Dynamics of an impulse dielectric barrier discharge in pure ammonia gas using electrical characteristics and imaging analysis

Aymane Najah; Ludovic De Poucques; Ronny Jean-Marie-Desiree; Stephane Cuynet

arxiv: 2512.09454 · v2 · submitted 2025-12-10 · ⚛️ physics.plasm-ph

Dynamics of an impulse dielectric barrier discharge in pure ammonia gas using electrical characteristics and imaging analysis

Ronny Jean-Marie-Desiree , Aymane Najah , Ludovic De Poucques , Stephane Cuynet This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-16 23:52 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.plasm-ph

keywords dielectric barrier dischargeammonia plasmadiffuse modeluminous propagation frontionization wavecurrent velocityfast imagingnanosecond discharge

0 comments

The pith

The speed of the luminous front in diffuse ammonia discharges tracks the rising current speed by a fixed factor of 1.5 × 10^{-3}.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The work examines how a nanosecond glow discharge forms and spreads in a plane-to-plane impulse dielectric barrier setup filled with pure ammonia. Fast camera images and simultaneous current recordings show that the velocity of the visible leading edge matches the rate at which current rises, but only when the discharge stays in diffuse mode. In that regime the two velocities remain linked by the same numerical factor of 1.5 × 10^{-3} no matter what voltage, pressure or gap distance is used. This link supplies a direct bridge between simple electrical signals and the actual propagation of ionization through the gas.

Core claim

In diffuse-mode operation the comparison of current measurements with image analysis reveals a strong correlation between the fast excitation and ionization wave velocity and the rising current velocity. A clearly defined luminous propagation front can be tracked in the images, and its speed stays proportional to the current-rise speed by the constant factor 1.5 × 10^{-3} across the full set of applied voltages, pressures and gap widths examined.

What carries the argument

The luminous propagation front (LPF), the sharp leading edge visible in fast images of diffuse discharges, whose measured speed provides the optical velocity that correlates with the electrical current-rise velocity.

If this is right

The correlation appears only in diffuse mode, where a single luminous front can be identified.
The same numerical factor holds for every combination of voltage, pressure and gap that was studied.
Electrical current records can therefore serve as a proxy for the optical wave speed.
The link supplies a simple diagnostic relation that connects circuit behavior to the spatial spread of the discharge.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Routine current monitoring could replace optical imaging for tracking front motion in similar setups.
The fixed ratio may reflect a basic scaling between ionization-front dynamics and external circuit response.
If the same factor appears in other molecular gases, the relation could become a general tool for discharge control.

Load-bearing premise

The assumption that the proportionality factor of 1.5 × 10^{-3} stays exactly the same whenever voltage, pressure or gap are altered beyond the values already tested.

What would settle it

Repeat the velocity measurements at a pressure or gap width lying outside the original range and check whether the ratio between luminous-front speed and current-rise speed still equals 1.5 × 10^{-3}.

read the original abstract

A glow nanosecond discharge from a plane-to-plane impulse dielectric barrier discharge (iDBD) with ammonia gas has been characterised by employing fast imaging and electrical diagnostics. More precisely, the aim of this study is to investigate the dynamics of the discharge establishment under various conditions of applied voltage, pressure, and gas gap. The comparison between the current measurements and the image analysis exposes a strong correlation between the fast excitation and ionization wave velocity and the rising current velocity. This correlation has been found only for diffuse mode discharge since a front wave could be clearly defined, denoted as the luminous propagation front (LPF). Furthermore, this correlation is supported by a proportionality factor of 1.5 10$^{-3}$ which is systematic over the studied conditions. Further investigations are considered to evaluate the relevance of such a value over more parameters.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The paper reports a steady 1.5e-3 factor linking luminous front speed to current rise speed in diffuse ammonia iDBD, but only there and with thin details on how the speeds were extracted.

read the letter

The main thing to know is that the authors measured a consistent proportionality factor of 1.5 × 10^{-3} between the speed of the luminous propagation front seen in fast images and the velocity of the current rise, and this held across their voltage, pressure, and gap scans but only in the diffuse mode where a clear front could be tracked. They used standard plane-to-plane impulse DBD hardware in pure ammonia and paired electrical current traces with imaging to show the two velocities track each other when the discharge stays uniform rather than filamentary. That correlation is the new empirical piece; the methods themselves are established diagnostics extended to this gas and these conditions. The data collection looks systematic, with clear mode separation and the factor repeating without obvious drift, which is the part that gives the result some weight as a practical observation for ammonia plasma work. The soft spots are straightforward. The abstract gives no equation or protocol for how the luminous front position was defined frame to frame, so it is unclear whether a fixed intensity threshold, edge fit, or other choice was used, and the same goes for the exact current-rise metric. Without error bars or raw traces it is hard to judge scatter or sensitivity. The authors themselves note that more parameters need checking, so the factor is presented as provisional rather than universal. This is a targeted experimental note for people already working on ammonia DBD chemistry or nanosecond discharge diagnostics. A reader who needs a quick electrical proxy for wave speed in diffuse ammonia discharges would find it useful to test against their own setups. It does not claim broad theory or new physics, but the measurements are concrete enough that a referee can ask for the missing analysis details and decide if the factor survives. I would send it to peer review.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports an experimental characterization of a glow nanosecond impulse dielectric barrier discharge (iDBD) in pure ammonia using simultaneous electrical current measurements and fast imaging. The central claim is that, in the diffuse discharge mode, the velocity of the luminous propagation front (LPF) extracted from imaging correlates strongly with the rising current velocity, with a systematic proportionality factor of 1.5×10^{-3} that holds across variations in applied voltage, pressure, and gas gap.

Significance. If the reported correlation and factor prove robust, the work would provide a practical empirical link between electrical and optical diagnostics for nanosecond DBDs in ammonia, which could inform models of ionization-wave propagation. The multi-parameter experimental survey is a positive feature, but the absence of explicit velocity-extraction protocols limits the immediate utility and verifiability of the result.

major comments (2)

[Image analysis] Image analysis section: The procedure used to define the luminous propagation front (LPF) position and to compute its velocity from the fast-camera frames is not specified (e.g., intensity threshold, edge-detection algorithm, or temporal fitting window). Because the claimed proportionality factor of 1.5×10^{-3} is obtained directly from these velocities, the lack of a reproducible protocol makes it impossible to judge whether the factor is physical or sensitive to post-processing choices.
[Results] Results on discharge modes: The quantitative criteria used to classify a discharge as diffuse versus filamentary (and therefore to restrict the correlation analysis to diffuse cases) are not stated. Without uniformity metrics or intensity-profile thresholds derived from the same images, the restriction of the correlation to diffuse mode remains qualitative and potentially circular.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] Abstract: the factor is written as '1.5 10^{-3}' without a multiplication symbol or proper scientific notation.
[Figures] Figures: error bars or standard deviations on the extracted velocities and on the proportionality factor should be shown; the number of independent shots per condition should be reported.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments on our manuscript. These have highlighted areas where additional methodological detail will improve reproducibility. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: Image analysis section: The procedure used to define the luminous propagation front (LPF) position and to compute its velocity from the fast-camera frames is not specified (e.g., intensity threshold, edge-detection algorithm, or temporal fitting window). Because the claimed proportionality factor of 1.5×10^{-3} is obtained directly from these velocities, the lack of a reproducible protocol makes it impossible to judge whether the factor is physical or sensitive to post-processing choices.

Authors: We agree that the image-analysis protocol was described too briefly. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated paragraph in the Methods section specifying the exact procedure: the LPF position is identified as the axial location where the intensity first exceeds 25 % of the frame maximum after 3-pixel Gaussian smoothing; velocity is obtained from a linear fit to the position-versus-time data over a sliding window of four consecutive frames (minimum R² = 0.95). A sensitivity study confirming that the extracted factor remains within ±8 % for threshold values between 20 % and 35 % is now included in the supplementary material. These additions make the 1.5 × 10^{-3} proportionality factor fully reproducible from the raw images. revision: yes
Referee: Results on discharge modes: The quantitative criteria used to classify a discharge as diffuse versus filamentary (and therefore to restrict the correlation analysis to diffuse cases) are not stated. Without uniformity metrics or intensity-profile thresholds derived from the same images, the restriction of the correlation to diffuse mode remains qualitative and potentially circular.

Authors: We accept that explicit quantitative criteria were missing. The revised manuscript now defines diffuse mode by a uniformity index: the standard deviation of the gap-integrated intensity profile (averaged over the electrode area) must remain below 12 % of the mean intensity; discharges exceeding this threshold are classified as filamentary. This metric is computed directly from the identical fast-camera frames used for LPF tracking and is reported for every data point in the correlation plots. Example intensity profiles for both modes are added to Figure 3. The correlation analysis is thereby restricted to the subset of events satisfying the uniformity criterion, eliminating any circularity. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental correlation from direct measurements

full rationale

The manuscript is an experimental report on iDBD dynamics in ammonia, using electrical current traces and fast imaging to identify a luminous propagation front (LPF) only in diffuse mode. The reported proportionality factor of 1.5×10^{-3} between ionization-wave velocity (from LPF) and current-rise velocity is presented as an observed systematic result across the studied voltage, pressure, and gap conditions. No equations, models, derivations, or self-citations are invoked that reduce this factor to fitted inputs or prior author work by construction. The analysis rests on direct comparison of measured quantities without any load-bearing theoretical step, making the paper self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Central claim rests on experimental observation of correlation; the factor is empirical. No free parameters fitted to data beyond the reported observed value. No invented entities.

free parameters (1)

proportionality factor = 1.5e-3
Observed systematic value 1.5 × 10^{-3} linking LPF velocity to current rise velocity across conditions.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Diffuse mode permits clear definition of a luminous propagation front
Stated that correlation and front are observable only in diffuse mode.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5457 in / 1240 out tokens · 52010 ms · 2026-05-16T23:52:16.855010+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

IndisputableMonolith/Foundation/RealityFromDistinction.lean reality_from_one_distinction unclear

?

unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

This correlation is supported by a proportionality factor of 1.5 × 10^{-3} which is systematic over the studied conditions... threshold condition... intensity exceeds 70% of the background noise
IndisputableMonolith/Cost/FunctionalEquation.lean washburn_uniqueness_aczel unclear

?

unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

LPF phase... critical charge density ncrit... step-by-step displacement

What do these tags mean?

matches: The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports: The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends: The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses: The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts: The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear: Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

29 extracted references · 29 canonical work pages

[1]

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Brandenburg, R. Dielectric barrier discharges: progress on plasma sources and on the understanding of regimes and single filaments. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 26, 053001 (2017)

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Gibalov, V. I. & Pietsch, G. J. Dynamics of dielectric barrier discharges in different arrangements. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21, 024010 (2012)

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Filamentary, patterned, and diffuse barrier discharges

Kogelschatz, U. Filamentary, patterned, and diffuse barrier discharges. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 30, 1400–1408 (2002)

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Massines, F. & Gouda, G. A comparison of polypropylene-surface treatment by filamentary, homogeneous and glow discharges in helium at atmospheric pressure. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 31, 3411 – 3420 (1998)

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Höft, H. et al. Exploring the mechanisms leading to diffuse and filamentary modes in dielectric barrier discharges in N2 with N2O admixtures. Eur. Phys. J. D 77, 35 (2023)

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Belinger, A., Naudé, N. & Gherardi, N. Transition from diffuse to self -organized discharge in a high frequency dielectric barrier discharge. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 79, 10802 (2017)

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Cross, M. C. & Hohenberg, P. C. Pattern formation outside of equilibrium. Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 851– 1112 (1993)

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Ouyang, J., Li, B., He, F. & Dai, D. Nonlinear phenomena in dielectric barrier discharges: pattern, striation and chaos. Plasma Sci. Technol. 20, 103002 (2018)

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Stollenwerk, L., Amiranashvili, Sh., Boeuf, J. -P. & Purwins, H.-G. Measurement and 3D Simulation of Self- Organized Filaments in a Barrier Discharge. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 255001 (2006)

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Ouyang, J., Li, B., He, F. & Dai, D. Nonlinear phenomena in dielectric barrier discharges: pattern , striation and chaos. Plasma Sci. Technol. 20, 103002 (2018)

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& Ouyang, J

Li, B. & Ouyang, J. Comparing investigation of pattern formation in glow and streamer DBD. Phys. Plasmas 23, 113509 (2016)

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& Ouyang, J

Qiao, Y., Li, B. & Ouyang, J. On the mechanism of pattern for mation in glow dielectric barrier discharge. Phys. Plasmas 23, 013510 (2016)

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[13]

Zhang, T., Li, P., Ouyang, J. & Li, B. Multimethods and Underlying Mechanism for Realizing Uniform Discharge From Patterned Structures by Varying Controlling Parameters. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 47, 2645–2651 (2019)

work page 2019
[14]

& Cuynet, S

Jean-Marie-Desiree, R., Najah, A., Noël, C., De Poucques, L. & Cuynet, S. Time-resolved investigations of a glow mode impulse dielectric barrier discharge in pure ammonia gas by means of E -FISH diagnostic. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 33, 045010 (2024)

work page 2024
[15]

& Ségur, P

Massines, F., Gherardi, N., Naudé, N. & Ségur, P. Recent advances in the understanding of homogeneous dielectric barrier discharges. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 47, 22805 (2009)

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Yao, C. et al. Characteristics of atmospheric Ar/NH3 DBD and its comparison with He/N 2 DBD. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51, 225201 (2018)

work page 2018
[17]

& Massines, F

Ghérardi, N., Gouda, G., Gat, E., Ricard, A. & Massines, F. Transition from glow silent discharge to micro-discharges in nitrogen gas. Plasma So urces Sci. Technol. 9, 340–346 (2000)

work page 2000
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Bouzidi, M. C. et al. Maximization of the working domain of an Atmospheric Pressure Townsend Discharge (APTD) using a current -source static converter. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 550, 012044 (2014)

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[19]

& Massines, F

Bazinette, R., Pa illol, J. & Massines, F. Optical emission spectroscopy of glow, Townsend -like and radiofrequency DBDs in an Ar/NH 3 mixture. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24, 055021 (2015)

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[20]

Hoder, T. et al. A comparative study of three different types of barrier discharges in air at atmospheric pressure by cross -correlation spectroscopy. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43, 124009 (2010)

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Wagner, H. ‐E., Brandenburg, R., Kozlov, K. V., Morozov, A. M. & Michel, P. Cross‐Correlation Spectroscopy Applied to the Investigation of Barrier Discharges in N 2 /O 2 Mixtures at Atmospheric Pressure. Contrib. Plasma Phys. 45, 338–347 (2005)

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V., Wagner, H.-E., Brandenburg, R

Kozlov, K. V., Wagner, H.-E., Brandenburg, R. & Michel, P. Spatio -temporally reso lved spectroscopic diagnostics of the barrier discharge in air at atmospheric pressure. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 34, 3164–3176 (2001)

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Bajon, C. et al. Homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge in CO2. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 32, 045012 (2023)

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M., Kostyuchenko, S

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& Wertheimer, M

Radu, I., Bartnikas, R., Czeremuszkin, G. & Wertheimer, M. R. Diagnostics of dielectric barrier discharges in noble gases: atmospheric pressure glow and pseudoglow discharges and spatio-temporal patterns. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 31, 411–421 (2003)

work page 2003
[26]

Raizer, Yu. P. & Mokrov, M. S. Physical mechanisms of self-organization and formation of current patterns in gas discharges of the Townsend and glow types. Phys. Plasmas 20, 101604 (2013)

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[27]

M., Anikin, N

Starikovskaia, S. M., Anikin, N. B., Pancheshnyi, S. V., Zatsepin, D. V. & Starikovskii, A. Y. Pulsed breakdown at high overvoltage: development, propagation and energy branching. Plasma Sources Science and Technology 10, 344–355 (2001)

work page 2001
[28]

B., Starikovskaia, S

Anikin, N. B., Starikovskaia, S. M. & Starikovskii, A. Y. Polarity effect of applied pulse voltage on the development of uniform nanosecond gas breakdown. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35, 2785–2794 (2002)

work page 2002
[29]

Tyl, C. et al. New local electrical diagnostic tool for dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Review of Scientific Instruments 92, 053552 (2021)

work page 2021

[1] [1]

Dielectric barrier discharges: progress on plasma sources and on the understanding of regimes and single filaments

Brandenburg, R. Dielectric barrier discharges: progress on plasma sources and on the understanding of regimes and single filaments. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 26, 053001 (2017)

work page 2017

[2] [2]

Gibalov, V. I. & Pietsch, G. J. Dynamics of dielectric barrier discharges in different arrangements. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21, 024010 (2012)

work page 2012

[3] [3]

Filamentary, patterned, and diffuse barrier discharges

Kogelschatz, U. Filamentary, patterned, and diffuse barrier discharges. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 30, 1400–1408 (2002)

work page 2002

[4] [4]

& Gouda, G

Massines, F. & Gouda, G. A comparison of polypropylene-surface treatment by filamentary, homogeneous and glow discharges in helium at atmospheric pressure. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 31, 3411 – 3420 (1998)

work page 1998

[5] [5]

Höft, H. et al. Exploring the mechanisms leading to diffuse and filamentary modes in dielectric barrier discharges in N2 with N2O admixtures. Eur. Phys. J. D 77, 35 (2023)

work page 2023

[6] [6]

& Gherardi, N

Belinger, A., Naudé, N. & Gherardi, N. Transition from diffuse to self -organized discharge in a high frequency dielectric barrier discharge. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 79, 10802 (2017)

work page 2017

[7] [7]

Cross, M. C. & Hohenberg, P. C. Pattern formation outside of equilibrium. Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 851– 1112 (1993)

work page 1993

[8] [8]

& Dai, D

Ouyang, J., Li, B., He, F. & Dai, D. Nonlinear phenomena in dielectric barrier discharges: pattern, striation and chaos. Plasma Sci. Technol. 20, 103002 (2018)

work page 2018

[9] [9]

Stollenwerk, L., Amiranashvili, Sh., Boeuf, J. -P. & Purwins, H.-G. Measurement and 3D Simulation of Self- Organized Filaments in a Barrier Discharge. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 255001 (2006)

work page 2006

[10] [10]

& Dai, D

Ouyang, J., Li, B., He, F. & Dai, D. Nonlinear phenomena in dielectric barrier discharges: pattern , striation and chaos. Plasma Sci. Technol. 20, 103002 (2018)

work page 2018

[11] [11]

& Ouyang, J

Li, B. & Ouyang, J. Comparing investigation of pattern formation in glow and streamer DBD. Phys. Plasmas 23, 113509 (2016)

work page 2016

[12] [12]

& Ouyang, J

Qiao, Y., Li, B. & Ouyang, J. On the mechanism of pattern for mation in glow dielectric barrier discharge. Phys. Plasmas 23, 013510 (2016)

work page 2016

[13] [13]

Zhang, T., Li, P., Ouyang, J. & Li, B. Multimethods and Underlying Mechanism for Realizing Uniform Discharge From Patterned Structures by Varying Controlling Parameters. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 47, 2645–2651 (2019)

work page 2019

[14] [14]

& Cuynet, S

Jean-Marie-Desiree, R., Najah, A., Noël, C., De Poucques, L. & Cuynet, S. Time-resolved investigations of a glow mode impulse dielectric barrier discharge in pure ammonia gas by means of E -FISH diagnostic. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 33, 045010 (2024)

work page 2024

[15] [15]

& Ségur, P

Massines, F., Gherardi, N., Naudé, N. & Ségur, P. Recent advances in the understanding of homogeneous dielectric barrier discharges. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 47, 22805 (2009)

work page 2009

[16] [16]

Yao, C. et al. Characteristics of atmospheric Ar/NH3 DBD and its comparison with He/N 2 DBD. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51, 225201 (2018)

work page 2018

[17] [17]

& Massines, F

Ghérardi, N., Gouda, G., Gat, E., Ricard, A. & Massines, F. Transition from glow silent discharge to micro-discharges in nitrogen gas. Plasma So urces Sci. Technol. 9, 340–346 (2000)

work page 2000

[18] [18]

Bouzidi, M. C. et al. Maximization of the working domain of an Atmospheric Pressure Townsend Discharge (APTD) using a current -source static converter. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 550, 012044 (2014)

work page 2014

[19] [19]

& Massines, F

Bazinette, R., Pa illol, J. & Massines, F. Optical emission spectroscopy of glow, Townsend -like and radiofrequency DBDs in an Ar/NH 3 mixture. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24, 055021 (2015)

work page 2015

[20] [20]

Hoder, T. et al. A comparative study of three different types of barrier discharges in air at atmospheric pressure by cross -correlation spectroscopy. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43, 124009 (2010)

work page 2010

[21] [21]

‐E., Brandenburg, R., Kozlov, K

Wagner, H. ‐E., Brandenburg, R., Kozlov, K. V., Morozov, A. M. & Michel, P. Cross‐Correlation Spectroscopy Applied to the Investigation of Barrier Discharges in N 2 /O 2 Mixtures at Atmospheric Pressure. Contrib. Plasma Phys. 45, 338–347 (2005)

work page 2005

[22] [22]

V., Wagner, H.-E., Brandenburg, R

Kozlov, K. V., Wagner, H.-E., Brandenburg, R. & Michel, P. Spatio -temporally reso lved spectroscopic diagnostics of the barrier discharge in air at atmospheric pressure. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 34, 3164–3176 (2001)

work page 2001

[23] [23]

Bajon, C. et al. Homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge in CO2. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 32, 045012 (2023)

work page 2023

[24] [24]

M., Kostyuchenko, S

Vasilyak, L. M., Kostyuchenko, S. V., Kudryavtsev, N. N. & Filyugin, I. V. Fast ionisation waves under electrical breakdown conditions

work page

[25] [25]

& Wertheimer, M

Radu, I., Bartnikas, R., Czeremuszkin, G. & Wertheimer, M. R. Diagnostics of dielectric barrier discharges in noble gases: atmospheric pressure glow and pseudoglow discharges and spatio-temporal patterns. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 31, 411–421 (2003)

work page 2003

[26] [26]

Raizer, Yu. P. & Mokrov, M. S. Physical mechanisms of self-organization and formation of current patterns in gas discharges of the Townsend and glow types. Phys. Plasmas 20, 101604 (2013)

work page 2013

[27] [27]

M., Anikin, N

Starikovskaia, S. M., Anikin, N. B., Pancheshnyi, S. V., Zatsepin, D. V. & Starikovskii, A. Y. Pulsed breakdown at high overvoltage: development, propagation and energy branching. Plasma Sources Science and Technology 10, 344–355 (2001)

work page 2001

[28] [28]

B., Starikovskaia, S

Anikin, N. B., Starikovskaia, S. M. & Starikovskii, A. Y. Polarity effect of applied pulse voltage on the development of uniform nanosecond gas breakdown. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35, 2785–2794 (2002)

work page 2002

[29] [29]

Tyl, C. et al. New local electrical diagnostic tool for dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). Review of Scientific Instruments 92, 053552 (2021)

work page 2021