Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit

As of 18 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 45 of 45 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2512.20753.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2512.20753 v2

Coverage vector

measured 45 of 45 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.097020Z

measured 45 of 45 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

45 of 45 outbound references displayed

verified exact4
verified fuzzy0
unresolved41
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 136bd9fe-6546-446d-a8d4-3a5895de6278 · outbound

This paper cites Akinwumi, J.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Akinwumi, J

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:10.981063Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b5b837fc-b1cf-4164-933c-464eb8c67d05 · outbound

This paper cites Does credit scoring produce a disparate impact?Real Estate Economics, 40:S65–S114, 2012.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Does credit scoring produce a disparate impact?Real Estate Economics, 40:S65–S114, 2012

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:10.984489Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e702dcfa-63af-41b2-8abb-196ee0da1e79 · outbound

This paper cites Outcome tests of racial disparities in police practices.Justice Research and Policy, 4(1-2):131–142, 2002.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Outcome tests of racial disparities in police practices.Justice Research and Policy, 4(1-2):131–142, 2002

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:10.987187Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 62e5ffcd-9e3f-48b2-9112-3ce9bb63bbfd · outbound

This paper cites Credit access in the united states.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Credit access in the united states

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:10.990259Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 003c3e12-de29-4f39-86e9-6857e1926bc7 · outbound

This paper cites Barocas, M.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Barocas, M

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:10.992990Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a02a7562-a8dd-4376-8f8a-a49b299d565c · outbound

This paper cites Big data’s disparate impact.Calif.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Big data’s disparate impact.Calif

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:10.995731Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7fdc9813-e4ab-48c3-9366-93196009b9d7 · outbound

This paper cites Bartlett, A.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Bartlett, A

Reference 7

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T14:24:20.001253Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation fb51aabe-5c99-4c1a-a2bf-e32778ee7d9d · outbound

This paper cites Becker.The economics of discrimination.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Becker.The economics of discrimination

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.001672Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 54c05165-db8a-4f66-9e46-1f123b858861 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.006987Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6500a4b4-fa59-44eb-b8ef-99fe1378030c · outbound

This paper cites Bhutta and A.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Bhutta and A

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.009422Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b8eec3a8-5610-4496-bf95-65c14c12aeac · outbound

This paper cites Bhutta, A.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Bhutta, A

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.012060Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 0e6020ef-6ae1-4e66-b012-75c2b9e65622 · outbound

This paper cites How Costly is Noise? Data and Disparities in Consumer Credit.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit How Costly is Noise? Data and Disparities in Consumer Credit

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.014514Z

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Observation 1f8e2aa1-029d-43a7-8799-52f3585641a9 · outbound

This paper cites Chohlas-Wood, M.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Chohlas-Wood, M

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.017295Z

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Observation 029484a1-2243-47d0-98b3-992b55734f26 · outbound

This paper cites Using publicly available information to proxy for unidentified race and ethnicity: A methodology and assessment.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Using publicly available information to proxy for unidentified race and ethnicity: A methodology and assessment

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.019837Z

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Observation b031ee9c-bda9-4100-9607-453d9948f698 · outbound

This paper cites Con- sent Order In the Matter of Ally Financial Inc.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Con- sent Order In the Matter of Ally Financial Inc

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.022352Z

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Observation 461d5bbd-f278-476f-a72f-cf53b58c0669 · outbound

This paper cites Corbett-Davies, J.D.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Corbett-Davies, J.D

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.024752Z

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Observation 743b00f1-57d1-4ec5-9e64-99191088d459 · outbound

This paper cites Di Maggio and V.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Di Maggio and V

Reference 17

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T14:24:19.729891Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 10037d76-6774-451a-afba-0035a2e1e410 · outbound

This paper cites Di Maggio, D.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Di Maggio, D

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.029795Z

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Observation 571ac78a-4b75-4cfa-a4fb-beaec820954f · outbound

This paper cites Dobbie, A.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Dobbie, A

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-03T14:24:19.455374Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation d848b2b7-3b36-4e55-8f72-2c1d9a628819 · outbound

This paper cites Elliott, A.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Elliott, A

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.037943Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 510584da-5d9c-436b-a166-ef24373e3674 · outbound

This paper cites Elliott, P.A.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Elliott, P.A

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.040385Z

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Observation 2c1a7c60-4541-444e-889f-8aaa48b993b2 · outbound

This paper cites Predictably unequal? The effects of machine learning on credit markets, 2017.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Predictably unequal? The effects of machine learning on credit markets, 2017

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.042765Z

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Observation 8af40f5c-af54-463f-bbe7-6df59732152a · outbound

This paper cites Gaebler and Sharad Goel.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Gaebler and Sharad Goel

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.045137Z

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Observation 9430fe52-e34f-43de-85ef-5fda46a8c55d · outbound

This paper cites Giacoletti, R.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Giacoletti, R

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.047493Z

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Observation 566f922c-904d-4383-9418-5c147308c785 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.050064Z

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Observation 640972bf-d435-4884-85df-1d7e097f6c92 · outbound

This paper cites price discrimination.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit price discrimination

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.052818Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation a76f707a-ae0d-45d5-9ef6-8cc73b945b6f · outbound

This paper cites Discrimination in lending markets: Status and the intersections of gender and race.Social Psychology Quarterly, 79(1):81–93, 2016.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Discrimination in lending markets: Status and the intersections of gender and race.Social Psychology Quarterly, 79(1):81–93, 2016

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.055163Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation caa6369a-ca66-4ba3-b006-5bf7bbf9864e · outbound

This paper cites Credit scoring in the era of big data.Yale JL & Tech., 18:148, 2016.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Credit scoring in the era of big data.Yale JL & Tech., 18:148, 2016

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.057893Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9787b183-570c-423a-81dc-59b1f01e2ffb · outbound

This paper cites The fairness of credit scoring models.Management Science, 2024.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit The fairness of credit scoring models.Management Science, 2024

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.060238Z

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Observation f904a6f4-44f6-41c3-867b-ccbd32e0a1a8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.062741Z

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Observation 9a0c2aeb-eed3-461a-b8c4-18783ba5291c · outbound

This paper cites Kleinberg, J.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Kleinberg, J

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.065430Z

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Observation e52ec966-6390-43fc-b435-16ff821a84af · outbound

This paper cites Equalizing Credit Opportunity in Algorithms: Aligning Algorithmic Fairness Research with U.S. Fair Lending Regulation.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Equalizing Credit Opportunity in Algorithms: Aligning Algorithmic Fairness Research with U.S. Fair Lending Regulation

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-03T14:24:19.189054Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation a4bf0d31-cc8f-42dd-abed-be5f6139d367 · outbound

This paper cites Are credit scores gender-neutral? ev- idence of mis-calibration from alternative and traditional borrowing data.Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 47:101081, 2025.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Are credit scores gender-neutral? ev- idence of mis-calibration from alternative and traditional borrowing data.Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 47:101081, 2025

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.071329Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5a6833e6-d680-4974-b885-92c8fc6573d7 · outbound

This paper cites Munnell, G.M.B.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Munnell, G.M.B

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.074089Z

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Observation bffc362e-352a-4573-a5ec-cd6d8056792b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.076601Z

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Observation 027bd125-7531-41dd-bfdb-7ad97cdc2d18 · outbound

This paper cites Implementing anti-discrimination policies in statistical profiling models.American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 3(3):206– 231, 2011.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Implementing anti-discrimination policies in statistical profiling models.American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 3(3):206– 231, 2011

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.079151Z

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Observation b2acbfec-df31-4ea5-8938-3b7fc9061c4d · outbound

This paper cites Testing for racial bias in business credit scores.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Testing for racial bias in business credit scores

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.081608Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b4fc4ea9-a8b6-49b3-aefe-c507fb0fc141 · outbound

This paper cites The problem of inframarginal- ity in outcome tests for discrimination.Annals of Applied Statistics, 11:1193–1216, 2017.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit The problem of inframarginal- ity in outcome tests for discrimination.Annals of Applied Statistics, 11:1193–1216, 2017

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.084106Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7064c984-11ae-441e-aaef-2df349d7a374 · outbound

This paper cites Gender, risk assessment, and sanctioning: The cost of treating women like men.Law and human behavior, 40 (5):580, 2016.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Gender, risk assessment, and sanctioning: The cost of treating women like men.Law and human behavior, 40 (5):580, 2016

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.086501Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cd3c7471-40d3-47dc-9132-8b586159ccb4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.089017Z

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Observation e28b13d0-17dc-4fee-b733-4a60177538fd · outbound

This paper cites Congress.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Congress

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.091590Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4d9104bd-1b55-43f0-924d-cfe517714b2b · outbound

This paper cites Congress.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Congress

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.094306Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 31c6c870-c286-4959-9543-4ec0d198a577 · outbound

This paper cites Assessing fair lending risks using race/ethnicity proxies.Management Science, 64(1):178–197, 2018.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Assessing fair lending risks using race/ethnicity proxies.Management Science, 64(1):178–197, 2018

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.097020Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 2269eedf-122a-47da-a4c7-e5ac446336f7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Unresolved cited work

Reference 1971

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.004289Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b9861b25-f55c-4fc5-a288-196c573e498a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Algorithmic Bias in Lending: Evidence from a Fintech Audit Unresolved cited work

Reference 2022

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-03T14:23:11.032763Z

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Pith citing papers

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