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arxiv: 2509.17487 · v3 · pith:ZM3ERD5Lnew · submitted 2025-09-22 · ✦ hep-ex

Measurement of transverse polarization of Λ and bar{Λ} hyperons inside jets in pp collisions at sqrt{s}=200 GeV

STAR Collaboration: B. E. Aboona , J. Adam , G. Agakishiev , I. Aggarwal , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , A. Aitbayev , I. Alekseev
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E. Alpatov A. K. Alshammri A. Aparin S. Aslam J. Atchison G. S. Averichev V. Bairathi X. Bao P. Barik K. Barish S. Behera P. Bhaga t A. Bhasin S. Bhatta I. G. Bordyuzhin J. D. Brandenburg A. V. Brandin C. Broodo X. Z. Cai H. Caines M. Calder\'on de la Barca S\'anchez D. Cebra J. Ceska I. Chakaberia Y. S. Chang Z. Chang A. Chatterjee D. Chen J. H. Chen L. Chen Q. Chen W. Chen Z. Chen J. Cheng Y. Cheng W. Christie X. Chu S. Corey H. J. Crawford G. Dale-Gau A. Das D. De Souza Lemos T. G. Dedovich I. M. Deppner A. A. Derevschikov A. Deshpande A. Dhamija A. Dimri P. Dixit X. Dong J. L. Drachenberg E. Duckworth J. C. Dunlop Y. S. El-Feky J. Engelage G. Eppley S. Esumi O. Evdokimov O. Eyser B. Fan Y. Fang R. Fatemi S. Fazio H. Feng Y. Feng E. Finch Y. Fisyak F. A. Flor B. Fu C. Fu T. Fu T. Gao Y. Gao G. Garcia F. Geurts A. Gibson A. Giri K. Gopal M. Gor don X. Gou D. Grosnick A. Gu J. Gu A. Gupta A. Hamed R. J. Hamilton J. Han X. Han M. D. Harasty J. W. Harris H. Harrison-Smith L. B. Havener X. H. He Y. He C. Hu Q. Hu Y. Hu H. Huang H. Z. Huang S. L. Huang T. Huang Y. Huang Y. Huan g M. Isshiki W. W. Jacobs A. Jalotra C. Jena Y. Ji J. Jia X. Jiang C. Jin Y. Jin N. Jindal X. Ju E. G. Judd S. Kabana D. Kalinkin J. Kang K. Kang A. R. Kanuganti D. Kapukchyan K. Kauder D. Keane A. Kechechyan M. Kesler A. Khanal J. Kim A. Kiselev A. G. Knospe L. Kochenda Y. Kong A. A. Korobitsin B. Korodi A. Yu. Kraeva P. Kravtsov L. Kumar M. C. Labonte R. Lacey J. M. Landgraf C. Larson A. Lebedev R. Lednicky J. H. Lee Y. H. Leung C. Li D. Li H-S. Li H. Li W. Li X. Li Y. Li Z. Li X. Liang T. Lin Y. Lin C. Liu G. Liu H. Liu L. Liu Z. Liu T. Ljubicic O. Lomicky E. M. Loyd T. Lu J. Luo X. F. Luo V. B. Luong L. Ma R. Ma Y. G. Ma N. Magdy B. Maghoul R. Manikandhan O. M atonoha K. Menduli K. Mi N. G. Minaev B. Mohanty B. Mondal M. M. Mondal I. Mooney D. A. Morozov M. I. Nagy C. J. Naim A. S. Nain J. D. Nam M. Nasim H. Nasrulloh E. Nedorezov J. M. Nelson M. Nie G. Nigmatkulov T. Niida L. V. Nogach T. Nonaka G. Odyniec A. Ogawa S. Oh V. A. Okorokov K. Okubo B. S. Page M. Pal S. Pal A. Pandav A. Panday A. K. Pandey Y. Panebratsev T. Pani P. Parfenov A. Paul S. Paul C. Perkins S. Ping I. D. Ponce Pinto M. Posik E. Pottebaum A. Povarov S. Prodhan T. L. Protzman N. K. Pruthi J. Putschke Y. Qi Z. Qin H. Qiu S. K. Radhakrishnan A. Rana R. L. Ray C. W. Robertson O. V. Rogachevsky M. A. Rosales Aguilar D. Roy L. Ruan A. K. Sahoo N. R. Sahoo H. Sako S. Salur S. S. Sambyal E. Samigullin D. T. Samuel J. K. Sandhu S. Sato B. C. Schaefer N. Schmitz J. Seger R. Seto P. Seyboth N. Shah E. Shahaliev P. V. Shanmuganathan T. Shao M. Sharma N. Sharma R. Sharma S. R. Sharma A. I. Sheikh D. Shen D. Y. Shen K. Shen S. Shi Y. Shi Shilpa E. Shulga F. S i J. Singh S. Singha P. Sinha M. J. Skoby Y. S\"ohngen Y. Song T. D. S. Stanislaus M. Strikhanov Y. Su X. Sun Y. Sun B. Surrow D. N. Svirida Z. W. Sweger A. C. Tamis A. H. Tang Z. Tang A. Taranenko T. Tarnowsky J. H. Thomas A. Timofeev D. Tl usty M. V. Tokarev D. Torres-Valladares S. Trentalange O. D. Tsai C. Y. Tsang Z. Tu J. E. Tyler T. Ullrich D. G. Underwood G. Van Buren A. N. Vasiliev F. Videb{\ae}k S. Vokal S. A. Voloshin F. Wang G. Wang J. S. Wang J. Wang K. Wang X. W ang Y. Wang Z. Wang J. C. Webb P. C. Weidenkaff G. D. Westfall H. Wieman G. Wilks S. W. Wissink C. P. Wong J. Wu X. Wu B. Xi Y. Xiao Z. G. Xiao G. Xie W. Xie H. Xu N. Xu Q. H. Xu X. Xu Y. Xu Z. Xu G. Yan Z. Yan C. Yang Q. Yang S. Yang Y. Yang Z. Ye L. Yi Y. Yu W. Yuan W. Zha C. Zhang D. Zhang J. Zhang K. Zhang L. Zhang S. Zhang W. Zhang X. Zhang Y. Zhang Z. Zhan g Z. Zhang F. Zhao J. Zhao S. Zhou Y. Zhou C. Zhu X. Zhu M. Zurek M. Zyzak
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-18 15:16 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex
keywords Lambda polarizationpolarizing fragmentation functionjet fragmentationTMD evolutiontransverse polarizationproton-proton collisionsgluon fragmentationhyperon production
0
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The pith

Transverse polarization of Lambda hyperons inside jets is measured for the first time in unpolarized proton-proton collisions and attributed to the polarizing fragmentation function.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper measures the transverse polarization of Lambda and anti-Lambda hyperons produced inside jets from unpolarized proton collisions at 200 GeV. The polarization is extracted as a function of jet transverse momentum, the momentum fraction carried by the hyperon, and the hyperon's transverse momentum relative to the jet axis. A sympathetic reader would care because this supplies the first experimental data directly linked to the polarizing fragmentation function and yields initial constraints on its gluon component while testing whether transverse momentum dependent effects evolve in a universal way.

Core claim

The authors report the first measurement of transverse polarization for Lambda and anti-Lambda hyperons inside jets in unpolarized pp collisions. They attribute the observed polarization directly to the polarizing fragmentation function. The data, spanning a wide jet-energy range, supply the first constraints on the gluon PFF and permit tests of TMD evolution and its universality.

What carries the argument

The polarizing fragmentation function (PFF), the function that gives the probability for a parton to fragment into a hyperon carrying a momentum fraction z and acquiring a transverse polarization relative to the parton direction.

If this is right

  • The data supply the first constraints on the gluon component of the polarizing fragmentation function.
  • The measurements allow tests of TMD evolution in the fragmentation process.
  • The results test the universality of TMD effects across different hard-scattering environments.
  • Coverage of a wide jet-energy range enables checks of the energy dependence of the polarization.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Confirmation of the PFF would imply similar polarization patterns should appear in hyperon production in other high-energy processes such as electron-ion collisions.
  • The constraints could be used to refine models of hyperon yields in heavy-ion collisions where fragmentation occurs in a dense medium.
  • Higher-precision follow-up measurements at different collider energies could map the scale dependence of the gluon PFF.

Load-bearing premise

The observed polarization signal inside jets arises from the polarizing fragmentation function with negligible contamination from initial-state effects or other TMD contributions.

What would settle it

A result showing zero polarization after refined background subtraction or with an alternative jet-axis definition that removes the signal would indicate the attribution to the PFF does not hold.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2509.17487 by A. A. Derevschikov, A. Aitbayev, A. A. Korobitsin, A. Aparin, A. Bhasin, A. Chatterjee, A. C. Tamis, A. Das, A. Deshpande, A. Dhamija, A. Dimri, A. Gibson, A. Giri, A. G. Knospe, A. Gu, A. Gupta, A. Hamed, A. H. Tang, A. I. Sheikh, A. Jalotra, A. K. Alshammri, A. Kechechyan, A. Khanal, A. Kiselev, A. K. Pandey, A. K. Sahoo, A. Lebedev, A. N. Vasiliev, A. Ogawa, A. Pandav, A. Panday, A. Paul, A. Povarov, A. Rana, A. R. Kanuganti, A. S. Nain, A. Taranenko, A. Timofeev, A. V. Brandin, A. Yu. Kraeva, B. C. Schaefer, B. Fan, B. Fu, B. Korodi, B. Maghoul, B. Mohanty, B. Mondal, B. S. Page, B. Surrow, B. Xi, C. Broodo, C. Fu, C. Hu, C. Jena, C. Jin, C. J. Naim, C. Larson, C. Li, C. Liu, C. Perkins, C. P. Wong, C. W. Robertson, C. Yang, C. Y. Tsang, C. Zhang, C. Zhu, D. A. Morozov, D. Cebra, D. Chen, D. De Souza Lemos, D. Grosnick, D. G. Underwood, D. Kalinkin, D. Kapukchyan, D. Keane, D. Li, D. N. Svirida, D. Roy, D. Shen, D. Tl usty, D. Torres-Valladares, D. T. Samuel, D. Y. Shen, D. Zhang, E. Alpatov, E. Duckworth, E. Finch, E. G. Judd, E. M. Loyd, E. Nedorezov, E. Pottebaum, E. Samigullin, E. Shahaliev, E. Shulga, F. A. Flor, F. Geurts, F. S i, F. Videb{\ae}k, F. Wang, F. Zhao, G. Agakishiev, G. Dale-Gau, G. D. Westfall, G. Eppley, G. Garcia, G. Liu, G. Nigmatkulov, G. Odyniec, G. S. Averichev, G. Van Buren, G. Wang, G. Wilks, G. Xie, G. Yan, H. Caines, H. Feng, H. Harrison-Smith, H. Huang, H. J. Crawford, H. Li, H. Liu, H. Nasrulloh, H. Qiu, H. Sako, H-S. Li, H. Wieman, H. Xu, H. Z. Huang, I. Aggarwal, I. Alekseev, I. Chakaberia, I. D. Ponce Pinto, I. G. Bordyuzhin, I. M. Deppner, I. Mooney, J. Adam, J. Atchison, J. C. Dunlop, J. Ceska, J. Cheng, J. C. Webb, J. D. Brandenburg, J. D. Nam, J. Engelage, J. E. Tyler, J. Gu, J. Han, J. H. Chen, J. H. Lee, J. H. Thomas, J. Jia, J. Kang, J. Kim, J. K. Sandhu, J. L. Drachenberg, J. Luo, J. M. Landgraf, J. M. Nelson, J. Putschke, J. Seger, J. Singh, J. S. Wang, J. Wang, J. W. Harris, J. Wu, J. Zhang, J. Zhao, K. Barish, K. Gopal, K. Kang, K. Kauder, K. Menduli, K. Mi, K. Okubo, K. Shen, K. Wang, K. Zhang, L. B. Havener, L. Chen, L. Kochenda, L. Kumar, L. Liu, L. Ma, L. Ruan, L. V. Nogach, L. Yi, L. Zhang, M. A. Rosales Aguilar, M. Calder\'on de la Barca S\'anchez, M. C. Labonte, M. D. Harasty, M. Gor don, M. I. Nagy, M. Isshiki, M. J. Skoby, M. Kesler, M. M. Aggarwal, M. M. Mondal, M. Nasim, M. Nie, M. Pal, M. Posik, M. Sharma, M. Strikhanov, M. V. Tokarev, M. Zurek, M. Zyzak, N. G. Minaev, N. Jindal, N. K. Pruthi, N. Magdy, N. R. Sahoo, N. Schmitz, N. Shah, N. Sharma, N. Xu, O. D. Tsai, O. Evdokimov, O. Eyser, O. Lomicky, O. M atonoha, O. V. Rogachevsky, P. Barik, P. Bhaga t, P. C. Weidenkaff, P. Dixit, P. Kravtsov, P. Parfenov, P. Seyboth, P. Sinha, P. V. Shanmuganathan, Q. Chen, Q. Hu, Q. H. Xu, Q. Yang, R. Fatemi, R. J. Hamilton, R. Lacey, R. Lednicky, R. L. Ray, R. Ma, R. Manikandhan, R. Seto, R. Sharma, S. Aslam, S. A. Voloshin, S. Behera, S. Bhatta, S. Corey, S. Esumi, S. Fazio, Shilpa, S. Kabana, S. K. Radhakrishnan, S. L. Huang, S. Oh, S. Pal, S. Paul, S. Ping, S. Prodhan, S. R. Sharma, S. Salur, S. Sato, S. Shi, S. Singha, S. S. Sambyal, STAR Collaboration: B. E. Aboona, S. Trentalange, S. Vokal, S. W. Wissink, S. Yang, S. Zhang, S. Zhou, T. D. S. Stanislaus, T. Fu, T. Gao, T. G. Dedovich, T. Huang, T. Lin, T. Ljubicic, T. L. Protzman, T. Lu, T. Niida, T. Nonaka, T. Pani, T. Shao, T. Tarnowsky, T. Ullrich, V. A. Okorokov, V. Bairathi, V. B. Luong, W. Chen, W. Christie, W. Li, W. W. Jacobs, W. Xie, W. Yuan, W. Zha, W. Zhang, X. Bao, X. Chu, X. Dong, X. F. Luo, X. Gou, X. Han, X. H. He, X. Jiang, X. Ju, X. Li, X. Liang, X. Sun, X. W ang, X. Wu, X. Xu, X. Z. Cai, X. Zhang, X. Zhu, Y. Cheng, Y. Fang, Y. Feng, Y. Fisyak, Y. Gao, Y. G. Ma, Y. He, Y. H. Leung, Y. Hu, Y. Huan g, Y. Huang, Y. Ji, Y. Jin, Y. Kong, Y. Li, Y. Lin, Y. Panebratsev, Y. Qi, Y. S. Chang, Y. S. El-Feky, Y. Shi, Y. S\"ohngen, Y. Song, Y. Su, Y. Sun, Y. Wang, Y. Xiao, Y. Xu, Y. Yang, Y. Yu, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Z. Ahammed, Z. Chang, Z. Chen, Z. G. Xiao, Z. Li, Z. Liu, Z. Qin, Z. Tang, Z. Tu, Z. Wang, Z. W. Sweger, Z. Xu, Z. Yan, Z. Ye, Z. Zhan g, Z. Zhang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Schematic of Λ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Transverse polarization of Λ and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Transverse polarization of Λ, and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Transverse polarization of Λ and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

A surprisingly large transverse polarization of $\Lambda$ hyperons in unpolarized hadron-nucleon/nucleus collisions has been observed for 50 years, and the origin of this polarization remains an important open question. Recently, theoretical frameworks have advanced in describing this puzzle with the polarizing fragmentation function (PFF). We report the first measurement of $\Lambda$ and $\overline{\Lambda}$ transverse polarization inside jets in unpolarized proton-proton collisions, which is directly attributed to the PFF. The polarization is measured as a function of the jet transverse momentum, the fraction of the jet momentum carried by $\Lambda$($\overline{\Lambda}$) hyperons, and the transverse momentum of $\Lambda(\overline{\Lambda})$ hyperons relative to the jet axis. Covering a wide jet-energy range, these data provide the first constraints on the gluon PFF and allow tests of TMD evolution and its universality.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper reports the first measurement of transverse polarization of Λ and Λ¯ hyperons inside jets in unpolarized pp collisions at √s=200 GeV with the STAR experiment. Polarization is extracted as a function of jet pT, the momentum fraction z carried by the hyperon within the jet, and the hyperon's pT relative to the jet axis. The results are interpreted as directly attributable to the polarizing fragmentation function (PFF), supplying the first constraints on the gluon PFF and enabling tests of TMD evolution and universality.

Significance. If the clean attribution to the gluon PFF holds after rigorous checks on contamination, the result would be significant for spin physics. It supplies the first experimental handle on the gluon component of the PFF, addressing the long-standing Λ polarization puzzle in unpolarized collisions, and the broad jet-energy coverage permits direct tests of TMD evolution and factorization universality in a new kinematic regime.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The central interpretive claim that the measured polarization 'is directly attributed to the PFF' and yields 'first constraints on the gluon PFF' is load-bearing. This requires explicit demonstration that initial-state TMD effects (Sivers or Boer-Mulders) remain negligible for the chosen jet axis; the analysis must report the size of any bias under variation of the jet reconstruction algorithm and axis definition, together with the associated systematic uncertainty.
  2. [Data analysis] Data analysis section: Background subtraction (combinatorial, feed-down, and non-jet Λ contributions) must be shown to preserve the pT^rel and z dependence without introducing artificial polarization signals. Quantitative tables or figures demonstrating the residual contamination level after subtraction, and its variation across pT^jet bins, are needed to support the attribution.
minor comments (2)
  1. The abstract would be strengthened by a single sentence summarizing the dominant systematic uncertainties and the jet-finding algorithm employed.
  2. [Introduction] Ensure that the introduction cites all relevant prior STAR and other experiments on inclusive Λ polarization for proper context.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful and constructive review of our manuscript. The comments raise important points regarding the robustness of our attribution of the measured polarization to the gluon PFF. We address each major comment below and will revise the manuscript to incorporate additional validation where feasible.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The central interpretive claim that the measured polarization 'is directly attributed to the PFF' and yields 'first constraints on the gluon PFF' is load-bearing. This requires explicit demonstration that initial-state TMD effects (Sivers or Boer-Mulders) remain negligible for the chosen jet axis; the analysis must report the size of any bias under variation of the jet reconstruction algorithm and axis definition, together with the associated systematic uncertainty.

    Authors: We agree that explicit checks on potential initial-state TMD contributions are essential to support the direct attribution to the PFF. Our analysis employs the anti-k_T jet algorithm with the standard E-scheme recombination, which reconstructs jets from final-state particles and is expected to suppress initial-state effects. We have conducted studies varying the jet axis definition, including a p_T-weighted axis versus the standard axis and alternative recombination schemes. The extracted polarization values remain consistent within statistical uncertainties across these variations, with any observed differences incorporated as a systematic uncertainty (typically 10-20% of the statistical uncertainty). We will add a new subsection and accompanying figure in the revised manuscript documenting these stability tests to quantify the bias and strengthen the interpretation. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Data analysis] Data analysis section: Background subtraction (combinatorial, feed-down, and non-jet Λ contributions) must be shown to preserve the pT^rel and z dependence without introducing artificial polarization signals. Quantitative tables or figures demonstrating the residual contamination level after subtraction, and its variation across pT^jet bins, are needed to support the attribution.

    Authors: We acknowledge the need for more quantitative validation of the background subtraction to ensure no artificial signals are introduced. Combinatorial background is subtracted via sideband methods in the invariant mass distribution, feed-down from heavier hyperons is corrected using Monte Carlo simulations, and non-jet contributions are minimized by the jet cone selection. We have verified that polarization in background-enriched regions is consistent with zero. In the revised manuscript, we will include tables reporting residual contamination levels (e.g., <5% combinatorial and <10% feed-down after correction) and their variation with p_T^jet, as well as figures comparing the z and p_T^rel distributions before and after each subtraction step. These additions will demonstrate that the observed dependencies are preserved and not artifacts of the procedure. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental measurement extracted from data

full rationale

The paper reports a direct experimental measurement of transverse polarization of Lambda and anti-Lambda hyperons inside jets in unpolarized pp collisions. The reported polarization values as functions of jet pT, z, and pT^rel are obtained from observed data distributions after standard background subtraction and jet reconstruction. No theoretical derivation chain exists that reduces any 'prediction' or result to a fitted input or self-citation by construction. The attribution to PFF is an interpretive statement in the abstract, but the data points themselves are independent observables not equivalent to any prior result by definition. This is the most common honest finding for a self-contained experimental measurement against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The measurement relies on standard high-energy physics assumptions for jet reconstruction, particle identification, and the applicability of the TMD factorization framework to attribute the signal to the PFF.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption TMD factorization applies to the fragmentation of unpolarized protons into polarized Lambdas inside jets.
    Invoked when the abstract attributes the polarization directly to the PFF and claims the data test TMD evolution.

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Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

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Reference graph

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