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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints?

As of 5 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 15 of 15 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2604.14459.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2604.14459 v1

Coverage vector

measured 15 of 15 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z

measured 16 of 16 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-02T19:30:53.198385Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

15 of 15 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact1
  • verified fuzzy10
  • unresolved1
  • parse uncertain0
  • malformed identifier1
  • metadata mismatch2

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 0ca694ba-c1d7-4b5f-840c-cf55fed582f8 · outbound

This paper cites InProceed- ings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Pa- pers), pages 14638–14663, Bangkok, Thailand.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? InProceed- ings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Pa- pers), pages 14638–14663, Bangkok, Thailand

Reference 1

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.665194Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:4fa030ddb2def8dfebcbd8ad7978ad3c46890c0302f224a8c17f4a87b98f6e3d

Observation d2ba6062-fb50-4c02-b566-a2c9238884af · outbound

This paper cites InProceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, pages 486–495, Online.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? InProceedings of the 24th Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, pages 486–495, Online

Reference 2

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.679216Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:d78364ae2656372aa632f95ba5320bc168c290a5f36673c613fab9e6709bb705

Observation 8f0f23b7-9cff-4867-829c-413b4e4bc75c · outbound

This paper cites InProceed- ings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 25021–25042, Suzhou, China.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? InProceed- ings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 25021–25042, Suzhou, China

Reference 3

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.658390Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:6c6f7a30d92a805a003face44cc78b13c87ece684e4cbe4d7042f7eee6c5376a

Observation d316f73d-7166-4ffe-9375-3c40e5e33c78 · outbound

This paper cites David Furrow, Katherine Nelson, and Helen Benedict.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? David Furrow, Katherine Nelson, and Helen Benedict

Reference 4

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.672281Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:2d8a2715dc5ff89200b2d9ce669d9463560197130a766069ca5b6e452fc9c844

Observation 301cd534-6181-43b2-a2d1-363c273f5d74 · outbound

This paper cites Richard Futrell and Kyle Mahowald.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? Richard Futrell and Kyle Mahowald

Reference 5

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T11:41:05.177278Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:2d68b0a8b178ff8ad19a2868bb5af7719386eb47f977aa6d799e2226f607c451

Observation 3a1e4f8c-ad4c-4147-a888-d6e304d349fa · outbound

This paper cites A systematic framework for generating novel experimental hypotheses from language models.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? A systematic framework for generating novel experimental hypotheses from language models

Reference 6

Resolution
metadata mismatch
local_arxiv, observed 2026-05-11T11:41:05.165408Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:39e6c3a0b260f608647938a52ec1291250d5e498c48f18318d1000ebedd59822

Observation de2b9d33-02ea-447f-be54-ef7216007a2b · outbound

This paper cites Laurel Perkins, Naomi H Feldman, and Jeffrey Lidz.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? Laurel Perkins, Naomi H Feldman, and Jeffrey Lidz

Reference 7

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.667321Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:389cf4d2ef58248343e3c887aa5b22b189b163aea8a64726d35e32a4010c2089

Observation 2ff1a658-1a51-476d-8431-e1b71a2e46e7 · outbound

This paper cites Laurel Perkins and Jeffrey Lidz.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? Laurel Perkins and Jeffrey Lidz

Reference 8

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.662418Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:d46f6e8a15f856a8737303b605b904a80f24b5e95bbe17c5c66c7faef3396779

Observation e40af5d5-cd91-40af-8bef-cc8ce4e81800 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.674512Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:e75d0609f5024ffc29673f5692d9a8fdcec70b4eb2509be8f5d03499ce823ec4

Observation 48fd1ca6-0479-4ecf-a458-28661fb5d485 · outbound

This paper cites InProceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computa- tional Natural Language Learning (CoNLL), pages 66–76.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? InProceedings of the 23rd Conference on Computa- tional Natural Language Learning (CoNLL), pages 66–76

Reference 10

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.676892Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:0ba88376073e458b992b3bf7adf5bf86f5763bf1f024c27d8d6450f6d381108c

Observation 27fc63cb-3d9a-49ce-a22c-ac1fe46241f7 · outbound

This paper cites Carson T.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? Carson T

Reference 11

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.653230Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:c7ba4e47806bb6020b778ce36daad0426cbca82845afb42975ad5064a7b3b4da

Observation 07564237-501a-465b-9ce7-c8f99cd73c29 · outbound

This paper cites Jon Sprouse, Ivano Caponigro, Ciro Greco, and Carlo Cecchetto.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? Jon Sprouse, Ivano Caponigro, Ciro Greco, and Carlo Cecchetto

Reference 12

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.670177Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:e9c006fad7d83e218a0afde98d266f8bc524dfef0b3296344a4a9b7599b143a9

Observation 9ed06a22-2853-402e-8cb5-85e35c6928fe · outbound

This paper cites Ethan Gotlieb Wilcox, Michael Y Hu, Aaron Mueller, Alex Warstadt, Leshem Choshen, Chengxu Zhuang, Adina Williams, Ryan Cotterell, and Tal Linzen.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? Ethan Gotlieb Wilcox, Michael Y Hu, Aaron Mueller, Alex Warstadt, Leshem Choshen, Chengxu Zhuang, Adina Williams, Ryan Cotterell, and Tal Linzen

Reference 13

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.655734Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:8e0a546ff53cba43736bb85a5de1a423bd12d721a6f7b680d8cc39a679ed4413

Observation 850e1100-1aac-4f25-b759-906908ef4991 · outbound

This paper cites Elizabeth Wonnacott, Elissa L.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? Elizabeth Wonnacott, Elissa L

Reference 14

Resolution
metadata mismatch
arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-11T11:41:05.155860Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:1f2c73e6694a54edd4511cf250518765f0a076f5c0103ad06849cb09bef9ed32

Observation 35c3866a-d2b0-4158-b7eb-f826b595f2da · outbound

This paper cites Based on these results, we selected a batch size of 25 with 80 training steps (2000 total samples) for all experiments.

Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints? Based on these results, we selected a batch size of 25 with 80 training steps (2000 total samples) for all experiments

Reference 15

Resolution
malformed identifier
raw_fallback, observed 2026-05-19T02:32:56.660527Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-05T06:32:48.257954+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-05-10T12:50:33.156734Z digest=sha256:e86f02016e0f9cdfb056a738df3b5f3b1b1a79119c8d0f1e145a2d11226d034b

Pith citing papers

Observation c0a2db11-6aed-432d-ba79-50469c804f51 · inbound

What Exactly do Children Receive in Language Acquisition? A Case Study on CHILDES with Automated Detection of Filler-Gap Dependencies cites this paper.

What Exactly do Children Receive in Language Acquisition? A Case Study on CHILDES with Automated Detection of Filler-Gap Dependencies Filling in the Mechanisms: How do LMs Learn Filler-Gap Dependencies under Developmental Constraints?

Reference 13

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-02T19:30:53.198385Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=arxiv_source observed=2026-08-02T19:30:53.198385Z digest=sha256:c8791cfded4edb954fdb3cecd496972ee6d61da38d20b57f9c7e8219f5f7cfbc