Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models

As of 7 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 28 of 28 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2509.07050.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2509.07050 v1

Coverage vector

measured 28 of 28 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.688929Z

measured 29 of 29 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-03T11:52:45.759016Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

28 of 28 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy18
unresolved9
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation e169545b-1e6c-4c80-ae86-0b91029094f8 · outbound

This paper cites A survey on multimodal large language models.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models A survey on multimodal large language models

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:47.142701Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation de82df76-5a0c-424c-855a-8ec185b6f256 · outbound

This paper cites Sara Mahdavi, Rapha Gontijo Lopes, Tim Salimans, Jonathan Ho, David J Fleet, and Mohammad Norouzi.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Sara Mahdavi, Rapha Gontijo Lopes, Tim Salimans, Jonathan Ho, David J Fleet, and Mohammad Norouzi

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:45.152125Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b3f7c739-a319-4851-a65b-f7a123636aa8 · outbound

This paper cites High-resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models, 2021.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models High-resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models, 2021

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:47.114318Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 7cdec0b2-3488-41ab-9e93-2bb9b3c0b1c4 · outbound

This paper cites Fairness and Bias in Multimodal AI: A Survey.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Fairness and Bias in Multimodal AI: A Survey

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:45.283518Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b89514fe-1a7d-4987-9746-ae3422e2d238 · outbound

This paper cites Exposing and correcting the gender bias in image captioning datasets and models, 2019.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Exposing and correcting the gender bias in image captioning datasets and models, 2019

Reference 5

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:47.094182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation bacb41e0-c24f-470e-82bd-30f6c50aed27 · outbound

This paper cites Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:45.447543Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 78170321-1730-46a0-a5a2-c485475d17d2 · outbound

This paper cites Online images amplify gender bias.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Online images amplify gender bias

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:47.065622Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation bdcc6353-51a1-41b9-93e7-1be0b8c1e911 · outbound

This paper cites A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning, 2022.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning, 2022

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:45.724484Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d0bf3970-5c26-4925-8e3b-a6a296b3337a · outbound

This paper cites Auditing gender bias in laion-5b occupation representations.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Auditing gender bias in laion-5b occupation representations

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:47.035017Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation f6c8a6a6-604f-44ff-aa05-aad395ecee65 · outbound

This paper cites Sb-bench: Stereotype bias benchmark for large multimodal models, 2025.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Sb-bench: Stereotype bias benchmark for large multimodal models, 2025

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:47.018452Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 46682f4c-b283-45e0-8e77-e009b6afe3f1 · outbound

This paper cites Social biases through the text-to-image generation lens, 2023.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Social biases through the text-to-image generation lens, 2023

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:47.001646Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 6e2c9bf8-1767-4ebd-8781-b8bc7794d76e · outbound

This paper cites Shall We Pretrain Autoregressive Language Models with Retrieval? A Comprehensive Study.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Shall We Pretrain Autoregressive Language Models with Retrieval? A Comprehensive Study

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.372881Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8a83d7b2-eeda-4e4e-bb09-18c38a7fda1e · outbound

This paper cites Easily accessible text-to-image generation amplifies demographic stereotypes at large scale.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Easily accessible text-to-image generation amplifies demographic stereotypes at large scale

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.984641Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 68d23028-72e0-4401-9d85-2e1b5a7b602c · outbound

This paper cites Smiling women pitching down: auditing representational and presentational gender biases in image-generative ai.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Smiling women pitching down: auditing representational and presentational gender biases in image-generative ai

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.966390Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 16d3257f-647e-481d-979c-645c25bc6d9a · outbound

This paper cites Measuring bias in multimodal models: Multimodal composite association score.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Measuring bias in multimodal models: Multimodal composite association score

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.951206Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 3717dacc-32e3-485f-b8be-5e32dd34008e · outbound

This paper cites Tibet: Identifying and evaluating biases in text-to-image generative models, 2024.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Tibet: Identifying and evaluating biases in text-to-image generative models, 2024

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.935202Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 4eee5dd2-4d4e-4e54-9752-4a23abae1478 · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating gender bias in multilingual multimodal ai models: Insights from an indian context.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Evaluating gender bias in multilingual multimodal ai models: Insights from an indian context

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.918759Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 0fd482a2-0c64-4ab4-a9e2-51c2b84a3304 · outbound

This paper cites A large scale analysis of gender biases in text-to-image generative models, 2025.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models A large scale analysis of gender biases in text-to-image generative models, 2025

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.903637Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation b9ede06d-b231-401e-b6de-107bce8c82bf · outbound

This paper cites Gender disparities in artificial intelligence–generated images of hospital leadership in the united states.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Gender disparities in artificial intelligence–generated images of hospital leadership in the united states

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.886908Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 596f9ff7-f772-4682-aedc-d53acdb32b77 · outbound

This paper cites Bias transmission in large language models: evidence from gender-occupation bias in gpt-4.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Bias transmission in large language models: evidence from gender-occupation bias in gpt-4

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.871851Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 4068b4ed-6c22-4d93-a5da-ca46df8bb713 · outbound

This paper cites Gender bias.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Gender bias

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.856876Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 5ce061fa-3006-49c8-a857-738b5d063c22 · outbound

This paper cites Policy-Grounded Safety Evaluation of 20 Large Language Models.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Policy-Grounded Safety Evaluation of 20 Large Language Models

Reference 22

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.734897Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 7b9f02a1-7b06-4974-9633-d62784a61d4f · outbound

This paper cites Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.665649Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5ecf2302-40fd-4b76-8569-6a16a1d6a620 · outbound

This paper cites Statistical Methods for Research Workers.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Statistical Methods for Research Workers

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.670972Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 048e9d6d-1bb2-4ad7-ac3b-0e56437c028d · outbound

This paper cites An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples).

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples)

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.822115Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 02827260-2ef9-4f1b-93e3-f2c7ed069ab0 · outbound

This paper cites Robust tests for equality of variances.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Robust tests for equality of variances

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.806752Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.

Observation 2b2573a2-7d3d-4831-9d26-a741162cbdc6 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.684886Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 86a78ac3-5122-43a0-8bf0-0f834e21c47d · outbound

This paper cites A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales.

Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-04T23:07:46.688929Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

Observation 86f69c12-70c1-4d90-9344-df7fc1f68706 · inbound

Prototypicality Bias Reveals Blindspots in Multimodal Evaluation Metrics cites this paper.

Prototypicality Bias Reveals Blindspots in Multimodal Evaluation Metrics Automated Evaluation of Gender Bias Across 13 Large Multimodal Models

Reference 2025

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T11:52:45.759016Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.