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arxiv: 2511.22525 · v2 · submitted 2025-11-27 · 📡 eess.SP

Enabling Full-Duplex LEO Satellite Systems with Non-Reciprocal BD-RIS-Assisted Beamforming

Ziang Liu , Wonjae Shin , Bruno Clerckx This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-17 04:45 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 📡 eess.SP
keywords full-duplexLEO satellitenon-reciprocal BD-RISbeamformingsum-rate optimizationnon-terrestrial networksreconfigurable intelligent surfacetime-sharing scheduling
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The pith

Non-reciprocal components in BD-RIS break channel reciprocity on LEO satellites to enable simultaneous multi-beam full-duplex operation.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper proposes placing non-reciprocal beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces on LEO satellites to support in-band full-duplex transmission despite low-gain ground antennas and DL-UL imbalance. By adding non-reciprocal elements to the RIS impedance network, the surface reflects both downlink and uplink signals while supporting multiple independent beam directions at once. A time-sharing scheduling framework then optimizes weighted sum-rate across multiple users per slot. Numerical comparisons show the NR-BD-RIS delivers higher DL and UL rates than conventional BD-RIS or diagonal RIS while needing less frequent updates.

Core claim

Incorporating non-reciprocal components into the impedance network of a beyond-diagonal RIS breaks channel reciprocity, allowing the surface to simultaneously support multiple beam directions for downlink and uplink signals in a full-duplex LEO satellite equipped with multiple transmit and receive antennas; combined with a time-sharing scheduling framework that maximizes weighted sum-rate over the scheduling period, this yields superior sum-rate performance and reduced reconfiguration frequency compared with standard BD-RIS and diagonal RIS designs.

What carries the argument

Non-reciprocal beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (NR-BD-RIS) that incorporates non-reciprocal components into the impedance network to break channel reciprocity and support multiple independent beam directions.

If this is right

  • NR-BD-RIS achieves higher downlink and uplink sum rates than both BD-RIS and diagonal RIS under single-user and multi-user scenarios.
  • The NR-BD-RIS requires less frequent reconfiguration than conventional RIS types, improving practicality for LEO platforms.
  • The time-sharing framework enables wide coverage by simultaneously serving multiple downlink and uplink ground devices within each slot.
  • Flexible resource allocation between downlink and uplink is supported to handle traffic imbalance.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The reciprocity-breaking mechanism could be adapted to other non-terrestrial platforms such as high-altitude platforms or mega-constellations facing similar duplex constraints.
  • Lower reconfiguration rates may reduce control signaling overhead and energy use in rapidly moving LEO orbits.
  • Hybrid active-passive beamforming architectures on satellites might combine NR-BD-RIS with a small number of active elements for further performance gains.

Load-bearing premise

Non-reciprocal components can be integrated into the BD-RIS impedance network on an LEO satellite without prohibitive insertion loss, power consumption, or calibration overhead while preserving beamforming flexibility.

What would settle it

A hardware prototype or measurement showing that non-reciprocal components cause insertion losses or power draws large enough to erase the claimed sum-rate gains or violate satellite power budgets would falsify the practicality of the NR-BD-RIS approach.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2511.22525 by Bruno Clerckx, Wonjae Shin, Ziang Liu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Illustration of 2-port (a) NR-BD-RIS, and (b) R-BD-RIS, where [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: (a) System model of a FD LEO satellite communication system enabled by the NR-BD-RIS. (b) The non-aligned transmit and receive antennas with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The coordinate system of the BD-RIS channel model. The NR-BD [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: An example of linear reformulation based on non-reciprocal case. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Convergence of the proposed algorithm. The Tx and Rx antenna [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Comparison of DL and UL sum-rates for NR-BD-RIS, R-BD-RIS, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Average DL and UL sum-rate of NR-BD-RIS, R-BD-RIS, and D [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: The sum-rate regions for NR-BD-RIS, R-BD-RIS, and D-RIS with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: The DL and UL sum-rate of NR-BD-RIS, R-BD-RIS, and D-RIS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: The DL and UL sum-rate of NR-BD-RIS versus the number of group [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: The DL and UL sum-rate of NR-BD-RIS, R-BD-RIS, and D-RIS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Sum-rate regions for NR-BD-RIS, R-BD-RIS, and D-RIS with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_16.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are a promising technology for providing low-latency, high-data-rate, and wide-coverage communication services. However, with growing demand for data transmission, future non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) require high spectral efficiency especially with low-gain antennas at the ground devices. This motivates the adoption of in-band full-duplex (FD) systems. In addition, the potential imbalance between downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) transmissions necessitates flexibility in resource allocation. To overcome these challenges, we propose an FD LEO satellite system, where the non-reciprocal beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (NR-BD-RIS) and multiple transmit and receive antennas are attached to the LEO satellite. NR-BD-RIS reflects the DL and UL signals by passive beamforming. By incorporating non-reciprocal components into the impedance network of RIS, the NR-BD-RIS breaks channel reciprocity, facilitating simultaneous support for multiple beam directions. To cover a wide coverage, we propose a time-sharing scheduling framework in which the NR-BD-RIS simultaneously serves multiple DL and multiple UL ground devices within each time slot. An optimization problem is defined to maximize the weighted sum-rate over the entire scheduling period. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed NR-BD-RIS significantly performs better than both conventional BD-RIS and diagonal RIS (D-RIS) with respect to DL and UL sum-rate performance under both single-user (SU) and multiple-user (MU) cases. Additionally, NR-BD-RIS requires less frequent reconfiguration compared to the other two types of RIS, making it more practical for implementation.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes a full-duplex LEO satellite system assisted by non-reciprocal beyond-diagonal RIS (NR-BD-RIS) to support simultaneous DL and UL transmissions. Non-reciprocal components in the impedance network break channel reciprocity, enabling multiple independent beam directions. A time-sharing scheduling framework serves multiple ground devices per slot, and the weighted sum-rate is maximized subject to passive beamforming constraints. Numerical results claim higher DL/UL sum-rates than conventional BD-RIS and D-RIS in both SU and MU scenarios, plus reduced reconfiguration frequency.

Significance. If the idealized non-reciprocal model holds under hardware constraints, the approach could improve spectral efficiency and scheduling flexibility in NTNs with low-gain terminals. The core idea of using non-reciprocity for simultaneous multi-beam FD operation is technically interesting and addresses a real imbalance between DL and UL traffic.

major comments (2)
  1. [Numerical Results] Abstract and Numerical Results section: The headline claim that NR-BD-RIS yields higher weighted sum-rate and requires less frequent reconfiguration rests on treating non-reciprocal elements as ideal lossless phase shifters with perfect control. No term for insertion loss, noise figure, DC power draw, or calibration overhead under LEO thermal/vibration conditions appears in the model; any realistic degradation directly reduces effective aperture gain and therefore the reported advantage over BD-RIS and D-RIS.
  2. [System Model] System Model and Problem Formulation: Channel models, optimization algorithm (e.g., whether alternating optimization, semidefinite relaxation, or gradient-based), convergence criteria, and simulation parameters (noise power, path-loss exponents, satellite altitude, antenna gains, error bars) are not detailed enough to reproduce or stress-test the sum-rate curves. This leaves open whether post-hoc tuning or overly favorable assumptions drive the gains.
minor comments (2)
  1. Clarify the exact definition of the non-reciprocal impedance matrix and how it is realized with passive components; the current description is high-level.
  2. Add a table or plot quantifying reconfiguration frequency (e.g., coherence time vs. update interval) for the three RIS types under the same mobility model.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments, which help improve the clarity and rigor of our work on NR-BD-RIS-assisted full-duplex LEO systems. We respond to each major comment below and indicate planned revisions.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Numerical Results] Abstract and Numerical Results section: The headline claim that NR-BD-RIS yields higher weighted sum-rate and requires less frequent reconfiguration rests on treating non-reciprocal elements as ideal lossless phase shifters with perfect control. No term for insertion loss, noise figure, DC power draw, or calibration overhead under LEO thermal/vibration conditions appears in the model; any realistic degradation directly reduces effective aperture gain and therefore the reported advantage over BD-RIS and D-RIS.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the model treats non-reciprocal elements as ideal to isolate the benefit of breaking reciprocity for simultaneous independent DL/UL beams. This is a standard theoretical starting point. In revision we will add a dedicated discussion subsection on hardware impairments (insertion loss, noise figure, DC power, and LEO environmental effects) and note that the reported gains represent an upper bound. The core advantage of non-reciprocity enabling multi-beam FD operation without frequent reconfiguration should persist qualitatively even after moderate degradation, as the impedance network still decouples the effective channels. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [System Model] System Model and Problem Formulation: Channel models, optimization algorithm (e.g., whether alternating optimization, semidefinite relaxation, or gradient-based), convergence criteria, and simulation parameters (noise power, path-loss exponents, satellite altitude, antenna gains, error bars) are not detailed enough to reproduce or stress-test the sum-rate curves. This leaves open whether post-hoc tuning or overly favorable assumptions drive the gains.

    Authors: We agree that additional detail is required for reproducibility. In the revised manuscript we will expand the System Model section to explicitly state the LEO channel model (including altitude-dependent path loss and Rician fading), describe the optimization procedure (alternating optimization between scheduling variables and passive beamforming solved via semidefinite relaxation), provide the convergence criterion (relative objective change below 10^{-4}), and tabulate all simulation parameters (noise power, path-loss exponents, satellite altitude, antenna gains). We will also add error bars to the sum-rate figures based on multiple Monte-Carlo runs. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: optimization objective and numerical results are independent of fitted inputs or self-citations.

full rationale

The paper states an optimization problem to maximize the weighted sum-rate subject to passive beamforming constraints derived from the non-reciprocal impedance matrix. Numerical results compare NR-BD-RIS against BD-RIS and D-RIS under this model. No equations reduce a claimed prediction to a fitted parameter by construction, no load-bearing self-citation chain justifies the central premise, and the weighted-sum-rate objective is formulated independently of the reported outcomes. The derivation chain is self-contained against the stated assumptions and simulations.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The proposal rests on standard wireless channel models for LEO-RIS links, the feasibility of non-reciprocal impedance networks, and chosen weights in the sum-rate objective; the NR-BD-RIS itself is introduced as a new engineered component without external validation data.

free parameters (1)
  • Weights in weighted sum-rate objective
    The optimization maximizes a weighted combination of downlink and uplink rates; specific weight values are chosen to balance the two directions.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard far-field channel models for LEO satellite to ground links with RIS reflection
    Invoked to model the propagation and beamforming gains used in the numerical evaluation.
invented entities (1)
  • Non-reciprocal beyond-diagonal RIS (NR-BD-RIS) no independent evidence
    purpose: To break channel reciprocity and enable simultaneous independent beams for downlink and uplink
    New component introduced in the system model; no independent experimental evidence supplied in the abstract.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5608 in / 1448 out tokens · 45749 ms · 2026-05-17T04:45:42.741549+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

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