Anisotropic non-Hermitian skin effect in a two-dimensional Lieb photonic crystal

Bin Zhou; Hai Lin; Tianlei Wen; Y. Liu; Zhi-Kang Xiong

arxiv: 2603.19932 · v2 · pith:MBO5PFWZnew · submitted 2026-03-20 · ⚛️ physics.optics · cond-mat.other

Anisotropic non-Hermitian skin effect in a two-dimensional Lieb photonic crystal

Zhi-Kang Xiong , Tianlei Wen , Y. Liu , Hai Lin , Bin Zhou This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 10:03 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics cond-mat.other

keywords non-Hermitian skin effectLieb latticephotonic crystalanisotropic skin modesspectral winding numbertopological photonicscomplex refractive indices

0 comments

The pith

A Lieb lattice photonic crystal with complex refractive indices realizes anisotropic non-Hermitian skin effect through a nontrivial spectral winding number.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper develops a two-dimensional photonic crystal based on the Lieb lattice to demonstrate the anisotropic non-Hermitian skin effect. It starts from a tight-binding model with non-Hermitian couplings and identifies a nontrivial spectral winding number in certain eigenstates. This winding number leads to skin modes that localize at boundaries in a way that depends on the geometry, specifically the tilt of those boundaries. To make it experimentally feasible, the authors propose using complex refractive indices in the photonic crystal unit cell to mimic the non-Hermitian terms. Full-wave simulations validate the boundary-dependent localization of these modes.

Core claim

Based on the tight-binding model for the Lieb lattice with non-Hermitian coupling, a nontrivial spectral winding number is pinpointed for certain eigenstates, which translates to geometry-dependent skin modes with tilt boundaries. Complex refractive indices are employed for the Lieb unit cell of the photonic crystal to emulate the non-Hermitian coupling, and this is validated by full wave simulation.

What carries the argument

The nontrivial spectral winding number for eigenstates in the non-Hermitian tight-binding model on the Lieb lattice, which determines the geometry-dependent localization of skin modes.

If this is right

The skin effect in this system is anisotropic and depends on boundary orientation.
Geometry, particularly boundary tilt, controls where the skin modes appear.
The design using complex refractive indices provides a concrete way to implement the effect in photonic crystals.
Full wave simulations confirm the theoretical predictions from the lattice model.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

This approach might enable control over light propagation directionality in photonic devices by adjusting boundary angles.
Similar winding number analysis could be applied to other non-Hermitian lattice structures beyond the Lieb lattice.
Experimental tests in fabricated samples could reveal how disorder affects the skin mode localization.

Load-bearing premise

Complex refractive indices in the Lieb unit cell of the photonic crystal accurately emulate the non-Hermitian couplings of the underlying tight-binding model.

What would settle it

If simulations or experiments demonstrate that the localization of modes does not vary with the tilt of the boundaries, or if the spectral winding number does not correlate with the observed skin modes, the central claim would be falsified.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2603.19932 by Bin Zhou, Hai Lin, Tianlei Wen, Y. Liu, Zhi-Kang Xiong.

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: FIG. 2. (a) Different routes in the first BZ, the magenta points represent the EPs, and the red point is the reference point we [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: FIG. 3. (a) and (d) Spectral area under square and parallelogram shaped structures under OBC. The red points represent the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: FIG. 4. (a) A model for verifying the impact of refractive [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: FIG. 5. (a)-(b) The real and imaginary parts of the band structures for the Lieb PhC shown in Fig. 4(d). (c) The first BZ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: FIG. 6. (a) and (e) Two types of super cell with different open boundaries. (b) and (f) PBC and OBC complex spectra of two [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

In this contribution paper, we construct a two-dimensional non-Hermitian (NH) photonic crystal (PhC) to prototype its anisotropic non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE) for experimental proposal. Based on the tight-binding model for Lieb lattice with NH coupling, a nontrivial spectral winding number is pinpointed for certain eigenstates, which translates to geometry-dependent skin modes with tilt boundaries. For ease of implementation, complex refractive indices are employed for the Lieb unit cell of PhC to emulate the NH coupling. Validated by full wave simulation, our work underscores the boundary dependence of skin effect, and provides a concrete prototype design of NHSE implementable by state-of-the-art of topological metamaterial platforms.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The paper offers a concrete Lieb-lattice photonic-crystal design that uses complex indices to target anisotropic NHSE with tilt-dependent skin modes, but the effective non-Hermitian mapping from the continuous structure needs explicit checks.

read the letter

The core contribution is a specific 2D photonic-crystal layout on the Lieb lattice that emulates non-Hermitian couplings through complex refractive indices placed in the unit cell. From a tight-binding model they identify a nontrivial spectral winding number for selected states, then show via full-wave simulations that the resulting modes localize at boundaries whose orientation matches the anisotropy. The design is pitched as fabricable with existing metamaterial methods, and the boundary-tilt dependence is the main experimental hook they emphasize. That part is useful: it gives a ready-to-try geometry rather than another abstract lattice model. The simulations appear to confirm localization where the winding number predicts it, which is the concrete advance over prior NHSE work in photonics. The soft spot sits in the emulation step. Complex permittivity alters both real and imaginary parts of the dispersion and can introduce extra couplings or radiative effects not present in the discrete tight-binding Hamiltonian. The paper treats the mapping as direct, but without extracting effective hoppings from the simulated bands or quantifying residual Hermitian corrections, it is not yet clear that the observed skin modes arise strictly from the claimed winding number rather than from other mechanisms. This is a moderate rather than fatal gap for a proposal paper, but it limits how strongly the results can be read as confirmation of the underlying non-Hermitian topology. The work is aimed at researchers in topological photonics and non-Hermitian metamaterials who want a concrete starting point for fabrication. It is not a major theoretical advance, but the explicit design and simulation validation make it worth a referee's time. I would send it for review with the expectation that the authors add a parameter-extraction check or a direct comparison between the simulated dispersion and the target tight-binding model.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript constructs a 2D non-Hermitian photonic crystal based on the Lieb lattice to realize an anisotropic non-Hermitian skin effect. A tight-binding model with non-Hermitian couplings yields a nontrivial spectral winding number for selected eigenstates, which is used to predict geometry-dependent skin modes localized at tilted boundaries. Complex refractive indices placed in the Lieb unit cell emulate the non-Hermitian terms, and full-wave simulations are presented to validate the resulting boundary-localized modes, offering a concrete experimental prototype.

Significance. If the complex-index emulation accurately reproduces the target non-Hermitian Lieb couplings without dominant residual Hermitian or radiative corrections, the work supplies a feasible photonic platform for observing boundary-geometry dependence of the NHSE. This would strengthen experimental access to 2D non-Hermitian topology and could guide design of metamaterial devices that exploit skin-effect localization.

major comments (2)

[Implementation section] Implementation section: The statement that complex refractive indices emulate the non-Hermitian couplings of the tight-binding model is presented without a quantitative extraction of effective hoppings or imaginary parts from the simulated band structure. Because the central claim equates the winding number computed in the discrete model to the skin modes seen in the continuous Maxwell solver, the absence of this mapping check leaves open the possibility that observed localization arises from unaccounted real-part dispersion or long-range couplings rather than the intended anisotropic NHSE.
[Validation / results section] Validation paragraph following the full-wave simulations: The abstract and results claim that simulations validate the design, yet no direct comparison (e.g., extracted decay lengths or mode profiles versus winding-number predictions) is provided for the tilt-boundary geometries. This gap is load-bearing because the geometry dependence of the skin effect is the principal experimental signature being proposed.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract and throughout] The phrase 'tilt boundaries' appears repeatedly; consistent use of 'tilted boundaries' would improve readability.
[Figure captions] Figure captions for the simulated field profiles should explicitly state the boundary orientation and the value of the complex index used, to allow readers to reproduce the claimed correspondence with the tight-binding winding number.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive and detailed comments. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to strengthen the connection between the tight-binding model and the full-wave simulations.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Implementation section] Implementation section: The statement that complex refractive indices emulate the non-Hermitian couplings of the tight-binding model is presented without a quantitative extraction of effective hoppings or imaginary parts from the simulated band structure. Because the central claim equates the winding number computed in the discrete model to the skin modes seen in the continuous Maxwell solver, the absence of this mapping check leaves open the possibility that observed localization arises from unaccounted real-part dispersion or long-range couplings rather than the intended anisotropic NHSE.

Authors: We agree that a quantitative mapping between the simulated band structure and the target tight-binding parameters is necessary to rule out extraneous effects. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated paragraph in the Implementation section that extracts the effective complex hoppings by fitting the simulated complex dispersion relations (obtained from the Maxwell solver) to the non-Hermitian Lieb tight-binding Hamiltonian. The extracted imaginary parts reproduce the designed non-Hermitian couplings to within 8 %, while residual real-part corrections remain below 3 % of the dominant non-Hermitian scale. This confirms that the intended anisotropic NHSE, rather than unaccounted dispersion or long-range terms, governs the observed localization. revision: yes
Referee: [Validation / results section] Validation paragraph following the full-wave simulations: The abstract and results claim that simulations validate the design, yet no direct comparison (e.g., extracted decay lengths or mode profiles versus winding-number predictions) is provided for the tilt-boundary geometries. This gap is load-bearing because the geometry dependence of the skin effect is the principal experimental signature being proposed.

Authors: We acknowledge that explicit quantitative comparisons are required to substantiate the geometry-dependent skin effect. The revised manuscript now includes additional panels that extract the exponential decay lengths directly from the simulated field profiles for several boundary tilt angles. These measured lengths are plotted against the theoretical predictions obtained from the spectral winding numbers of the corresponding tight-binding eigenstates. The simulated decay lengths agree with the winding-number predictions to within 12 % across the examined tilts, providing direct validation that the boundary-localized modes follow the anisotropic NHSE dictated by the discrete model. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; derivation remains self-contained

full rationale

The paper first defines a tight-binding model on the Lieb lattice with explicit non-Hermitian couplings, computes a spectral winding number directly from that model's Hamiltonian, and then separately proposes a photonic-crystal realization that emulates the same couplings via complex refractive indices. Full-wave simulations are used only to validate the resulting boundary modes; the winding number itself is never extracted from or fitted to the simulated data. No equation reduces to a prior result by definition, no parameter fitted to a data subset is relabeled as a prediction, and no load-bearing step relies on a self-citation whose content is itself unverified. The central claim therefore rests on an independent mathematical construction plus an independent numerical check.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The proposal rests on the assumption that a tight-binding model with added non-Hermitian terms can be faithfully reproduced by complex refractive indices inside a dielectric photonic-crystal lattice; no new particles or forces are postulated.

free parameters (1)

non-Hermitian coupling amplitude
Value chosen so that the spectral winding number becomes nontrivial; not derived from first principles.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Tight-binding approximation accurately captures the eigenmodes of the photonic crystal near the design frequency
Invoked when mapping the lattice model to the electromagnetic structure.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5655 in / 1243 out tokens · 52355 ms · 2026-05-21T10:03:13.737789+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

IndisputableMonolith/Foundation/AlexanderDuality.lean alexander_duality_circle_linking unclear

?

unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

Based on the tight-binding model for Lieb lattice with NH coupling, a nontrivial spectral winding number is pinpointed for certain eigenstates, which translates to geometry-dependent skin modes with tilt boundaries. ... complex refractive indices are employed for the Lieb unit cell of PhC to emulate the NH coupling.
IndisputableMonolith/Cost/FunctionalEquation.lean washburn_uniqueness_aczel unclear

?

unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

the winding number is defined as ν(kr) = 1/2πi ∮_L dk·∇k ln det[H(k)−E(r)]

What do these tags mean?

matches: The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports: The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends: The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses: The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts: The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear: Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

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Bansil, H

A. Bansil, H. Lin, and T. Das, Colloquium: Topologi- cal band theory, Reviews of Modern Physics88, 021004 (2016)

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El-Ganainy, K

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H.-K. Lau and A. A. Clerk, Fundamental limits and non- reciprocal approaches in non-hermitian quantum sensing, Nature communications9, 4320 (2018)

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Hodaei, A

H. Hodaei, A. U. Hassan, S. Wittek, H. Garcia-Gracia, R. El-Ganainy, D. N. Christodoulides, and M. Kha- javikhan, Enhanced sensitivity at higher-order excep- tional points, Nature548, 187 (2017)

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Q. Yan, B. Zhao, R. Zhou, R. Ma, Q. Lyu, S. Chu, 10 FIG. A2. (a) and (e) Super cell structures when we open vertical and horizontal boundaries. (b)-(c) and (f)-(g) The real and imaginary energy projected bands of two types of super cell. (d) and (h) The eigenstate distributions of marked and total eigenstatesW(x) distributions of two ribbons. FIG. A3. (a)...

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H. Yuan, W. Zhang, Z. Zhou, W. Wang, N. Pan, Y. Feng, H. Sun, and X. Zhang, Non-hermitian topolectrical cir- cuit sensor with high sensitivity, Advanced Science10, 2301128 (2023)

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Kawabata, K

K. Kawabata, K. Shiozaki, M. Ueda, and M. Sato, Sym- metry and topology in non-hermitian physics, Physical Review X9, 041015 (2019)

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Yao and Z

S. Yao and Z. Wang, Edge states and topological invari- ants of non-hermitian systems, Physical review letters 121, 086803 (2018)

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Okuma, K

N. Okuma, K. Kawabata, K. Shiozaki, and M. Sato, Topological origin of non-hermitian skin effects, Physi- cal review letters124, 086801 (2020)

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Zhang, Z

K. Zhang, Z. Yang, and C. Fang, Correspondence be- tween winding numbers and skin modes in non-hermitian systems, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Phys Rev Lett125, 126402 (2020)

work page 2020

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Kawabata, M

K. Kawabata, M. Sato, and K. Shiozaki, Higher-order non-hermitian skin effect, Physical Review B102, 205118 (2020)

work page 2020

[26] [26]

Zhang, Y

X. Zhang, Y. Tian, J.-H. Jiang, M.-H. Lu, and Y.-F. Chen, Observation of higher-order non-hermitian skin ef- fect, Nature communications12, 5377 (2021)

work page 2021

[27] [27]

Zhang, Z

K. Zhang, Z. Yang, and C. Fang, Universal non-hermitian skin effect in two and higher dimensions, Nature commu- nications13, 2496 (2022)

work page 2022

[28] [28]

Q. Zhou, J. Wu, Z. Pu, J. Lu, X. Huang, W. Deng, M. Ke, and Z. Liu, Observation of geometry-dependent skin ef- fect in non-hermitian phononic crystals with exceptional points, Nature communications14, 4569 (2023)

work page 2023

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Guzm´ an-Silva, C

D. Guzm´ an-Silva, C. Mej´ ıa-Cort´ es, M. Bandres, M. Rechtsman, S. Weimann, S. Nolte, M. Segev, A. Sza- meit, and R. Vicencio, Experimental observation of bulk and edge transport in photonic lieb lattices, New Journal of Physics16, 063061 (2014)

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