Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development | Paper Citation Record

Observation e9a1a26d-bfa4-489f-86ab-cd3230732550 · outbound

This paper cites Surgical tool classification in laparoscopic videos using convolutional neural network.Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering, 4(1):407–410, 2018.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Surgical tool classification in laparoscopic videos using convolutional neural network.Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering, 4(1):407–410, 2018

Reference 1

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Observation 58bc5514-bdab-49ce-969f-420d6b0aabe3 · outbound

This paper cites Wavemamba: Spatial-spectral wavelet mamba for hyperspectral image classification.IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Wavemamba: Spatial-spectral wavelet mamba for hyperspectral image classification.IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2024

Reference 2

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Observation 087ba4de-eca0-4448-b2db-fa6800867737 · outbound

This paper cites The sages critical view of safety challenge: A global benchmark for ai-assisted surgical quality assessment.arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.17100, 2025.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development The sages critical view of safety challenge: A global benchmark for ai-assisted surgical quality assessment.arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.17100, 2025

Reference 3

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Observation 0769d4a9-3f77-4b56-84d7-5afe629f1c10 · outbound

This paper cites Aggregating long-term context for learning laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgical workflows, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Aggregating long-term context for learning laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgical workflows, 2021

Reference 4

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Observation 51241ead-1571-4725-89d6-8d0d8d859d9a · outbound

This paper cites Bias in radiology artificial intelligence: causes, evaluation and mitigation, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Bias in radiology artificial intelligence: causes, evaluation and mitigation, 2024

Reference 5

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Observation 3dd2ce70-afa0-4d67-946c-2ec849d431ba · outbound

This paper cites Placental vessel segmentation and registration in fetoscopy: literature review and miccai fetreg2021 challenge findings.Medical Image Analysis, 92: 103066, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Placental vessel segmentation and registration in fetoscopy: literature review and miccai fetreg2021 challenge findings.Medical Image Analysis, 92: 103066, 2024

Reference 6

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Observation ddd430d4-5106-4846-9d59-4b28bd0b8f36 · outbound

This paper cites Impact of data on generalization of ai for surgical intelligence applications.Scientific reports, 10(1):22208, 2020.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Impact of data on generalization of ai for surgical intelligence applications.Scientific reports, 10(1):22208, 2020

Reference 7

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Observation 399b661e-ecfe-4dc2-ae38-1c8d222d92ef · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

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Observation 0dcb3309-8201-4412-a5e0-bd1057a6d042 · outbound

This paper cites A probabilistic approach to surgical tasks and skill metrics.IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 69(7):2212–2219, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development A probabilistic approach to surgical tasks and skill metrics.IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 69(7):2212–2219, 2021

Reference 9

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Observation 5ccf73a9-8fef-4eb5-b57b-a936ed9417c3 · outbound

This paper cites Improving temporal stability and accuracy for endoscopic video tissue classification using recurrent neural networks.Sensors, 20(15):4133, 2020.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Improving temporal stability and accuracy for endoscopic video tissue classification using recurrent neural networks.Sensors, 20(15):4133, 2020

Reference 10

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Observation ed767d32-291b-4c6d-881f-96f7ba4adc45 · outbound

This paper cites Frame-by-frame analysis of a commercially available artificial intelligence polyp detection system in full-length colonoscopies.Digestion, 103(5):378–385, 2022.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Frame-by-frame analysis of a commercially available artificial intelligence polyp detection system in full-length colonoscopies.Digestion, 103(5):378–385, 2022

Reference 11

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Observation fa5f5262-7657-4d7b-b7a8-4a398720aaf8 · outbound

This paper cites Delphi process: a methodology used for the elicitation of opinions of experts.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Delphi process: a methodology used for the elicitation of opinions of experts

Reference 12

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Observation 3028aebf-11d3-46d5-8706-c980c279916d · outbound

This paper cites Finding spurious correlations with function-semantic contrast analysis, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Finding spurious correlations with function-semantic contrast analysis, 2023

Reference 13

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Observation 2d21cccf-2710-457a-a6aa-ec870f015bf4 · outbound

This paper cites Artificial intelligence for surgical scene understanding: A systematic review and reporting quality meta-analysis.medRxiv, pages 2025–07, 2025.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Artificial intelligence for surgical scene understanding: A systematic review and reporting quality meta-analysis.medRxiv, pages 2025–07, 2025

Reference 14

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Observation 4edd839d-ecf9-412b-bada-797444a0e43e · outbound

This paper cites Surgt challenge: Benchmark of soft-tissue trackers for robotic surgery.Medical image analysis, 91:102985, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Surgt challenge: Benchmark of soft-tissue trackers for robotic surgery.Medical image analysis, 91:102985, 2024

Reference 15

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Observation 882a9b23-9bba-41aa-8b23-8a13f23efa95 · outbound

This paper cites Causality matters in medical imaging.Nature Communications, 11(1): 3673, 2020.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Causality matters in medical imaging.Nature Communications, 11(1): 3673, 2020

Reference 16

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Observation 102bf4f0-0ebd-41ae-9fa7-657c8ad51fc4 · outbound

This paper cites Automatic tissue segmentation of hyperspectral images in liver and head neck surgeries using machine learning.Artificial Intelligence Surgery, 1(1):22–37, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Automatic tissue segmentation of hyperspectral images in liver and head neck surgeries using machine learning.Artificial Intelligence Surgery, 1(1):22–37, 2021

Reference 17

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Observation 63643a18-f37e-41f4-a782-94a9f97cc4ef · outbound

This paper cites Why deep surgical models fail?: Revisiting surgical action triplet recognition through the lens of robustness, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Why deep surgical models fail?: Revisiting surgical action triplet recognition through the lens of robustness, 2023

Reference 18

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Observation 70c71c70-892c-4e84-976b-548e058bed1f · outbound

This paper cites Same data, opposite results?: A call to improve surgical database research.JAMA surgery, 156(3):219–220, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Same data, opposite results?: A call to improve surgical database research.JAMA surgery, 156(3):219–220, 2021

Reference 19

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Observation 20384e01-94aa-401a-9543-efa648ebf1de · outbound

This paper cites Confidence intervals uncovered: Are we ready for real-world medical imaging ai?, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Confidence intervals uncovered: Are we ready for real-world medical imaging ai?, 2024

Reference 20

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Observation 471f32f1-f2f3-4ef0-ae6a-c06ac6fa8577 · outbound

This paper cites False promises in medical imaging ai? assessing validity of outperformance claims, 2025.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development False promises in medical imaging ai? assessing validity of outperformance claims, 2025

Reference 21

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Observation 0b913caf-c409-45b0-9332-152efa4a9ae7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

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Observation 54adcbb4-220d-4a77-9d7f-5bc8ebcabc28 · outbound

This paper cites Opera: Attention-regularized transformers for surgical phase recognition, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Opera: Attention-regularized transformers for surgical phase recognition, 2021

Reference 23

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Observation 7e581166-9479-4925-985d-dff113676630 · outbound

This paper cites PhD thesis, Technische Universität München, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development PhD thesis, Technische Universität München, 2023

Reference 24

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Observation aad7e74f-0c90-46ba-9615-7406a96bfa95 · outbound

This paper cites Detecting Spurious Correlations via Robust Visual Concepts in Real and AI-Generated Image Classification.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Detecting Spurious Correlations via Robust Visual Concepts in Real and AI-Generated Image Classification

Reference 25

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Observation 251ad6b1-73e8-40e5-bb1f-6b4b66daad84 · outbound

This paper cites Deep learning in surgical workflow analysis: a review of phase and step recognition.IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 27(11):5405–5417, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Deep learning in surgical workflow analysis: a review of phase and step recognition.IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 27(11):5405–5417, 2023

Reference 26

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Observation 48c35f43-47dc-43b6-954b-017e1d2f62f2 · outbound

This paper cites Automatic data-driven real-time segmentation and recognition of surgical workflow.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery, 11(6):1081–1089, 2016.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Automatic data-driven real-time segmentation and recognition of surgical workflow.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery, 11(6):1081–1089, 2016

Reference 27

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Observation 62c58438-f3bb-489e-ab85-f95c3d9eae10 · outbound

This paper cites Carts: Causality-driven robot tool segmentation from vision and kinematics data, 2022.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Carts: Causality-driven robot tool segmentation from vision and kinematics data, 2022

Reference 28

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Observation 80b68905-4808-4ee3-b073-960b51f24cb1 · outbound

This paper cites Chapman and Hall/CRC, 1994.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Chapman and Hall/CRC, 1994

Reference 29

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Observation 30e6645a-8669-42e9-80b4-b1cc38934e50 · outbound

This paper cites Improving surgical training phantoms by hyperrealism: deep unpaired image-to-image translation from real surgeries, 2018.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Improving surgical training phantoms by hyperrealism: deep unpaired image-to-image translation from real surgeries, 2018

Reference 30

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Observation 132f2ebb-ce88-40fb-8a86-6f8364500528 · outbound

This paper cites Video-based surgical skill assessment using 3d convolutional neural networks.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery, 14(7):1217–1225, 2019.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Video-based surgical skill assessment using 3d convolutional neural networks.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery, 14(7):1217–1225, 2019

Reference 31

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Observation 6ed6418f-0c7e-4f9b-abc3-7b7012c5e0ba · outbound

This paper cites Metrics Matter in Surgical Phase Recognition.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Metrics Matter in Surgical Phase Recognition

Reference 32

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Observation fb73aa76-c4b8-4e3b-ab73-5840b27c8d1b · outbound

This paper cites Trans-svnet: Accurate phase recognition from surgical videos via hybrid embedding aggregation transformer, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Trans-svnet: Accurate phase recognition from surgical videos via hybrid embedding aggregation transformer, 2021

Reference 33

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Observation bb603995-7672-4178-8e9d-0d6ef612695b · outbound

This paper cites Shortcut learning in deep neural networks.Nature Machine Intelligence, 2(11):665–673, 2020.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Shortcut learning in deep neural networks.Nature Machine Intelligence, 2(11):665–673, 2020

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Observation 1e913c79-9f38-4911-b74d-7271afbb5014 · outbound

This paper cites Cataract-1K: Cataract Surgery Dataset for Scene Segmentation, Phase Recognition, and Irregularity Detection.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Cataract-1K: Cataract Surgery Dataset for Scene Segmentation, Phase Recognition, and Irregularity Detection

Reference 35

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Observation 872fdf1d-d8d7-4cbe-af74-7ff89015b6f7 · outbound

This paper cites Jäger, and Lena Maier-Hein.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Jäger, and Lena Maier-Hein

Reference 36

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Observation 922faf19-d258-4e0d-b19f-cff3f180afe1 · outbound

This paper cites Act-net: Anchor- context action detection in surgery videos, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Act-net: Anchor- context action detection in surgery videos, 2023

Reference 37

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Observation 62dac795-7e86-4c66-ab0b-077f62b22887 · outbound

This paper cites Computer vision analysis of intraoperative video: automated recognition of operative steps in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.Annals of surgery, 270(3):414–421, 2019.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Computer vision analysis of intraoperative video: automated recognition of operative steps in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.Annals of surgery, 270(3):414–421, 2019

Reference 38

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Observation 1db490c0-7cbd-4f29-9462-c84d3acf5731 · outbound

This paper cites A foundation for evaluating the surgical artificial intelligence literature.European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 50(12):108014, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development A foundation for evaluating the surgical artificial intelligence literature.European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 50(12):108014, 2024

Reference 39

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Observation 166f587d-3059-4d9d-95a8-17452c54c1a5 · outbound

This paper cites An empirical study on activity recognition in long surgical videos, 2022.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development An empirical study on activity recognition in long surgical videos, 2022

Reference 40

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Observation 884eaeb5-f979-421f-865d-0f07df95c416 · outbound

This paper cites Next-generation surgical navigation: Marker-less multi-view 6dof pose estimation of surgical instruments.Medical Image Analysis, page 103613, 2025.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Next-generation surgical navigation: Marker-less multi-view 6dof pose estimation of surgical instruments.Medical Image Analysis, page 103613, 2025

Reference 41

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Observation 1392ec2c-fa61-4c02-87f3-0cd80209ec13 · outbound

This paper cites CholecSeg8k: A Semantic Segmentation Dataset for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Based on Cholec80.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development CholecSeg8k: A Semantic Segmentation Dataset for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Based on Cholec80

Reference 42

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Observation 6460cf5b-6742-42ef-97f6-6bbede4c8941 · outbound

This paper cites Peg transfer workflow recognition challenge report: Do multimodal data improve recognition?Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 236:107561, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Peg transfer workflow recognition challenge report: Do multimodal data improve recognition?Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 236:107561, 2023

Reference 43

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Observation be421bf9-e16c-45d1-b03d-9e5bdb0d567e · outbound

This paper cites Global versus local kinematic skills assessment on robotic-assisted hysterectomies.IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Global versus local kinematic skills assessment on robotic-assisted hysterectomies.IEEE Transactions on Medical Robotics and Bionics, 2024

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Observation 761ee977-d871-4828-a734-7b08a1cbd2a4 · outbound

This paper cites Experts vs super-experts: differences in automated performance metrics and clinical outcomes for robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.BJU international, 123(5):861–868, 2019.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Experts vs super-experts: differences in automated performance metrics and clinical outcomes for robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.BJU international, 123(5):861–868, 2019

Reference 45

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Observation c19fd044-c8ad-4aea-bbe6-87221c15dda0 · outbound

This paper cites Risk factors for bad splits during sagittal split ramus osteotomy: a retrospective study of 964 cases.British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 59(6):678–682, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Risk factors for bad splits during sagittal split ramus osteotomy: a retrospective study of 964 cases.British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 59(6):678–682, 2021

Reference 46

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Observation 115e873d-c41a-4d5f-8351-506c2268d716 · outbound

This paper cites Sv-rcnet: workflow recognition from surgical videos using recurrent convolutional network.IEEE transactions on medical imaging, 37(5): 1114–1126, 2017.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Sv-rcnet: workflow recognition from surgical videos using recurrent convolutional network.IEEE transactions on medical imaging, 37(5): 1114–1126, 2017

Reference 47

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Observation 5e4c5fd5-0b2f-4b2a-8b62-0f3ce2f070d5 · outbound

This paper cites Temporal memory relation network for workflow recognition from surgical video.IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 40(7):1911–1923, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Temporal memory relation network for workflow recognition from surgical video.IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 40(7):1911–1923, 2021

Reference 48

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Observation a5e2e9c1-acc6-48be-ae7d-a146843b57de · outbound

This paper cites Quality over quantity? the role of data quality and uncertainty for ai in surgery.Global Surgical Education-Journal of the Association for Surgical Education, 3(1):79, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Quality over quantity? the role of data quality and uncertainty for ai in surgery.Global Surgical Education-Journal of the Association for Surgical Education, 3(1):79, 2024

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Observation e17d623c-6774-4cbd-aba4-49512558dfb2 · outbound

This paper cites Inter-observer variability of manual contour delineation of structures in ct.European radiology, 29(3):1391–1399, 2019.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Inter-observer variability of manual contour delineation of structures in ct.European radiology, 29(3):1391–1399, 2019

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Observation d18f6a52-52db-4cbf-87b1-3b775f3cb129 · outbound

This paper cites State-of-the-art of situation recognition systems for intraoperative procedures.Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 60(4):921–939, 2022.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development State-of-the-art of situation recognition systems for intraoperative procedures.Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 60(4):921–939, 2022

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Observation 2d8029d3-e14a-4cb7-b013-7e92b74cf08a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Unresolved cited work

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Observation 37e6c220-9bc0-4ef4-b1a8-4182e7d50da4 · outbound

This paper cites Federated cycling (fedcy): Semi-supervised federated learning of surgical phases.IEEE transactions on medical imaging, 42(7):1920–1931, 2022.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Federated cycling (fedcy): Semi-supervised federated learning of surgical phases.IEEE transactions on medical imaging, 42(7):1920–1931, 2022

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Observation e384a0dc-6f08-40a0-9c87-08229b4c46c6 · outbound

This paper cites A new measure of rank correlation.Biometrika, 30(1-2):81–93, 1938.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development A new measure of rank correlation.Biometrika, 30(1-2):81–93, 1938

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Observation 459eb06d-d829-4916-ba63-ea88e91b3cb3 · outbound

This paper cites Artificial intelligence assisted operative anatomy recognition in endoscopic pituitary surgery.NPJ Digital Medicine, 7(1):314, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Artificial intelligence assisted operative anatomy recognition in endoscopic pituitary surgery.NPJ Digital Medicine, 7(1):314, 2024

Reference 55

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:24.652471Z

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Observation a76f6504-82c3-4948-bbd0-0d1a5bf3b4f7 · outbound

This paper cites Physical imaging parameter variation drives domain shift.Scientific Reports, 12(1):21302, 2022.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Physical imaging parameter variation drives domain shift.Scientific Reports, 12(1):21302, 2022

Reference 56

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:24.800154Z

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Observation 9122a5df-90d0-450c-b4e7-0cd4b2049356 · outbound

This paper cites Pelphix: Surgical phase recognition from x-ray images in percutaneous pelvic fixation, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Pelphix: Surgical phase recognition from x-ray images in percutaneous pelvic fixation, 2023

Reference 57

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:24.965517Z

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Observation 8e84272a-91b7-40cd-a3e7-cd780513ab1e · outbound

This paper cites Surgical phase recognition: From public datasets to real-world data.Applied Sciences, 12(17):8746, 2022.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Surgical phase recognition: From public datasets to real-world data.Applied Sciences, 12(17):8746, 2022

Reference 58

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.093203Z

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Observation c5b7b707-9486-4f72-a978-ca0010ccc842 · outbound

This paper cites A vision transformer for decoding surgeon activity from surgical videos.Nature biomedical engineering, 7(6):780–796, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development A vision transformer for decoding surgeon activity from surgical videos.Nature biomedical engineering, 7(6):780–796, 2023

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.247937Z

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Observation d2d63621-7d87-48ab-9155-dfc8822a27b5 · outbound

This paper cites Susceptibility to Image Resolution in Face Recognition and Trainings Strategies.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Susceptibility to Image Resolution in Face Recognition and Trainings Strategies

Reference 60

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.343273Z

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Observation b2c5f749-0f1d-463e-95c4-827a604114d2 · outbound

This paper cites Adherence to the checklist for artificial intelligence in medical imaging (claim): an umbrella review with a comprehensive two-level analysis.Diagn Interv Radiol, 2025.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Adherence to the checklist for artificial intelligence in medical imaging (claim): an umbrella review with a comprehensive two-level analysis.Diagn Interv Radiol, 2025

Reference 61

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.345929Z

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Observation e0308f6f-82b7-4fcf-a2a6-4d1efa0606c5 · outbound

This paper cites Distribution shift detection for the postmarket surveillance of medical ai algorithms: a retrospective simulation study.NPJ Digital Medicine, 7(1):120, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Distribution shift detection for the postmarket surveillance of medical ai algorithms: a retrospective simulation study.NPJ Digital Medicine, 7(1):120, 2024

Reference 62

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.348524Z

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Observation c64b725e-20d5-4542-b871-cc6445a1ee63 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Unresolved cited work

Reference 63

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.350670Z

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Observation a6ca0b98-bbb1-4b00-846b-ea636c2dc3b1 · outbound

This paper cites Anatomy segmentation in laparoscopic surgery: comparison of machine learning and human expertise–an experimental study.International Journal of Surgery, 109 (10):2962–2974, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Anatomy segmentation in laparoscopic surgery: comparison of machine learning and human expertise–an experimental study.International Journal of Surgery, 109 (10):2962–2974, 2023

Reference 64

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.352705Z

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Observation f77e8be4-c709-4757-9b24-225a5cad7715 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Unresolved cited work

Reference 65

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.354855Z

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Observation c87d47e7-a363-4381-9f87-2710c1710a04 · outbound

This paper cites Strategies to improve real-world applicability of laparoscopic anatomy segmentation models, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Strategies to improve real-world applicability of laparoscopic anatomy segmentation models, 2024

Reference 66

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.357044Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 9b88a692-ab2a-4797-aca6-994cb2c942ca · outbound

This paper cites Appendix300: A multi-institutional laparoscopic appendectomy video dataset for computational modeling tasks.medRxiv, pages 2025–09, 2025.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Appendix300: A multi-institutional laparoscopic appendectomy video dataset for computational modeling tasks.medRxiv, pages 2025–09, 2025

Reference 67

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.359592Z

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Observation af68f292-7957-4639-9aff-42d0f1946fd5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Unresolved cited work

Reference 68

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.361997Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation d7437706-2f0e-48c6-8a55-e40e11dd39e2 · outbound

This paper cites Robust consistent video depth estimation, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Robust consistent video depth estimation, 2021

Reference 69

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.364466Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 7eebe060-b39f-4a47-85fd-64579ca8c45b · outbound

This paper cites Surgical phase and instrument recognition: how to identify appropriate dataset splits.International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 19(4):699–711, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Surgical phase and instrument recognition: how to identify appropriate dataset splits.International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 19(4):699–711, 2024

Reference 70

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.367041Z

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Observation b7c1b750-b94f-4fdc-b725-11670b8cdd54 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Unresolved cited work

Reference 71

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.369267Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation f3f3fec7-7535-400f-a7a9-998e6ed3a4b2 · outbound

This paper cites Artificial intelligence in surgery: evolution, trends, and future directions.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Artificial intelligence in surgery: evolution, trends, and future directions

Reference 72

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.371490Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 246f219c-33c6-46e9-a915-68112b4de7bb · outbound

This paper cites Skit: a fast key information video transformer for online surgical phase recognition, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Skit: a fast key information video transformer for online surgical phase recognition, 2023

Reference 73

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.373819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3d3e734c-945e-45e4-bd84-458600b7543c · outbound

This paper cites Artificial intelligence–enabled decision support in surgery: state-of-the-art and future directions.Annals of Surgery, 278(1):51–58, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Artificial intelligence–enabled decision support in surgery: state-of-the-art and future directions.Annals of Surgery, 278(1):51–58, 2023

Reference 74

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.376504Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8f26c906-852e-4e2e-826c-78bc04147185 · outbound

This paper cites Impact of quality, type and volume of data used by deep learning models in the analysis of medical images.Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 29:100911, 2022.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Impact of quality, type and volume of data used by deep learning models in the analysis of medical images.Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 29:100911, 2022

Reference 75

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.378937Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation dc2e7f5b-3e33-4ff8-9386-6009717d8a35 · outbound

This paper cites Hota: A higher order metric for evaluating multi-object tracking.International journal of computer vision, 129(2): 548–578, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Hota: A higher order metric for evaluating multi-object tracking.International journal of computer vision, 129(2): 548–578, 2021

Reference 76

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.381632Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 80929f50-b67d-4a74-b3ce-ae6c861dc27b · outbound

This paper cites Artificial intelligence for intra- operative guidance: using semantic segmentation to identify surgical anatomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Artificial intelligence for intra- operative guidance: using semantic segmentation to identify surgical anatomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Reference 77

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.383925Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 893d01a1-ca3a-4cdf-aeb4-9ce2b49c4c13 · outbound

This paper cites Detecting spurious correlations with sanity tests for artificial intelligence guided radiology systems.Frontiers in digital health, 3:671015, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Detecting spurious correlations with sanity tests for artificial intelligence guided radiology systems.Frontiers in digital health, 3:671015, 2021

Reference 78

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.386733Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b0ad208a-5591-4a2e-9cc9-e8a8e521b641 · outbound

This paper cites Surgical data science for next-generation interventions.Nature Biomedical Engineering, 1(9):691–696, 2017.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Surgical data science for next-generation interventions.Nature Biomedical Engineering, 1(9):691–696, 2017

Reference 79

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.389353Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 67de8642-9e8a-4e9b-852f-853e4a643809 · outbound

This paper cites Heidelberg colorectal data set for surgical data science in the sensor operating room.Scientific data, 8(1):101, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Heidelberg colorectal data set for surgical data science in the sensor operating room.Scientific data, 8(1):101, 2021

Reference 80

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.391683Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 865d2f83-a13f-4de5-9a33-a99e9d605dc2 · outbound

This paper cites Metrics reloaded: recommendations for image analysis validation.Nature methods, 21(2):195–212, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Metrics reloaded: recommendations for image analysis validation.Nature methods, 21(2):195–212, 2024

Reference 81

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.393712Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 3d50dfa8-06f0-4f6b-9da6-6a95efb1a537 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Unresolved cited work

Reference 82

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.395946Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 801bd23c-d565-48be-b969-987b778efccb · outbound

This paper cites m2caiSeg: Semantic Segmentation of Laparoscopic Images using Convolutional Neural Networks.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development m2caiSeg: Semantic Segmentation of Laparoscopic Images using Convolutional Neural Networks

Reference 83

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.398363Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 3106de40-f98b-46ee-abe9-e821b3d4baa0 · outbound

This paper cites Appraising the quality of development and reporting in surgical prediction models.JAMA surgery, 158(2):214–216, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Appraising the quality of development and reporting in surgical prediction models.JAMA surgery, 158(2):214–216, 2023

Reference 84

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.400985Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 3daf279a-ff5a-4a7a-a187-50dd9d80355b · outbound

This paper cites Multicentric validation of endodigest: a computer vision platform for video documentation of the critical view of safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Multicentric validation of endodigest: a computer vision platform for video documentation of the critical view of safety in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Reference 85

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.403194Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation af9f66b8-1562-47e2-a081-2d5155119668 · outbound

This paper cites The Endoscapes Dataset for Surgical Scene Segmentation, Object Detection, and Critical View of Safety Assessment: Official Splits and Benchmark.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development The Endoscapes Dataset for Surgical Scene Segmentation, Object Detection, and Critical View of Safety Assessment: Official Splits and Benchmark

Reference 86

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.405382Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c2f24477-e8a9-425a-8b98-95337d6e4873 · outbound

This paper cites Delphi methodology in healthcare research: how to decide its appropri- ateness.World journal of methodology, 11(4):116, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Delphi methodology in healthcare research: how to decide its appropri- ateness.World journal of methodology, 11(4):116, 2021

Reference 87

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.408152Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 76a4509e-f2fd-4069-9a45-b2204e2d740b · outbound

This paper cites Systematic review finds “spin” practices and poor reporting standards in studies on machine learning-based prediction models.Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 158:99–110, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Systematic review finds “spin” practices and poor reporting standards in studies on machine learning-based prediction models.Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 158:99–110, 2023

Reference 88

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.410839Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d413557e-dc1c-4706-bc0d-12bda248999e · outbound

This paper cites Data Splits and Metrics for Method Benchmarking on Surgical Action Triplet Datasets.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Data Splits and Metrics for Method Benchmarking on Surgical Action Triplet Datasets

Reference 89

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.413084Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7bc08eea-a995-4c10-9757-388ec53fc650 · outbound

This paper cites Surgitrack: Fine-grained multi-class multi-tool tracking in surgical videos.Medical Image Analysis, 101:103438, 2025.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Surgitrack: Fine-grained multi-class multi-tool tracking in surgical videos.Medical Image Analysis, 101:103438, 2025

Reference 90

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.415610Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9f5a3449-6ab0-4125-9f6a-7bd21c3b11b7 · outbound

This paper cites Cholectriplet2021: A benchmark challenge for surgical action triplet recognition.Medical Image Analysis, 86:102803, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Cholectriplet2021: A benchmark challenge for surgical action triplet recognition.Medical Image Analysis, 86:102803, 2023

Reference 91

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.417757Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 49fa842a-a205-4ac3-ab0c-af5bbae62cd6 · outbound

This paper cites CholecTrack20: A Multi-Perspective Tracking Dataset for Surgical Tools.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development CholecTrack20: A Multi-Perspective Tracking Dataset for Surgical Tools

Reference 92

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.420046Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4b33077a-df14-4e52-86d4-31336fab50be · outbound

This paper cites A systematic review of annotation for surgical process model analysis in minimally invasive surgery based on video.Surgical endoscopy, 37(6):4298–4314, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development A systematic review of annotation for surgical process model analysis in minimally invasive surgery based on video.Surgical endoscopy, 37(6):4298–4314, 2023

Reference 93

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.422531Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8a2a5f58-b520-4249-a2d9-4b89d716a0a4 · outbound

This paper cites A guide to annotation of neurosurgical intraoperative video for machine learning analysis and computer vision.World neurosurgery, 150:26–30, 2021.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development A guide to annotation of neurosurgical intraoperative video for machine learning analysis and computer vision.World neurosurgery, 150:26–30, 2021

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Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.425109Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b29f323f-0eb9-432e-8b04-53a2c260532b · outbound

This paper cites Cross-dataset adaptation for instrument classification in cataract surgery videos, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Cross-dataset adaptation for instrument classification in cataract surgery videos, 2023

Reference 95

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.427794Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 875fc44b-afc1-4ecc-a96a-e2e4a8ba7f89 · outbound

This paper cites Reducing annotating load: Active learning with synthetic images in surgical instrument segmentation.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Reducing annotating load: Active learning with synthetic images in surgical instrument segmentation

Reference 96

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.430163Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2833e54c-a658-404a-9cf1-5e5a389431ca · outbound

This paper cites Labelling instructions matter in biomedical image analysis.Nature Machine Intelligence, 5(3):273–283, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Labelling instructions matter in biomedical image analysis.Nature Machine Intelligence, 5(3):273–283, 2023

Reference 97

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.432865Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ea3e01fd-965a-436e-af66-27a11f76d598 · outbound

This paper cites Dissecting self-supervised learning methods for surgical computer vision.Medical Image Analysis, 88:102844, 2023.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Dissecting self-supervised learning methods for surgical computer vision.Medical Image Analysis, 88:102844, 2023

Reference 98

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.435404Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f05f5ae5-0ba6-47b5-9f29-741329cb1ce2 · outbound

This paper cites Common Limitations of Image Processing Metrics: A Picture Story.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Common Limitations of Image Processing Metrics: A Picture Story

Reference 99

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.437997Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 61d3a2f7-5764-481f-8400-7627004ec9ae · outbound

This paper cites Understanding metric-related pitfalls in image analysis validation.Nature methods, 21(2):182–194, 2024.

Current validation practice undermines surgical AI development Understanding metric-related pitfalls in image analysis validation.Nature methods, 21(2):182–194, 2024

Reference 100

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T23:55:25.440811Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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