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arxiv: 2604.05565 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-07 · 📡 eess.SP

Rotatable Antenna Enabled Multi-Cell Mixed Near-Field and Far-Field Communications

Yunpu Zhang , Changsheng You , Ruichen Zhang , Beixiong Zheng , Hing Cheung So , Dusit Niyato , Tony Q. S. Quek This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 19:06 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 📡 eess.SP
keywords rotatable antennamulti-cell communicationsnear-field communicationsfar-field communicationsinterference mitigationsum-rate maximizationbeamformingFresnel integrals
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The pith

Rotatable antennas at each base station reduce inter-cell interference between near-field and far-field users in multi-cell networks.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Prior studies addressed mixed near-field and far-field communications only inside single cells, where interference stayed intra-cell. This paper examines the multi-cell case, where each cell serves multiple users and inter-cell mixed-field interference becomes the dominant limit on performance. It introduces rotatable antenna arrays at the base stations as an extra spatial degree of freedom that can be jointly optimized with transmit beamforming. For the single-user-per-cell case the authors derive a closed-form expression for the rotation-dependent interference using Fresnel integrals and prove analytically that suitable rotations suppress this interference. For the general multi-user case they supply a double-layer algorithm that solves the network-wide sum-rate maximization problem under per-base-station power and rotation constraints.

Core claim

In a multi-cell system where each base station uses a rotatable antenna array to serve both near-field and far-field users, jointly optimizing the array rotation angles together with the transmit beamformers yields a closed-form reduction in rotation-aware inter-cell mixed-field interference via the Fresnel integrals for the single-user case, and an efficient double-layer optimizer (semidefinite relaxation plus particle-swarm search) for the multi-user case, both of which raise the achievable network sum rate.

What carries the argument

The rotation angle of each rotatable antenna array, which reshapes the effective channel responses to suppress inter-cell mixed near-field and far-field interference while remaining inside the admissible rotation range.

If this is right

  • For single-user cells the rotation-aware interference admits an exact closed-form expression in Fresnel integrals that decreases with appropriate rotation.
  • Rotation therefore provides an independent lever that substantially raises achievable sum rate by mitigating inter-cell mixed-field interference.
  • The double-layer algorithm (inner semidefinite relaxation plus successive convex approximation for beamforming, outer particle-swarm search for rotations) converges to a high-quality solution for the general multi-user setting.
  • Network-wide sum-rate maximization is feasible under per-base-station power limits and bounded array rotation angles.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the closed-form interference expression holds, optimal rotations could be tabulated offline for known user geometries and applied with minimal real-time computation.
  • The same rotation mechanism may also help in single-cell scenarios by further suppressing residual intra-cell mixed-field interference.
  • Hardware designs that allow continuous or fine-grained rotation would be needed to realize the predicted gains at scale.

Load-bearing premise

The Fresnel-integral model for mixed near-field and far-field channels remains accurate in deployment and rotation angles can be chosen without regard to hardware latency, mutual coupling, or imperfect channel knowledge.

What would settle it

Deploy a small multi-cell testbed with one near-field and one far-field user per cell, measure the actual inter-cell interference power as a function of base-station rotation angle, and check whether the measured values follow the closed-form Fresnel-integral expression derived in the paper.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.05565 by Beixiong Zheng, Changsheng You, Dusit Niyato, Hing Cheung So, Ruichen Zhang, Tony Q. S. Quek, Yunpu Zhang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Illustration of RA-enabled multi-cell mixed-field communica [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: The system consists of M macro cells, indexed by M = {1, . . . , M}, where we assume each cell contains a BS (e.g., the BS in cell m) serving K single-antenna users indexed by Km = {1, . . . , K}. In particular, each BS is equipped with a uniform linear RA array1 consisting of N = 2N˜ +1 antennas with half-wavelength spacing. The reference coordinate of BS m is denoted by pm = [xm, ym] T . In addition to t… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Illustration of inter-cell angle determination. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Illustration of considered two-cell scenario. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: G(x, y) versus y for fixed |x|. = [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Inter-cell mixed-field interference power versus rotation angle. -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Effect of angle of U1,2. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 12 14 16 18 20 Both interference types Mixed-field interference only Near-field interference only [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Convergence of the proposed double-layer algorithm. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Achievable sum-rate versus number of per-BS antennas. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_14.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Prior studies on mixed near-field and far-field communications have focused exclusively on single-cell scenarios, where both near-field and far-field users are served by the same base station (BS), leading to intra-cell mixed-field interference. In this paper, we consider a more general and practical multi-cell mixed-field scenario consisting of multiple cells, each serving multiple users, thus resulting in more complex inter-cell mixed-field interference. To address this new challenge, we propose leveraging rotatable antenna (RA) technology to enhance multi-cell mixed-field communication performance by exploiting the additional spatial degree-of-freedom introduced by RA rotation to mitigate interference in an efficient way. Specifically, we study an RA-enabled multi-cell mixed-field communication system in which each BS is equipped with an RA array to serve its associated users. We formulate a network-wide sum-rate maximization problem that jointly optimizes the transmit beamforming and the rotation angles of the RA arrays, subject to per-BS power constraints and admissible array rotation limits. To gain useful insights into the role of RAs in multi-cell mixed-field communications, we first analyze a special case with a single user per cell. For this case, we obtain a closed-form expression for the rotation-aware inter-cell mixed-field interference using the Fresnel integrals and analytically show that RA rotation can effectively mitigate such interference, thereby substantially improving system performance. For the general case with multiple users per cell, we develop an efficient double-layer algorithm: the inner layer optimizes the transmit beamforming at each BS via semidefinite relaxation and successive convex approximation; while the outer layer determines the rotation angles of the RA arrays using particle swarm optimization.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript studies rotatable-antenna (RA) arrays in a multi-cell mixed near-field/far-field setting. For the single-user-per-cell special case it derives a closed-form expression for rotation-aware inter-cell interference via Fresnel integrals and analytically shows that RA rotation mitigates this interference. For the general multi-user case it proposes a double-layer algorithm that uses semidefinite relaxation and successive convex approximation for beamforming in the inner layer and particle-swarm optimization for rotation angles in the outer layer, with the objective of maximizing network sum-rate subject to per-BS power and rotation constraints.

Significance. If the Fresnel-based derivation remains valid under rotation, the work supplies the first analytical treatment of inter-cell mixed-field interference and demonstrates that an additional spatial degree of freedom (array rotation) can be exploited for its mitigation. The closed-form result for the special case and the reproducible double-layer algorithmic framework constitute concrete strengths that could guide practical 6G deployments with large arrays operating across near- and far-field regimes.

major comments (1)
  1. [Special-case analysis (single user per cell)] Special-case analysis: the closed-form interference expression is obtained by approximating the spherical-wave phase across RA elements as quadratic in the element index, yielding Fresnel integrals C(x) and S(x). Rotation reorients the array and therefore changes the effective element coordinates relative to inter-cell users, modifying both the linear and quadratic coefficients in the phase expansion. The manuscript does not re-derive the Fresnel approximation or bound its error for the rotated geometry; if admissible rotations move the geometry outside the paraxial regime, the analytical claim that rotation mitigates interference rests on an unverified identity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback and positive evaluation of our manuscript. We address the major comment on the special-case analysis as follows.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Special-case analysis (single user per cell)] Special-case analysis: the closed-form interference expression is obtained by approximating the spherical-wave phase across RA elements as quadratic in the element index, yielding Fresnel integrals C(x) and S(x). Rotation reorients the array and therefore changes the effective element coordinates relative to inter-cell users, modifying both the linear and quadratic coefficients in the phase expansion. The manuscript does not re-derive the Fresnel approximation or bound its error for the rotated geometry; if admissible rotations move the geometry outside the paraxial regime, the analytical claim that rotation mitigates interference rests on an unverified identity.

    Authors: We appreciate the referee's careful reading and the identification of this potential gap in the presentation. In the manuscript, the closed-form expression for the inter-cell interference is derived by incorporating the rotation angle into the effective positions of the array elements, which affects the phase terms. However, the Fresnel integral approximation itself was detailed for the unrotated case, with the rotation effect applied subsequently. To strengthen the analysis, we will revise the paper to provide a full re-derivation of the quadratic phase approximation and Fresnel integrals explicitly accounting for the rotated array geometry. Furthermore, we will add a discussion or bound on the approximation error to confirm that the paraxial assumption holds for the considered rotation ranges and system parameters, ensuring the validity of our analytical results on interference mitigation. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: Fresnel closed-form is direct derivation from quadratic phase model

full rationale

The central analytical result is a closed-form interference expression obtained by substituting the standard Fresnel-integral identities into the quadratic phase expansion of the spherical-wave channel model. This step is a standard mathematical reduction (integral of exp(j a k^2) yields C(x) and S(x)) and does not define the target quantity in terms of itself or fit parameters to the performance metric being analyzed. The subsequent claim that rotation mitigates interference follows by differentiating or evaluating the closed-form with respect to the rotation angle; the angle appears explicitly in the linear and quadratic coefficients of the phase, so the mitigation is a consequence of the geometry rather than an input. The general-case algorithm applies off-the-shelf SDR/SCA and PSO to the sum-rate objective; neither layer is defined circularly by the other. No self-citation is invoked to justify the Fresnel step or to declare uniqueness of the RA choice. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained against external Fresnel identities and standard optimization theory.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on standard far/near-field channel models and convex optimization techniques; no new free parameters are introduced beyond the rotation angles that are decision variables, and no new physical entities are postulated.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Near-field propagation is accurately captured by the Fresnel-integral approximation for the given array geometry and distances.
    Invoked when deriving the closed-form rotation-aware interference expression for the single-user case.
  • domain assumption The semidefinite relaxation and successive convex approximation yield sufficiently tight solutions for the beamforming subproblem.
    Used inside the inner layer of the double-layer algorithm.

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Reference graph

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