Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces for Integrated Sensing and Communications: From System Coexistence to Networked Mutualism

Jie Xu; Qiaoyan Peng; Qingqing Wu; Rui Zhang; Wen Chen; Xiaodan Shao; Yang Liu; Yanze Zhu; Yapeng Zhao; Yifan Jiang

REVIEW 4 major objections 5 minor 1 cited by

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces for Integrated Sensing and Communications: From System Coexistence to Networked Mutualism

T0 review · 4 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-03 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read This survey argues that IRS-aided sensing and integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) can be organized into one coherent design space defined by three modes—coexistence, mutualism, and networked operation—and that this trichotomy gives

desk verdict Useful, comprehensive survey of IRS-aided sensing/ISAC; the 'unified framework' promise oversells a fuzzy taxonomy, but the map is still worth having. read the letter →

arxiv 2511.10990 v2 pith:BYMBOY4K submitted 2025-11-14 eess.SP

Qingqing Wu , Qiaoyan Peng , Ziheng Zhang , Xiaodan Shao , Yang Liu , Yifan Jiang , Yapeng Zhao , Yanze Zhu

show 5 more authors

Yilong Chen Zixiang Ren Jie Xu Wen Chen Rui Zhang

This is my paper

classification eess.SP

keywords intelligentreflectingsurfaceintegratedsensingandcommunicationwirelessbeamforming6GcoexistencemutualismnetworkedISACtargetlocalization

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper tries to establish that the scattered literature on intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) for wireless sensing and ISAC is not a pile of isolated results but a unified design landscape. It claims this landscape has a natural structure: systems either coexist (radar and communication share spectrum with managed interference), mutually assist each other (sensing informs communication or vice versa), or cooperate across a network of surfaces and base stations. If this organization holds, engineers can locate any proposed scheme within a common framework, compare it against neighbors, and see which open problems block practical deployment. The survey supports the claim by cataloguing IRS architectures, detection and estimation algorithms, beamforming designs, performance metrics, and representative results across the three modes.

What carries the argument

The organizing trichotomy (coexistence / mutualism / networked ISAC) is the load-bearing structure; it is what turns a literature review into a proposed design framework. Within that frame, the technical workhorse is the IRS architecture family: passive surfaces (reflecting only), semi-passive surfaces (with a few active sensors for direct echo reception), active surfaces (with amplification to overcome cascaded path loss), target-mounted surfaces (enhancing radar cross-section or enabling stealth/spoofing), and advanced variants such as beyond-diagonal, holographic, and STAR (transmit-and-reflect) surfaces. These architectures supply the controllable reflection and sensing capability that a

What would settle it

Find a concrete IRS-ISAC scheme that does not fit any of the three modes, or that straddles two of them without a clear primary classification—for example, a design where radar and communication share spectrum but also exchange information in real time to improve each other's performance, which would sit simultaneously in coexistence and mutualism. If such a scheme cannot be cleanly categorized, the taxonomy's usefulness as a design map is weakened.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that IRS-aided sensing and ISAC can be comprehensively organized into three paradigms: coexistence, where radar and communication functions are separate but share the same spectrum and hardware with IRS-managed interference; mutualism, where sensing and communication actively enhance each other, such as using sensed angles to steer communication beams or using communication signals to sense targets; and networked ISAC, where multiple IRSs and base stations cooperate for high-accuracy localization, tracking, and environment mapping. The paper argues that IRSs provide the pivotal mechanism—creating controllable virtual line-of-sight paths, boosting spatial resolution and s

Load-bearing premise

The entire framework rests on the assumption that the three categories—coexistence, mutualism, and networked ISAC—are exhaustive and mutually exclusive, yet the survey never formally defines them or shows that every possible IRS-ISAC scheme falls cleanly into exactly one; for instance, Section IV includes one-way assist schemes under the 'mutualism' heading, blurring the boundary with coexistence.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

If the trichotomy is accepted, researchers can classify any new IRS-ISAC scheme by its mode and focus effort on the mode's known bottlenecks, such as interference suppression in coexistence, reciprocity overhead in mutualism, and synchronization in networked designs.
The survey's catalog implies that passive IRS sensing is fundamentally limited by cascaded round-trip path loss, making semi-passive and active architectures necessary for practical 6G sensing; designs that ignore this trade-off are unlikely to scale.
Target-mounted IRS turns a passive reflector into a controllable tag, which suggests a new design axis: the target itself can participate in the sensing protocol, enabling secure sensing, stealth, and spoofing that classical radar models do not capture.
The networked paradigm implies that multiple distributed IRSs can act as low-cost anchor nodes, potentially replacing or augmenting base-station-dense deployments for sub-meter localization, with the survey citing sub-meter and centimeter-level accuracy results from cooperating surfaces.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The trichotomy's boundaries are likely more porous than presented: a single physical system could slide between coexistence and mutualism as channel conditions change, suggesting the framework is best used as a set of ideal-type lenses rather than a strict taxonomy.
The survey's emphasis on 'unified design' may foreshadow a formal information-theoretic or optimization-theoretic treatment that defines the trade-off frontier across modes; an editor would predict that future work will try to prove when mutualism strictly dominates coexistence in rate-versus-accuracy space.
A testable extension: if the networked paradigm is right, then adding a third or fourth cooperating IRS should continue improving localization accuracy at a predictable rate; readers could look for simulation results that show diminishing returns to gauge the paradigm's practical ceiling.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

The survey is a solid, genuinely comprehensive map of IRS-aided sensing and ISAC, and it is the first I have seen to organize the literature into coexistence, mutualism, and networked paradigms. That organization is useful even though the categories have fuzzy boundaries. The abstract's promise of a 'unified design framework' is the one claim I would push back on: the trichotomy is descriptive, not a formal framework.

What the paper does well: it covers a lot of ground—IRS architectures, sensing metrics, detection and estimation, beamforming, DFRC, and network-level designs. The tables are genuinely helpful for orientation, and the sections on target-mounted IRS and advanced IRS architectures (BD-IRS, active, holographic, STAR) are a nice addition. The survey also does a good job of identifying open problems, like 6D movable IRS, mobile target sensing, ISCAP, and near-field ISAC. For someone entering the field, this is a solid starting point.

The soft spots are real but not disqualifying. First, the taxonomy: Section IV lumps one-way sensing-aided communication and communication-aided sensing under 'mutualism,' which strictly requires bidirectional benefit. Section III includes DFRC under 'coexistence,' even though DFRC is an integrated design, not coexistence of independent systems. And Section V includes single-BS multi-IRS architectures under 'networked,' which stretches the network-level notion. The categories are never formally defined, so the 'unified design framework' is really just a convenient organizational scheme. Second, the quantitative highlights (e.g., 52.2%/73.5%/60.86% gains in [47], 62%→97% coverage in [12]) come from self-cited and arXiv-only preprints; they are illustrative, not independently verified. That is common in surveys, but the abstract could be more careful about the strength of these claims.

I do not see any misrepresentation of the cited work; the descriptions appear accurate, and the paper is honest about what is known and what is open. The self-citation density is high, but that is partly a reflection of the authors' genuine leadership in this subfield.

Who is this for? Graduate students and researchers looking for a structured entry point into IRS-ISAC. Not for someone seeking new results. It deserves a serious referee—it is comprehensive, well-cited, and useful. I would recommend asking the authors to define the taxonomy more precisely, soften the 'unified design framework' claim, and flag which quantitative claims rest on preprints or self-cited work. Even without those changes, I would bring it to a reading group and cite it.

Referee Report

4 major / 5 minor

Summary. This survey reviews IRS-aided wireless sensing and integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), organizing the literature into three paradigms: coexistence (Section III), mutualism (Section IV), and networked ISAC (Section V), with sensing fundamentals in Section II and future directions in Section VI. The paper claims to provide a comprehensive overview and a unified design framework for IRS-aided ISAC, supported by 218 references, numerous tables, and simulations reproduced from selected prior works.

Significance. If the organizing trichotomy were rigorously defined and consistently applied, the survey would provide a valuable structured map of a fast-growing field and a useful entry point for researchers. The paper covers a large and recent literature (many 2023–2025 references), includes comparative tables (Tables I–VI), and identifies plausible open problems. The strength of the survey, however, is also its main risk: the value proposition is the organizing framework, and the framework is asserted, not defined. The taxonomy has internal inconsistencies that materially weaken the promised 'unified design framework.' The survey also reports quantitative gains from a handful of references without critical qualification. With a reworked and explicitly defined taxonomy, the paper could serve as a useful reference; in its current form, the central claim is not fully supported.

major comments (4)

[Sections I.D, III, IV, V] The trichotomy coexistence/mutualism/networked is the load-bearing structure of the claimed 'unified design framework,' but the categories are never formally defined. Section IV is titled 'Mutualism' yet IV.A (Sensing-aided Communication) and IV.B (Communication-aided Sensing) describe one-way assistance; only IV.C (C&S Mutualism) requires bidirectional benefit. Section III.C places dual-functional radar-communications (DFRC), an integrated design, under 'Coexistence,' which by the paper's own description (Section III.B) means independently operated radar and communication systems. Section V.A includes multi-IRS systems with a single BS under 'Networked ISAC,' diluting the network-level notion. Without necessary-and-sufficient conditions for each category, the survey reads as a list of headings rather than a unified design framework.
[Table III and Table IV] Tables III and IV reinforce the taxonomy problem. Table III lists 'Sensing-aided Communication' schemes whose sensing stage is used for predictive beamforming or interference avoidance, and Table IV lists 'Communication-aided Sensing' schemes that repurpose pilots or communication signals for localization. These are one-way assistance mechanisms, not mutualism, yet both tables are placed in Section IV ('Mutualism'). The section's own definition of mutualism as 'communication and sensing (C&S) functions' mutually enhancing each other (Section IV introduction) is contradicted by the inclusion of SAC and CAS. This internal inconsistency undermines the paper's stated organizational principle.
[Section II.A.1 and Section V.B] Quantitative highlights are presented without sufficient qualification. Section II.A.1 states that the multifunctional IRS in [47] achieves 52.2%, 73.5%, and 60.86% sensing SINR gains over active IRS, passive IRS, and STAR-IRS, respectively; [47] is an arXiv-only preprint, and the survey gives no information about the simulation assumptions or whether these numbers have been independently verified. Similarly, Section V.B reports that IRS deployment increases joint coverage from 62% to 97% based on [12], again with no reproduction details. For a survey whose reliability rests on accurate representation, such numbers should be either verified, clearly attributed with their assumptions, or omitted.
[Section V.A] The 'Networked ISAC' section is not clearly distinguished from multi-IRS single-cell designs. Section V.A ('IRS-aided ISAC with One BS') includes works such as [177]–[181], [190]–[192] that are multi-IRS but single-BS; these are described as 'networked' by virtue of multiple IRSs, not by network-level cooperation among BSs. Meanwhile Section V.B covers multi-BS systems. The paper would be more coherent if the top-level distinction were defined by the number of cooperative infrastructure nodes (BSs/anchors) and the presence of inter-node coordination, rather than mixing single-BS multi-IRS and multi-BS systems under the same 'networked' umbrella.

minor comments (5)

[Section IV.B] Typo: 'The [165] considered the SLAC paradigm' should read 'The authors of [165] considered...'.
[Figure 11 caption] The text uses 'M total' and 'M horizontal' with italic/roman inconsistencies; use a consistent mathematical notation such as $M_{\rm total}$.
[Table VI heading] Typo in heading: 'Mutiple BSs' should be 'Multiple BSs'.
[Section III.B] The sentence ending 'These links are represented by the dashed lines..' has a double period.
[General] Several arXiv-only references (e.g., [50], [75], [92], [94], [156], [157]) are cited as if they are archival; the survey should flag such preprints in the reference list or in the text, especially where they carry quantitative claims.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: survey organizes literature rather than deriving results; self-citations are attributions, not load-bearing reductions.

full rationale

This is a survey paper, not a derivation. It does not fit parameters to data and then predict a closely related quantity; it does not define its organizing categories in terms of a target result; and it does not invoke a uniqueness theorem to force a choice. The central claim is to provide a 'comprehensive overview' and 'unified design framework' for IRS-aided sensing and ISAC (Abstract; Section I.D). That framework is an organizational taxonomy (coexistence / mutualism / networked ISAC), not a mathematical consequence. The paper's repeated self-citations, e.g., [21], [29], [44], [45], [47], [52], [131], [170], [195], attribute specific architectures and results to prior work by overlapping authors, but they are references to independently published, peer-reviewed studies rather than circular evidence for the survey's claims. Even the taxonomy's internal consistency, such as placing one-way SAC/CAS under 'mutualism' in Section IV, is a coherence or scope concern, not a reduction of an output to an input by construction. No equation in the paper is shown to equal another by definition, and no fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction. Thus no circular step can be exhibited. The appropriate finding is no significant circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

As a survey, the paper introduces no new free parameters or invented physical entities. The only 'new' elements are descriptive category labels (coexistence, mutualism, networked ISAC), which are organizational rather than formal axioms. The listed axioms are background assumptions borrowed from the cited literature.

assumptions (3)

domain assumption IRSs are modeled as phase-shifting surfaces with unit-modulus (or quantized) reflection coefficients.
The survey consistently summarizes works using this standard IRS model, e.g., Section II-A, without questioning its physical validity.
domain assumption Sensing performance is adequately captured by metrics such as SNR, CRB, detection probability, and MSE.
Sections II-B and II-C adopt these metrics as the ground truth for comparing architectures; alternative physical-layer models are not considered.
domain assumption The cited quantitative results are accurately reported from the primary sources.
The survey's value depends on faithful summarization of prior works, but no independent verification is provided for figures like the 52.2% SINR gain in [47].

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces for Integrated Sensing and Communications: From System Coexistence to Networked Mutualism." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/BYMBOY4K

@misc{pith2026251110990,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces for Integrated Sensing and Communications: From System Coexistence to Networked Mutualism},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/BYMBOY4K}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2511.10990}
}

read the original abstract

The rapid development of sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks requires seamless integration of communication and sensing to support ubiquitous intelligence and real-time, high-reliability applications. Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has emerged as a key solution for achieving this convergence, offering joint utilization of spectral, hardware, and computing resources. However, realizing high-performance ISAC remains challenging due to environmental line-of-sight (LoS) blockage, limited spatial resolution, and the inherent coverage asymmetry and resource coupling between sensing and communication. Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs), featuring low-cost, energy-efficient, and programmable electromagnetic reconfiguration, provide a promising solution to overcome these limitations. This article presents a comprehensive overview of IRS-aided wireless sensing and ISAC technologies, including IRS architectures, target detection and estimation techniques, beamforming designs, and performance metrics. It further explores IRS-enabled new opportunities for more efficient performance balancing, coexistence, and networking in ISAC systems, focuses on current design bottlenecks, and outlines future research directions. This article aims to offer a unified design framework that guides the development of practical and scalable IRS-aided ISAC systems for the next-generation wireless network.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2511.10990 by the authors.

**Figure 2.** RMSE versus transmit power. Furthermore, a multi-semi-passive IRS time division sensing framework was proposed in [50] to schedule each semi-passive IRS to operate during separate time slots, thereby preventing overlapping sensing intervals and mitigating cross-interference between different IRSs. However, coordinating signals and control across multiple IRSs adds system complexity, especially in heterogeneous netwo… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Target-mounted IRS for sensing. (a) Beyond-diagonal IRS sensing (b) Active IRS sensing Active source controller Region of imaging Obstacles Transmitter Receiver Holographic IRS (c) Holographic IRS-aided sensing Obstacles STAR-IRS Sensing receivers (d) STAR IRS-aided sensing AP Target Target Active reflecting element Sensors Amplifier [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (8 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Advanced IRS for sensing. to enhance the performance gain of IRS sensing, BD-IRS selfsensing (see [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png]

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: The MSE of BD-IRS sensing versus the number of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: IRS for radar-communication coexistence. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png]

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Communication SINR versus total radar transmit power [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_7.png]

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: IRS for dual-functional radar-communication. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_8.png]

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: Sum-rate versus transmit power in DFRC system. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_9.png]

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: Multiple IRSs for ISAC. time-varying reflection pattern of the IRS is designed based on the sensed user angle to simultaneously perform modulation and beamforming, effectively embedding communication symbols onto the reflected sensing waveform [129]. This integrates s…

**Figure 11.** Figure 11: RMSE versus total number of IRS horizontal reflecting [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_11.png]

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Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

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