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arxiv: 2604.12618 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-14 · 💻 cs.AR

Recognition: unknown

CODO: An Automated Compiler for Comprehensive Dataflow Optimization

Weichuang Zhang , Yiquan Wang , Xinzhou Zhang , Chi Zhang , Yu Feng , Xiaofeng Hou , Chao Li , Jieru Zhao
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Minyi Guo
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 14:32 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.AR
keywords FPGAdataflow optimizationhigh-level synthesiscompilerDNN acceleratorsautomatic schedulingdata movement
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The pith

CODO automates creation of efficient FPGA dataflow accelerators by fixing dataflow violations and optimizing memory use.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper tries to establish that manually building efficient dataflow architectures on FPGAs remains challenging even with high-level synthesis tools, especially for large applications. CODO provides an automated compiler that detects and eliminates both coarse-grained and fine-grained dataflow violations, optimizes on- and off-chip data movement, and applies automatic scheduling for balanced performance and resource use. A sympathetic reader would care because this automation could enable faster, higher-performance FPGA designs for streaming applications like deep neural networks without constant expert intervention.

Core claim

We introduce CODO, an automated compiler that generates feasible and efficient dataflow accelerators on FPGAs. CODO features a systematic method for detecting and eliminating both coarse-grained and fine-grained dataflow violations. Building on this, CODO performs both on- and off-chip data movement optimizations to maximize transfer efficiency and automatic scheduling to generate high-performance dataflow accelerators ensuring a balanced performance-resource trade-off. Synthesis results show that CODO delivers 1.45× to 4.52× latency speedups on typical computation kernels and 3.7× to 33.8× speedups on DNN models compared to SOTA frameworks, with on-board evaluations achieving 7.3× average 2

What carries the argument

The systematic method for detecting and eliminating both coarse-grained and fine-grained dataflow violations, which enables subsequent data movement optimizations and automatic scheduling.

If this is right

  • Large-scale applications can be mapped to dataflow architectures on FPGAs without manual resolution of violations.
  • On-chip and off-chip data transfers reach higher efficiency through targeted optimizations.
  • Automatic scheduling produces designs with improved latency while respecting resource limits.
  • DNN and kernel workloads achieve consistent latency reductions over existing compilation flows.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The violation-detection approach could be adapted to other reconfigurable computing platforms beyond FPGAs.
  • Integration with standard machine-learning toolchains might shorten the path from model to custom hardware.
  • Wider use of such compilers could shift more edge inference workloads onto FPGAs for lower power.

Load-bearing premise

That dataflow violations in large-scale applications can be systematically detected and eliminated automatically while still guaranteeing feasible designs that do not introduce new bottlenecks.

What would settle it

A side-by-side implementation of a large DNN model where an expert uses standard HLS tools to produce a dataflow design and its measured latency and resource use is compared directly against the output produced by CODO on the same FPGA board.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.12618 by Chao Li, Chi Zhang, Jieru Zhao, Minyi Guo, Weichuang Zhang, Xiaofeng Hou, Xinzhou Zhang, Yiquan Wang, Yu Feng.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Dataflow execution with FIFO and ping-pong buffer. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Motivating example. (a) The code snippet consists of a top function and three sub-functions: Padding, Convolution, and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Framework overview of CODO. cal usability compared to prior methods. III. FRAMEWORK OVERVIEW CODO is built on the MLIR [25] compilation frame￾work [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Coarse-grained dataflow violation elimination: (a) an [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: An example of a reduction operation rewriting. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Example code for efficient reuse buffer generation. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Speed and resource util. of parallelism exploration. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Left: Latency speedup over baseline on the GPT-2 model. Right: Experiment setup of evaluated platforms. 1 . 0x 1 . 0x 2. 4x 2. 5x 2. 5x 3408. 6x 1 . 0x 1 . 0x 4. 3x 7. 1 x 63. 5x 466. 4x 1 . 0x 1 . 0x 4. 1 x 46. 6x 70. 4x 601 . 9x 1 . 0x 1 . 0x 9. 7x 54. 9x 1 05. 8x 1 644. 0x BaselineOpt1 Opt2 Opt3 Opt4 Opt5 0 25 50 75 GPT-2 DSP (% ) FF (% ) LUT (% ) 1 1 0 1 00 1 000 S p e e d u p (Size: 1 *3 2*1 024) Base… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Ablation study of different optimization methods. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Latency speedup and resource usage of ResNet-18 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_11.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

FPGAs are well-suited for dataflow architectures that process data in a streaming or pipelined manner, thus satisfying the high computational and communication demands of emerging applications. However, manually implementing an efficient dataflow architecture for large-scale applications is still challenging, even for specialists who use high-level synthesis (HLS) to simplify FPGA programming. To address this, we introduce CODO, an automated compiler that generates feasible and efficient dataflow accelerators on FPGAs. CODO features a systematic method for detecting and eliminating both coarse-grained and fine-grained dataflow violations. Building on this, CODO performs both on- and off-chip data movement optimizations to maximize transfer efficiency. To guarantee a higher design quality, CODO performs automatic scheduling to generate high-performance dataflow accelerators, ensuring a balanced performance-resource trade-off. Synthesis results show that CODO delivers $1.45\times$ to $4.52\times$ latency speedups on typical computation kernels and $3.7\times$ to $33.8\times$ speedups on DNN models compared to SOTA frameworks. In on-board evaluations, CODO achieves $7.3\times$ average speedup on CNN models and $2.07\times$ average speedup on the GPT-2 model over SOTA frameworks. The compiler is open-sourced at https://github.com/sjtu-zhao-lab/codo-artifact.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper introduces CODO, an automated compiler that generates feasible and efficient dataflow accelerators on FPGAs. It claims a systematic method to detect and eliminate both coarse-grained and fine-grained dataflow violations, combined with on- and off-chip data movement optimizations and automatic scheduling to achieve balanced performance-resource trade-offs. Synthesis results are reported to deliver 1.45×–4.52× latency speedups on typical computation kernels and 3.7×–33.8× on DNN models versus SOTA frameworks, with on-board evaluations showing 7.3× average speedup on CNN models and 2.07× on GPT-2; the compiler is open-sourced.

Significance. If the automation guarantees and reported speedups prove reproducible and generalizable, CODO could meaningfully advance FPGA design automation for streaming dataflow architectures, reducing reliance on manual HLS tuning for large-scale applications such as DNN inference. The open-source release at the cited GitHub repository is a clear strength that supports independent verification and extension.

major comments (3)
  1. Evaluation section (synthesis and on-board results): The central speedup claims (1.45×–4.52× kernels, 3.7×–33.8× DNNs, 7.3× CNNs, 2.07× GPT-2) are stated without any description of the concrete benchmarks, exact SOTA framework versions and configurations, target FPGA platform and resource utilization numbers, number of synthesis runs, or statistical measures. This absence is load-bearing because the performance advantage is predicated on the systematic violation-elimination method succeeding automatically; without these details the claims cannot be assessed for reproducibility or selection bias.
  2. Compiler design section on violation detection and elimination: The systematic method for detecting and removing coarse- and fine-grained dataflow violations is presented conceptually but supplies no algorithm, pseudocode, complexity bound, or failure-mode analysis. Because the paper’s automation claim and all downstream speedups rest on this method producing feasible, efficient designs without expert intervention or new bottlenecks, the lack of concrete specification prevents evaluation of whether the reported gains are general or limited to hand-selected cases.
  3. Automatic scheduling and data-movement optimization sections: No formal description is given of the scheduling objective, how on-/off-chip movement decisions interact with the violation fixes, or any proof that the resulting accelerator remains balanced for large designs. This is load-bearing for the “guarantee a higher design quality” assertion and must be supplied to substantiate that the automation does not merely shift the manual effort elsewhere.
minor comments (2)
  1. Abstract: The phrases “typical computation kernels” and “DNN models” are used without enumeration; a brief list or reference to the evaluation section would improve clarity for readers.
  2. Open-source statement: The GitHub link is welcome, but the manuscript should explicitly state which artifacts (source, benchmarks, synthesis scripts) are included so that the reported numbers can be reproduced.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive and detailed feedback. We have addressed each major comment below and will revise the manuscript to provide the requested details, algorithms, and formal descriptions.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Evaluation section (synthesis and on-board results): The central speedup claims (1.45×–4.52× kernels, 3.7×–33.8× DNNs, 7.3× CNNs, 2.07× GPT-2) are stated without any description of the concrete benchmarks, exact SOTA framework versions and configurations, target FPGA platform and resource utilization numbers, number of synthesis runs, or statistical measures. This absence is load-bearing because the performance advantage is predicated on the systematic violation-elimination method succeeding automatically; without these details the claims cannot be assessed for reproducibility or selection bias.

    Authors: We agree that the evaluation section requires additional concrete details to support reproducibility. In the revised manuscript, we will expand this section to include: the full list of concrete benchmarks with input sizes and characteristics; exact versions, configurations, and command-line settings of all compared SOTA frameworks; the specific FPGA device (including part number) and post-synthesis resource utilization tables for every design; the number of synthesis runs performed per design; and statistical measures such as mean and standard deviation across runs where variability exists. revision: yes

  2. Referee: Compiler design section on violation detection and elimination: The systematic method for detecting and removing coarse- and fine-grained dataflow violations is presented conceptually but supplies no algorithm, pseudocode, complexity bound, or failure-mode analysis. Because the paper’s automation claim and all downstream speedups rest on this method producing feasible, efficient designs without expert intervention or new bottlenecks, the lack of concrete specification prevents evaluation of whether the reported gains are general or limited to hand-selected cases.

    Authors: The current manuscript describes the violation detection and elimination approach at a conceptual level. We will revise the compiler design section to include a precise algorithmic description, pseudocode for the coarse- and fine-grained detection and elimination passes, asymptotic complexity bounds, and a dedicated subsection on failure modes (e.g., cases where elimination introduces new bottlenecks) together with the heuristics used to avoid them. revision: yes

  3. Referee: Automatic scheduling and data-movement optimization sections: No formal description is given of the scheduling objective, how on-/off-chip movement decisions interact with the violation fixes, or any proof that the resulting accelerator remains balanced for large designs. This is load-bearing for the “guarantee a higher design quality” assertion and must be supplied to substantiate that the automation does not merely shift the manual effort elsewhere.

    Authors: We acknowledge that formal specifications are missing. The revised sections will define the scheduling objective as an optimization problem with explicit objective function and constraints, describe how on- and off-chip data-movement decisions are coupled to the violation fixes, and provide an analysis (including a heuristic argument and empirical evidence from large designs) showing that the resulting accelerators maintain balanced performance-resource trade-offs. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in derivation chain

full rationale

The paper describes an automated compiler (CODO) whose core contributions are a systematic detection/elimination method for dataflow violations, on-/off-chip movement optimizations, and automatic scheduling. These are presented as algorithmic procedures whose outputs are evaluated empirically via synthesis results and on-board runs against external SOTA frameworks. No equations, fitted parameters, or self-citations are shown to reduce the reported speedups (1.45–4.52× kernels, 3.7–33.8× DNNs, etc.) to the inputs by construction. The central claims rest on external benchmarks rather than self-definitional renaming or load-bearing self-citation chains.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Based on the abstract alone, no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are described; the work relies on standard compiler and FPGA design practices.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5572 in / 1080 out tokens · 28268 ms · 2026-05-10T14:32:42.869769+00:00 · methodology

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