Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training

As of 14 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 41 of 41 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2505.18313.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2505.18313 v1

Coverage vector

measured 41 of 41 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:45.625564Z

measured 41 of 41 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

41 of 41 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy14
unresolved26
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
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External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 1ed2959e-4c9e-4061-9cb1-299cfa06f721 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:38.262082Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 79fbe2b3-7636-4640-83eb-0f809d785e39 · outbound

This paper cites Alain, A.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Alain, A

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:52.895347Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 5f641530-0e27-4efc-aa30-4fb6a269be7f · outbound

This paper cites Banner, I.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Banner, I

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:52.612511Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 60ca68b1-fb0f-4892-8893-38743db61832 · outbound

This paper cites Blumenfeld, I.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Blumenfeld, I

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:52.374038Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 3db2a9b2-61f6-49f4-9d6a-f6fcd4a6bfe4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation b3ecf528-6872-4862-abd0-8b10f368e78a · outbound

This paper cites Chmiel, L.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Chmiel, L

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:52.205543Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 1c790c67-9627-4923-adbd-1d8e54c2be58 · outbound

This paper cites Chmiel, I.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Chmiel, I

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:51.984025Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation aaebadec-c6f8-4e36-aac8-447a5ef2f392 · outbound

This paper cites Courbariaux, I.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Courbariaux, I

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:51.790884Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 21df317e-bb59-4ed1-954d-97e4816b4ffc · outbound

This paper cites Dettmers, M.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Dettmers, M

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:51.462261Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 8d45acbb-aae7-40db-b002-395518fea2a4 · outbound

This paper cites QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:39.758214Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f531dac4-2a29-4f70-be9e-f7274d5fdcfb · outbound

This paper cites Eckart and G.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Eckart and G

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:51.251691Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation da698db8-1bb6-4e90-901f-6ff1ff1ff9a0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:51.035796Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 9dd77c39-0bea-46fc-9d23-bdc0b4dd04e5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:50.832922Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation f9114857-b9ed-426d-906c-c1c303b53b57 · outbound

This paper cites Gholami, Z.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Gholami, Z

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:40.567842Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3dae5d4a-ad97-46a1-8cb4-b36401e82519 · outbound

This paper cites Gupta, T.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Gupta, T

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:50.545133Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation dcff535c-3ffd-4171-8e78-507ba79171e4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:50.245970Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 7f696729-6dc9-48d3-be2a-f29aa33d14fd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b6f99f84-1b87-4d16-b8e1-edb8d57f2929 · outbound

This paper cites Hubara, B.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Hubara, B

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:49.926822Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 1d085a24-3011-4df8-9500-deaf8fc11b27 · outbound

This paper cites Fisher Information and Natural Gradient Learning of Random Deep Networks.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Fisher Information and Natural Gradient Learning of Random Deep Networks

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:46.164540Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation b52d9219-c7cb-47dd-abfb-1afd9fa26c9a · outbound

This paper cites Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:41.716938Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f19d4351-199b-4452-b1e2-5e3e6c3c10b0 · outbound

This paper cites Liang, B.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Liang, B

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:49.627566Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 80e01210-5bd9-4f5e-8feb-39d81f137364 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:49.265591Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 85856a4c-2ee2-40da-970a-a64273ffe401 · outbound

This paper cites RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach

Reference 23

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Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8211329e-85a8-4282-82da-d55948a924ab · outbound

This paper cites Grass: Compute Efficient Low-Memory LLM Training with Structured Sparse Gradients.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Grass: Compute Efficient Low-Memory LLM Training with Structured Sparse Gradients

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:42.491956Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 92751dd3-35ac-495a-ab50-7056f2743ba9 · outbound

This paper cites Raffel, N.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Raffel, N

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:48.983996Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 1279f405-c53d-4599-b955-d79c986c2613 · outbound

This paper cites Generalized Slow Roll for Tensors.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Generalized Slow Roll for Tensors

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:42.790102Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f062aa61-5d66-4c0d-8289-39444d65f1fd · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:48.596530Z

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation b76d4d78-1879-481c-b4a7-0cf5fd46866a · outbound

This paper cites CompAct: Compressed Activations for Memory-Efficient LLM Training.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training CompAct: Compressed Activations for Memory-Efficient LLM Training

Reference 28

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Source-reported events for the cited work

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Observation 3774c1c6-4f7d-4070-9a70-722df2b51125 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:43.360427Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ee53e55d-e786-44cd-9afd-04e3156b063a · outbound

This paper cites Shazeer and M.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Shazeer and M

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:48.306425Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 44193c96-6fb0-487d-a1de-9f90108416df · outbound

This paper cites Shoeybi, M.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Shoeybi, M

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:43.738303Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6bdf57ce-3015-44a1-a2f8-ca4dc1f79341 · outbound

This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:43.913166Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fcd2b92b-4813-47a1-a2ff-8fe54a95d3a0 · outbound

This paper cites PowerSGD: Practical Low-Rank Gradient Compression for Distributed Optimization.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training PowerSGD: Practical Low-Rank Gradient Compression for Distributed Optimization

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:44.070097Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0938994a-5df7-4561-b4aa-1172e68b441d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:47.930373Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 46368c54-ea9e-41ef-ae8d-bba059950516 · outbound

This paper cites GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:44.366275Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation d80d13f7-b983-4ee7-a04e-32894bae1f33 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:47.549644Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 8ec9799e-9f75-449d-a876-90dbbed27c1e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:47.125686Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation 2f1dc57f-e589-4601-b75d-6e02b6c61f61 · outbound

This paper cites Zhang and R.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Zhang and R

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:46.817413Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation dc3220b1-a3dd-4541-883a-7357589c6206 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:46.473591Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-14T06:32:32.682623+00:00.

Observation a84ec5ba-a1c1-4656-9e9b-01de0d381f74 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Unresolved cited work

Reference 40

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:45.479345Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation cac4d566-925b-4e0d-b735-e3cba7155954 · outbound

This paper cites Zhu and A.

PLUMAGE: Probabilistic Low rank Unbiased Min Variance Gradient Estimator for Efficient Large Model Training Zhu and A

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-07T14:43:45.625564Z

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Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.