the proof for the range -n-1 < p < 0 has a load-bearing gap as written.
  2. [Section 4.1, Lemma 4.1, after (4.1)] The use of [HI25b, Lem. 2.6] is not verifiable from the manuscript. The lemma is neither stated nor proved, and its hypotheses are not checked. In particular, the symmetrized density tilde f built on S^n is defined to be constant in the band -cos theta <= u_{n+1} <= cos theta and is generally only continuous, not C^1, across the circles u_{n+1} = +/- cos theta; if Lemma 2.6 requires smooth positive data, or if its normalization controls only the capillary integral rather than the full-sphere integral appearing in the manuscript, then the C^0 bound for p in (-n-1,0) is not established. This is the only mechanism producing the C^0 estimate in the advertised negative-p range, so the authors must either state and prove the needed compactness lemma or replace it with a self-contained argument.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Abstract] The phrase 'for all p in (-n-1, infinity)' should be qualified as the even case (and with theta in (0, pi/2)) to agree with Theorem 1.1; the non-even statement in Theorem 1.2 requires p > n+1.
  2. [Section 4.1, equation (4.2)] The constant C_theta introduced in (4.2) has the same symbol as the capillary cap C_theta; renaming one of them would avoid ambiguity.
  3. [Section 4.1, Lemma 4.2] The gradient bound is imported from [HIS25, Lem. 4.8] without statement; since this is another self-citation to an unpublished preprint, the authors should quote the lemma or give a proof.
  4. [Section 5] The sentence combining [Don88, Theorems 6.1, 6.4, 6.5] and [Lie96, Theorem 14.23] with the uniform estimates would benefit from stating precisely which theorem yields the extinction V(M_t) -> 0 and hence tau(t) -> infinity.
  5. [Section 4.1, Lemmas 4.3 and 4.4] The informal phrases 'max K >> 1' and 'max Q approx max K' should be replaced by quantitative statements, for instance by noting that if Q is bounded then K is bounded because of the formula Q = (alpha f h^p K - h)/(h - epsilon_0).

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No constructional circularity; the negative-p C0 estimate is delegated to a same-author compactness lemma, which is load-bearing but not an equation-level reduction.

full rationale

The core derivation is self-contained and non-circular. The functionals J(τ) and J-tilde(τ) are defined directly from the flow quantities, and their monotonicity is proved by computing dJ/dτ as a negative square whose vanishing is equivalent to the limiting Monge-Ampere equation (Lemma 3.1 to Eq. (1.4); Lemma 3.2 to Eq. (1.1)); no coefficient is fitted from data and then reported as a prediction. The C0 bounds for p >= 0 use an in-paper covering argument and ODE comparison (Lemma 4.1, Cases 2 and 3), and the C1 and C2 estimates are largely proved with maximum-principle arguments in the paper. The only passage of concern is Lemma 4.1, Case 1: for -n-1 < p < 0, the proof symmetrizes the capillary body and concludes: 'In view of [HI25b, Lem. 2.6], the capillary support function is uniformly bounded above and below away from zero.' This is a same-author citation and is load-bearing for the negative-p range, since Lemmas 4.2-4.5 all start from Lemma 4.1. However, it invokes a general compactness or normalization lemma from prior work rather than an equation identical to the target theorem, so it is not a constructional circularity; whether the continuous symmetrized density tilde-f satisfies the hypotheses of [HI25b, Lem. 2.6] is a correctness or gap concern, not a circular one. Likewise, Lemma 4.2 cites [HIS25, Lem. 4.8] for the gradient estimate, a minor same-group input. Thus no step reduces by definition to its own input; the score of 2 reflects the load-bearing same-author dependency without treating it as circular.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 7 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim depends on standard parabolic theory, maximum principles, and several prior technical results. Three external lemmas are imported: [HI25b, Lem. 2.6] for the negative-p C0 bound, [HIS25, Lem. 4.8] for the gradient bound, and [MWWX25, Prop. 2.9] for the volume variation formula. No free parameters are fitted to data, and no new entities are posited. The auxiliary constants N and A in Lemmas 4.4 and 4.5 are proof devices, not parameters of the theorem.

assumptions (7)
  • standard math Standard short-time existence for fully nonlinear parabolic equations with oblique boundary conditions (Dong [Don88], Lieberman [Lie96]).
    Invoked in Section 5 to start the flows (1.2) and (1.5).
  • standard math Parabolic maximum principle applies to the auxiliary functions Q in Lemmas 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 at interior maxima, with boundary normal derivative signs computed explicitly.
    Central tool for the uniform C1, C2, and curvature bounds; the principle itself is not reproved.
  • domain assumption [HI25b, Lem. 2.6]: uniform upper and lower bounds for the capillary support function follow from the normalized integral inequality in the case -n-1 < p < 0.
    Used in Lemma 4.1 to obtain the C0 estimate for negative p; the lemma is external and by the same author group.
  • domain assumption [HIS25, Lem. 4.8]: the gradient of the capillary support function is bounded once the support function is bounded.
    Used in Lemma 4.2 for the C1 estimate.
  • domain assumption [MWWX25, Prop. 2.9]: the volume variation formula dV/dtau = int_{C_theta} (partial_tau h)/K d xi.
    Used in the monotonicity proofs of Lemmas 3.1 and 3.2.
  • standard math Monotonicity of the Monge-Ampere determinant sigma_n in the matrix b_ij for positive definite matrices.
    Used in Lemma 4.6 to compare sigma_n(b_ij) with (h/l)^n.
  • standard math Commutator identity for Hessians of the second fundamental form on the sphere.
    Used in the principal radius estimate in Lemma 4.5.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Capillary $L_p$ Minkowski Flows." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/N24ABTLB

@misc{pith2026250906110,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Capillary $L_p$ Minkowski Flows},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/N24ABTLB}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2509.06110}
}
abstract

We study the long-time existence and asymptotic behavior of a class of anisotropic capillary Gauss curvature flows. As an application, we provide a flow approach to the existence of smooth solutions to the capillary even $L_p$ Minkowski problem in the Euclidean half-space for all $p \in (-n-1, \infty)$ and capillary $L_p$ Minkowski problem for $p > n+1$.

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

51 extracted references · 46 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Ai, K.-S

    J. Ai, K.-S. Chou, J. Wei, Self-similar solutions for the anisotropic affine curve shortening problem, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations 13(2001): 311--337

  2. [2]

    A. D. Aleksandrov, On the theory of mixed volumes. III. Extensions of two theorems of Minkowski on convex polyhedra to arbitrary convex bodies, Mat. Sb. 3(1938): 27--46

  3. [3]

    A. D. Aleksandrov, On the surface area measure of convex bodies, Mat. Sb. 6(1939): 167--174

  4. [4]

    Andrews, Gauss curvature flow: the fate of the rolling stones, Invent

    B. Andrews, Gauss curvature flow: the fate of the rolling stones, Invent. Math. 138(1999): 151--161

  5. [5]

    Bianchi, K

    G. Bianchi, K. J. B\"or\"oczky, A. Colesanti, D. Yang, The L_p Minkowski problem for -n < p < 1 , Adv. Math. 341(2019): 493--535

  6. [6]

    K. J. B\"or\"oczky, P. Guan, Anisotropic flow, entropy, and the L_p Minkowski problem, Canad. J. Math. 77(2025): 1--20

  7. [7]

    K. J. B\"or\"oczky, E. Lutwak, D. Yang, G. Zhang, The logarithmic Minkowski problem, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 26(2013): 831--852

  8. [8]

    Brendle, K

    S. Brendle, K. Choi, P. Daskalopoulos, Asymptotic behavior of flows by powers of the Gaussian curvature, Acta Math. 219(2017): 1--16

Show all 51 references
  1. [9]

    Bryan, M

    P. Bryan, M. N. Ivaki, J. Scheuer, A unified flow approach to smooth, even L_p Minkowski problems, Anal. PDE 12(2019): 259--280

  2. [10]

    Bryan, M

    P. Bryan, M. N. Ivaki, J. Scheuer, Orlicz-Minkowski flows, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations 60(2021): 41

  3. [11]

    Bryan, M

    P. Bryan, M. N. Ivaki, J. Scheuer, Parabolic approaches to curvature equations, Nonlinear Anal. 203(2021): 112174

  4. [12]

    H. Chen, Q. Li, The L_p dual Minkowski problem and related parabolic flows, J. Funct. Anal. 281(2021): 109139, 65 pp

  5. [13]

    S. Y. Cheng, S. T. Yau, On the regularity of the solution of the n -dimensional Minkowski problem, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 29(1976): 495--516

  6. [14]

    Chou, Deforming a hypersurface by its Gauss-Kronecker curvature, Comm

    K.-S. Chou, Deforming a hypersurface by its Gauss-Kronecker curvature, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 38(1985): 867--882

  7. [15]

    Chou, X.-J

    K.-S. Chou, X.-J. Wang, A logarithmic Gauss curvature flow and the Minkowski problem, Ann. Inst. H. Poincar\' e C Anal. Non Lin\' e aire 17(2000): 733--751

  8. [16]

    Chou, X.-J

    K.-S. Chou, X.-J. Wang, The L_p Minkowski problem and the Minkowski problem in centroaffine geometry, Adv. Math. 205(2006): 33--83

  9. [17]

    G. C. Dong, Initial and nonlinear oblique boundary value problems for fully nonlinear parabolic equations, J. Partial Differential Equations 1(1988): 12--42

  10. [18]

    W. J. Firey, Shapes of worn stones, Mathematika 21(1974): 1--11

  11. [19]

    Gage, Curve shortening makes convex curves circular, Duke Math

    M. Gage, Curve shortening makes convex curves circular, Duke Math. J. 51(1984): 477--484

  12. [20]

    P. Guan, L. Ni, Entropy and a convergence theorem for Gauss curvature flow in high dimension, J. Eur. Math. Soc. 19(2017): 3735--3761

  13. [21]

    Guang, Q.-R

    Q. Guang, Q.-R. Li, X.-J. Wang, The L_p Minkowski problem with super-critical exponents, arXiv:2203.05099 (2022)

  14. [22]

    Y. Hu, M. N. Ivaki, Stability of the cone-volume measure with near constant density, Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN (2025), 9 pages

  15. [23]

    Y. Hu, M. N. Ivaki, Capillary curvature images, arXiv:2505.12921 (2025)

  16. [24]

    Y. Hu, M. N. Ivaki, J. Scheuer, Capillary Christoffel-Minkowski problem, arXiv:2504.09320 (2025)

  17. [25]

    Y. Hu, Y. Wei, B. Yang, T. Zhou, A complete family of Alexandrov-Fenchel inequalities for convex capillary hypersurfaces in the half-space, Math. Ann. 390(2024): 3039--3075

  18. [26]

    Huang, Q

    Y. Huang, Q. Lu, On the regularity of the L_p Minkowski problem, Adv. Appl. Math. 50(2013): 268--280

  19. [27]

    M. N. Ivaki, Deforming a hypersurface by Gauss curvature and support function, J. Funct. Anal. 271(2016): 2133--2165

  20. [28]

    M. N. Ivaki, Iterations of curvature images, Mathematika 66(2020): 640--648

  21. [29]

    M. N. Ivaki, E. Milman, Uniqueness of solutions to a class of isotropic curvature problems, Adv. Math. 435(2023): 109350

  22. [30]

    Klingenberg, B

    W. Klingenberg, B. Lambert, J. Scheuer, A capillary problem for spacelike mean curvature flow in a cone of Minkowski space, J. Evol. Equ. 25(2025): 15, 24 pp

  23. [31]

    Q.-R. Li, W. Sheng, X.-J. Wang, Flow by Gauss curvature to the Aleksandrov and dual Minkowski problems, J. Eur. Math. Soc. 22(2020): 893--923

  24. [32]

    G. M. Lieberman, Second order parabolic differential equations, World Scientific, River Edge, NJ, 1996

  25. [33]

    Lions, N

    P.-L. Lions, N. S. Trudinger, J. I. E. Urbas, The Neumann problem for equations of Monge-Amp\`ere type, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 39(1986): 539--563

  26. [34]

    Lu, X.-J

    J. Lu, X.-J. Wang, Rotationally symmetric solutions to the L_p Minkowski problem, J. Differential Equations 254(2013): 983--1005

  27. [35]

    Lutwak, The Brunn-Minkowski-Firey theory

    E. Lutwak, The Brunn-Minkowski-Firey theory. I. Mixed volumes and the Minkowski problem, J. Differential Geom. 38(1993): 131--150

  28. [36]

    Lutwak, V

    E. Lutwak, V. Oliker, On the regularity of solutions to a generalization of the Minkowski problem, J. Differential Geom. 41(1995): 227--246

  29. [37]

    Lutwak, D

    E. Lutwak, D. Yang, G. Zhang, On the L_p Minkowski problem, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 356(2004): 4359--4370

  30. [38]

    X. Ma, G. Qiu, The Neumann Problem for Hessian Equations, Commun. Math. Phys. 366(2019): 1--28

  31. [39]

    X. Mei, G. Wang, L. Weng, The capillary Minkowski problem, Adv. Math. 469(2025): 110230, 29 pp

  32. [40]

    X. Mei, G. Wang, L. Weng, The capillary L_p Minkowski problem, arXiv:2505.07746 (2025)

  33. [41]

    X. Mei, G. Wang, L. Weng, The capillary Gauss curvature flow, arXiv:2506.09840 (2025)

  34. [42]

    X. Mei, G. Wang, L. Weng, C. Xia, Alexandrov-Fenchel inequalities for convex hypersurfaces in the half-space with capillary boundary II, Math. Z. 310(2025): 71, 17 pp

  35. [43]

    atze \" u ber die convexen Polyeder , Nachr. Ges. Wiss. G\

    H. Minkowski, Allgemeine Lehrs\"atze \" u ber die convexen Polyeder , Nachr. Ges. Wiss. G\"ottingen (1897): 198--219

  36. [44]

    Minkowski, Volumen und Oberfl\"ache, Math

    H. Minkowski, Volumen und Oberfl\"ache, Math. Ann. 57(1903): 447--495

  37. [45]

    Nirenberg, The Weyl and Minkowski problems in differential geometry in the large, Comm

    L. Nirenberg, The Weyl and Minkowski problems in differential geometry in the large, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 6(1953): 337--394

  38. [46]

    Pogorelov, The Minkowski multidimensional problem, translated by V

    A. Pogorelov, The Minkowski multidimensional problem, translated by V. Oliker, Scripta Series in Mathematics, Winston, Washington, DC, 1978

  39. [47]

    Saroglou, On a non-homogeneous version of a problem of Firey, Math

    C. Saroglou, On a non-homogeneous version of a problem of Firey, Math. Ann. 382(2022): 1059--1090

  40. [48]

    Stancu, The discrete planar L_0 -Minkowski problem, Adv

    A. Stancu, The discrete planar L_0 -Minkowski problem, Adv. Math. 167(2002): 160--174

  41. [49]

    G. Wang, L. Weng, C. Xia, Alexandrov-Fenchel inequalities for convex hypersurfaces in the half-space with capillary boundary, Math. Ann. 388(2024): 2121--2154

  42. [50]

    Zhu, The L_p Minkowski problem for polytopes for 0 < p < 1 , J

    G. Zhu, The L_p Minkowski problem for polytopes for 0 < p < 1 , J. Funct. Anal. 269(2015): 1070--1094

  43. [51]

    Zhu, The centro-affine Minkowski problem for polytopes, J

    G. Zhu, The centro-affine Minkowski problem for polytopes, J. Differential Geom. 101(2015): 159--174

Pith tools

Reviewed August 15, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.