Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy

As of 6 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 32 of 32 outbound references and 4 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2604.02423.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2604.02423 v1

Coverage vector

measured 32 of 32 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-07-11T11:50:26.030339Z

measured 36 of 36 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00

measured 4 of 4 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-02T06:15:41.052650Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-07-04T15:49:57.071466Z

Reference resolution

32 of 32 outbound references displayed

verified exact21
verified fuzzy4
unresolved0
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch7

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation ba9f5ef6-6adb-46e0-ae89-6ce0633b979c · outbound

This paper cites Fragile Thoughts: How Large Language Models Handle Chain-of-Thought Perturbations.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Fragile Thoughts: How Large Language Models Handle Chain-of-Thought Perturbations

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.276695Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 42226db3-0977-4cab-b7c2-18c77872f866 · outbound

This paper cites A rational analysis of the effects of sycophantic ai.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy A rational analysis of the effects of sycophantic ai

Reference 2

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.256481Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 54c154af-d05f-4dbc-9a4a-dd4f6f72b346 · outbound

This paper cites Direction-Flipped Influence Audits Reveal Hidden Structure in Moral Choices of LLMs.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Direction-Flipped Influence Audits Reveal Hidden Structure in Moral Choices of LLMs

Reference 3

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.264151Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation a625d785-5c59-43b3-b1b1-9550f36fc289 · outbound

This paper cites Flattering to Deceive: The Impact of Sycophantic Behavior on User Trust in Large Language Model.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Flattering to Deceive: The Impact of Sycophantic Behavior on User Trust in Large Language Model

Reference 4

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.223534Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 322b9bd3-865d-4f11-b657-bf861ed3688f · outbound

This paper cites Persona Vectors: Monitoring and Controlling Character Traits in Language Models.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Persona Vectors: Monitoring and Controlling Character Traits in Language Models

Reference 5

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.250941Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 25db56cb-dce8-48f8-b412-3694096e93ab · outbound

This paper cites ELEPHANT: Measuring and understanding social sycophancy in LLMs.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy ELEPHANT: Measuring and understanding social sycophancy in LLMs

Reference 6

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:18.976922Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation b5de4c11-a3b9-4bef-889d-e04937e09de1 · outbound

This paper cites Ask don't tell: Reducing sycophancy in large language models.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Ask don't tell: Reducing sycophancy in large language models

Reference 7

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.258848Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 4d0f90c2-bacb-4606-bc26-e3fd92e56f66 · outbound

This paper cites SycEval: Evaluating LLM Sycophancy , volume =.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy SycEval: Evaluating LLM Sycophancy , volume =

Reference 8

Resolution: metadata mismatch; doi, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:18.973819Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation c4a4fa0e-68ac-4b05-b7f5-9634cd55322f · outbound

This paper cites Counterfactual simulation training for chain-of-thought faithfulness.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Counterfactual simulation training for chain-of-thought faithfulness

Reference 9

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.232023Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 49ec756e-3a5d-4468-bf3f-4656644e00be · outbound

This paper cites Measuring sycophancy of language models in multi-turn dialogues.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Measuring sycophancy of language models in multi-turn dialogues

Reference 10

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.235289Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 0b3ffeab-20a7-4d03-ab0a-1d8b737d4acf · outbound

This paper cites Interaction context often increases sycophancy in LLMs.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Interaction context often increases sycophancy in LLMs

Reference 11

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.261573Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation acb096c2-1845-4772-93fb-39e5c85f9259 · outbound

This paper cites Kim, S.; and Khashabi, D.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Kim, S.; and Khashabi, D

Reference 12

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.243187Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 5da35ceb-3b5e-4e6e-87a7-8726501a5573 · outbound

This paper cites What makes chain-of- thought prompting effective? a counterfactual study.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy What makes chain-of- thought prompting effective? a counterfactual study

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-13T23:13:25.361353Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation b80592f2-b5ad-4041-9b28-897cc47bfede · outbound

This paper cites Open Character Training : Shaping the Persona of AI Assistants through Constitutional AI , November 2025.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Open Character Training : Shaping the Persona of AI Assistants through Constitutional AI , November 2025

Reference 14

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.229125Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 92ab288a-3348-43c7-85ba-90fc98992368 · outbound

This paper cites Shahar Ben Natan and Oren Tsur.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Shahar Ben Natan and Oren Tsur

Reference 15

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.240468Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 4ac829f1-f4c6-4fb3-905c-512f0d66bb19 · outbound

This paper cites SycoEval-EM: Sycophancy Evaluation of Large Language Models in Simulated Clinical Encounters for Emergency Care.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy SycoEval-EM: Sycophancy Evaluation of Large Language Models in Simulated Clinical Encounters for Emergency Care

Reference 16

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-25T01:17:24.277370Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 81967769-8e4a-40dd-a0f9-23af829b6efb · outbound

This paper cites Moral sycophancy in vision language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.08311.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Moral sycophancy in vision language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.08311

Reference 17

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.220788Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 88c15e87-0cd7-46ce-a450-429936aded5f · outbound

This paper cites The social sycophancy scale: A psychometrically validated measure of sycophancy.arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.15448.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy The social sycophancy scale: A psychometrically validated measure of sycophancy.arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.15448

Reference 18

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.218029Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation d193014c-4e03-4663-a31f-43a40a269c2e · outbound

This paper cites ELEPHANT: Measuring and understanding social sycophancy in LLMs.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy ELEPHANT: Measuring and understanding social sycophancy in LLMs

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.269119Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 119adce4-2cc5-4a84-90bd-73582c5e024c · outbound

This paper cites Giuseppe Russo, Debora Nozza, Paul R¨ottger, and Dirk Hovy.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Giuseppe Russo, Debora Nozza, Paul R¨ottger, and Dirk Hovy

Reference 20

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:18.979340Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation a6579bc6-c069-400f-94be-26dfc1cfdc77 · outbound

This paper cites Grounding gaps in language model generations.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Grounding gaps in language model generations

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-13T23:13:25.364352Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation fc9cfc0b-6e2c-43eb-bc07-88d5224f1da7 · outbound

This paper cites Towards Understanding Sycophancy in Language Models.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Towards Understanding Sycophancy in Language Models

Reference 22

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.237792Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 65a2a325-5748-4e30-b9d3-93b9056ee373 · outbound

This paper cites A survey on uncertainty quantification of large language models: Taxonomy, open research challenges, and future directions.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy A survey on uncertainty quantification of large language models: Taxonomy, open research challenges, and future directions

Reference 23

Resolution: metadata mismatch; doi, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:18.971730Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation fbb26a0d-19a4-48d5-8441-68a75c1d08c7 · outbound

This paper cites Old Habits Die Hard: How Conversational History Geometrically Traps LLMs.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Old Habits Die Hard: How Conversational History Geometrically Traps LLMs

Reference 24

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-20T00:04:27.213001Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation d0696a37-b621-4f2e-97ac-12068916eefc · outbound

This paper cites In 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference On Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pages 7191–7201, New Orleans, USA.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy In 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference On Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pages 7191–7201, New Orleans, USA

Reference 25

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.226515Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation a5cf4640-5088-4884-b8c4-1463778b76b9 · outbound

This paper cites Simple synthetic data reduces sycophancy in large language models.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Simple synthetic data reduces sycophancy in large language models

Reference 26

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-16T14:48:09.004902Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 0aa0fa4d-328c-40b1-ada8-4d3827703f77 · outbound

This paper cites Debateqa: Evaluating ques- tion answering on debatable knowledge.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Debateqa: Evaluating ques- tion answering on debatable knowledge

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-13T23:13:25.367353Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation ea5cd229-2b5b-41f4-9338-d9d71fab2dfd · outbound

This paper cites Hearing is believing? evaluating and analyzing audio language model sycophancy with syaudio.arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.23149.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Hearing is believing? evaluating and analyzing audio language model sycophancy with syaudio.arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.23149

Reference 28

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.245816Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 76264999-2a11-496a-ab1a-9066decac9d6 · outbound

This paper cites Uncertainty is Fragile: Manipulating Uncertainty in Large Language Models.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Uncertainty is Fragile: Manipulating Uncertainty in Large Language Models

Reference 29

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.274250Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation ac8fe8d5-3156-4b5f-b197-e26a34ee0358 · outbound

This paper cites Sycophancy under Pressure: Evaluating and Mitigating Sycophantic Bias via Adversarial Dialogues in Scientific QA.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Sycophancy under Pressure: Evaluating and Mitigating Sycophantic Bias via Adversarial Dialogues in Scientific QA

Reference 30

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:19.271682Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation a8491d74-69b1-48b9-93e7-f4a9f25862a1 · outbound

This paper cites Navigating the grey area: How ex- pressions of uncertainty and overconfidence affect language models.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy Navigating the grey area: How ex- pressions of uncertainty and overconfidence affect language models

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-13T23:13:25.358371Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 1c566c7a-3b35-46c7-86d5-10bac49b3dfb · outbound

This paper cites AITA for {...}?.

SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy AITA for {...}?

Reference 32

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-05-13T21:48:18.969587Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 7802e6e1-8224-4100-be9d-0eaf274fef44 · inbound

Detecting and Controlling Sycophancy with Cascading Linear Features cites this paper.

Detecting and Controlling Sycophancy with Cascading Linear Features SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy

Reference 1

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T15:49:57.074935Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

Observation 9f3fae8a-7a9d-4867-9a6a-43e0995afbe8 · inbound

Agents Don't Just Agree, They Remember: Benchmarking Persistent Sycophancy in Stateful Personal Agents cites this paper.

Agents Don't Just Agree, They Remember: Benchmarking Persistent Sycophancy in Stateful Personal Agents SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-14T11:04:44.592375Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f0be3c67-07a0-47db-a711-283947402223 · inbound

Resist and Update: Counterfactual Report Coordinates for Incentive-Compatible LLMs cites this paper.

Resist and Update: Counterfactual Report Coordinates for Incentive-Compatible LLMs SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy

Reference 2023

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T06:15:41.052650Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 84249b01-812a-4f83-8de6-74282cc6662c · inbound

Tag Questions and the Generational Reversal of Sycophancy Across 45 Language Models cites this paper.

Tag Questions and the Generational Reversal of Sycophancy Across 45 Language Models SWAY: A Counterfactual Computational Linguistic Approach to Measuring and Mitigating Sycophancy

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-07-31T23:28:16.174476Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.