Investigation of Mist and Air Film Cooling in a Two-Phase Rotating Detonation Combustor with Liquid Kerosene

Songbai Yao; Wenwu Zhang; Yeqi Zhou

arxiv: 2604.14245 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-15 · ⚛️ physics.flu-dyn

Investigation of Mist and Air Film Cooling in a Two-Phase Rotating Detonation Combustor with Liquid Kerosene

Yeqi Zhou , Songbai Yao , Wenwu Zhang This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 12:46 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.flu-dyn

keywords rotating detonation combustorfilm coolingkerosene mistthermal protectiontwo-phase flownumerical simulationdetonation wave

0 comments

The pith

Kerosene mist cooling creates a more persistent protective layer than air film cooling in rotating detonation combustors.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper investigates using kerosene droplet mist for cooling the walls of a rotating detonation combustor fueled by liquid kerosene. Through numerical simulations validated on flat-plate data, it shows that mist cooling outperforms conventional air film cooling by forming a stable near-wall layer that uses evaporation for heat removal and resists disruption by the passing detonation waves. A hybrid mist and air approach further enhances performance by speeding up wall temperature recovery after each wave. The study finds that droplet size matters for balancing film continuity and evaporation, and that partial burning of the coolant droplets does not erase the net cooling gain. These results point to practical advantages for thermal management in such high-temperature engines.

Core claim

Numerical simulations demonstrate that injecting kerosene droplets as mist through wall film holes in a rotating detonation combustor produces a durable cooling film. This film provides superior heat removal via phase change and shows greater resistance to separation caused by the rotating detonation wave compared to air film cooling. Intermediate droplet sizes optimize the trade-off between rapid evaporation and sustained coverage. Combining mist with air injection improves overall cooling efficiency and accelerates post-detonation wall cooling with limited disruption to the main flow. Although some kerosene participates in combustion, the cooling benefits outweigh this effect.

What carries the argument

Kerosene mist film cooling, where wall-injected droplets evaporate to form a phase-changing protective boundary layer near the combustor wall.

If this is right

Air film cooling has a limited operating range before excessive injection destabilizes the film due to detonation wave interactions.
Droplet size in mist cooling primarily influences downstream cooling effectiveness, with intermediate sizes best balancing evaporation and continuity.
The combined mist/air scheme boosts cooling efficiency and shortens recovery time for wall temperatures after detonation passage.
Partial combustion of injected kerosene droplets occurs but does not cancel out the overall cooling advantages.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

This mist cooling approach could support higher detonation frequencies or longer operating times in RDCs by managing wall heat loads more effectively.
The technique might transfer to other high-heat propulsion systems such as scramjets where film stability is difficult to maintain.
Optimizing injection locations and droplet sizes could further reduce any unwanted effects on the main combustor flow.

Load-bearing premise

The turbulence, droplet evaporation, and combustion models, which were checked only against flat-plate experiments, correctly simulate the unsteady interactions of the rotating detonation wave with the injected droplets and the developing wall film in the full combustor.

What would settle it

Wall temperature and heat transfer measurements taken inside an operating rotating detonation combustor with kerosene mist injection compared directly to air-only cases under matched conditions.

read the original abstract

We present a numerical investigation of kerosene droplet mist film cooling for the thermal protection of the rotating detonation combustor (RDC) and compare its performance with conventional air film cooling and combined mist/air cooling scheme. In the study, the cooling behavior of kerosene droplets injected through wall film holes is numerically examined and compared with air film cooling and a combined mist/air cooling strategy, building on a benchmark validation against flat-plate experimental data. The results show that air film cooling exhibits an optimal operating range, beyond which excessive injection degrades film stability due to strong interaction with the rotating detonation wave. In contrast, kerosene-based mist cooling forms a more persistent near-wall cooling layer, providing enhanced heat removal through phase change and exhibiting improved resistance to film separation. In mist cooling, the droplet size primarily affects the immediate downstream cooling performance, with intermediate-sized droplets offering the improved balance between evaporation rate and film continuity. A combined mist/air cooling scheme can further improve cooling efficiency and accelerate wall temperature recovery after detonation wave passage while maintaining moderate impacts on the mainstream flow. Additionally, although kerosene droplets partially participate in combustion under film hole injection, the associated thermal load does not offset the overall cooling benefit. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of kerosene-based cooling schemes for RDC thermal management.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The simulations indicate kerosene mist forms a steadier cooling layer than air film under detonation waves, but flat-plate validation leaves the unsteady claims untested.

read the letter

The paper runs CFD on kerosene mist film cooling injected through wall holes in a two-phase rotating detonation combustor and finds it maintains a more persistent near-wall layer than air film cooling, with better resistance to separation after wave passage and faster temperature recovery when combined with air injection. Droplet size matters for the balance between evaporation and film continuity, and partial combustion of the kerosene does not erase the net cooling gain. The comparisons across the three schemes are the concrete output here. What is new is the direct ranking of these cooling approaches inside an RDC geometry with liquid kerosene, including the post-wave recovery behavior. Prior film-cooling studies have not focused on this unsteady two-phase environment, so the performance differences under detonation conditions are fresh. The work is a clean forward simulation that avoids circular fitting and reports clear trends from the runs. The main limitation is the validation. All sub-models for turbulence, droplets, and evaporation are checked only against steady flat-plate experiments. The RDC introduces strong periodic pressure pulses and velocity transients that can change droplet trajectories, breakup, and film attachment in ways the flat-plate cases do not capture. Without reported mesh-convergence data or sensitivity tests on the full combustor geometry, it is unclear whether the reported advantages in persistence and recovery survive changes in numerical setup. This paper is for engineers working on thermal protection for detonation propulsion systems. A reader who needs ideas for cooling strategies in high-speed combustors will get usable comparisons, though they should rerun or verify the unsteady parts themselves. It deserves peer review so that specialists can examine the model transfer from flat plate to RDC and assess the robustness of the cooling rankings.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper presents a numerical CFD investigation of kerosene droplet mist film cooling in a two-phase rotating detonation combustor (RDC), comparing its performance to conventional air film cooling and a combined mist/air scheme. Building on flat-plate validation, it claims that kerosene mist forms a more persistent near-wall cooling layer with enhanced heat removal via phase change and greater resistance to separation under detonation wave passage; intermediate droplet sizes balance evaporation and film continuity; the combined scheme further improves efficiency and post-detonation recovery with moderate mainstream impact; and partial kerosene combustion does not negate the cooling benefit.

Significance. If the numerical predictions hold under the unsteady RDC conditions, the work would offer a concrete path toward improved thermal management in rotating detonation engines, where extreme heat loads limit durability. The identification of mist cooling's advantages in film persistence and recovery time, plus the feasibility of using the fuel itself for cooling, could influence injector and wall design in practical RDC systems.

major comments (1)

[Abstract / Numerical Methods] Abstract and Numerical Methods: The central claims (persistent near-wall layer, improved resistance to film separation, faster post-detonation recovery) rest on the turbulence, droplet evaporation, and combustion sub-models accurately predicting unsteady droplet trajectories and film stability under periodic high-amplitude pressure pulses. These models are benchmarked only against steady flat-plate experiments; no mesh-convergence checks, turbulence-model sensitivity studies, or RDC-specific validation cases are reported. This is load-bearing for the extrapolation to the full combustor geometry.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] Abstract: The statement that 'droplet size primarily affects the immediate downstream cooling performance' would benefit from explicit quantification of the size range and distribution employed in the simulations.
[Abstract] Abstract: The claim of 'moderate impacts on the mainstream flow' for the combined scheme lacks reference to specific metrics (e.g., total pressure loss or velocity deficit) that would allow direct comparison with the single-scheme cases.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 1 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed and constructive feedback on our numerical investigation of kerosene mist film cooling in a rotating detonation combustor. The comments highlight important aspects of model validation that we have addressed through revisions and additional analysis. Our point-by-point responses follow.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: Abstract and Numerical Methods: The central claims (persistent near-wall layer, improved resistance to film separation, faster post-detonation recovery) rest on the turbulence, droplet evaporation, and combustion sub-models accurately predicting unsteady droplet trajectories and film stability under periodic high-amplitude pressure pulses. These models are benchmarked only against steady flat-plate experiments; no mesh-convergence checks, turbulence-model sensitivity studies, or RDC-specific validation cases are reported. This is load-bearing for the extrapolation to the full combustor geometry.

Authors: We agree that the validation strategy relies primarily on steady flat-plate experiments, which is standard for film-cooling studies but limits direct assessment of unsteady RDC effects. To strengthen the manuscript, we have added a dedicated mesh-convergence study in the revised Numerical Methods section, confirming that wall temperature, film thickness, and evaporation rates are insensitive to further grid refinement beyond the reported resolution. We have also included a turbulence-model sensitivity analysis comparing the baseline k-epsilon model with an alternative SST k-omega formulation, showing that the relative performance trends between mist, air, and combined cooling remain consistent. Regarding RDC-specific validation, we have expanded the discussion to cite supporting literature on droplet trajectories and evaporation under high-amplitude pressure oscillations, arguing that the sub-models capture the dominant physics for the comparative claims made. These additions directly support the extrapolation while acknowledging the steady-to-unsteady step. revision: yes

standing simulated objections not resolved

Direct experimental data for kerosene mist film cooling under full rotating detonation conditions, which does not currently exist in the literature and would require new dedicated experiments beyond the scope of this numerical study.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; forward simulation with external validation

full rationale

The paper performs a forward CFD simulation study of cooling schemes in an RDC geometry. Governing equations and sub-models (turbulence, droplet evaporation, combustion) are applied after validation against independent flat-plate experiments; results on film persistence, separation resistance, and post-detonation recovery are direct outputs of those simulations rather than quantities fitted or defined from the RDC data itself. No equations reduce to their own inputs by construction, no predictions are statistically forced from fitted parameters, and no self-citation chains or uniqueness theorems are invoked as load-bearing premises. The derivation from the two-phase flow model to the reported performance comparisons is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The investigation relies on standard CFD sub-models for multiphase flow, turbulence, evaporation, and combustion; no new physical constants, entities, or ad-hoc axioms are introduced beyond those implicit in any RANS or LES simulation of reacting sprays.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5533 in / 1187 out tokens · 59749 ms · 2026-05-10T12:46:46.635462+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

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