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arxiv: 2604.17564 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-19 · ✦ hep-ex

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Search for the single production of vector-like quarks decaying into a W boson and a b quark using single-lepton final states in proton-proton collisions at sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

CMS Collaboration
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 04:51 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex
keywords vector-like quarkssingle productionW bosonb quarkCMS experimentLHCupper limitsproton-proton collisions
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0 comments X

The pith

No significant excess is observed in a search for singly produced vector-like quarks decaying to Wb, allowing new upper limits on their coupling and mass at 95% confidence level.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper presents a search for the single production of heavy vector-like quarks that decay into a W boson and a b quark in proton-proton collisions. Using data from the CMS detector at the LHC corresponding to 138 inverse femtobarns at 13 TeV, the analysis focuses on events with a single lepton, missing transverse energy, a high-momentum b-tagged jet, and a forward jet. No excess above standard model backgrounds is found. This leads to the most stringent limits to date on the production cross section and the coupling strength κ_W, with the coupling limited to below 0.086 near 1.4 TeV and masses above 2.4 TeV excluded for a coupling of 0.2. Such limits help constrain extensions of the standard model that predict these particles.

Core claim

The paper establishes that no significant excess over the standard model prediction is observed in the selected single-lepton final states. Upper limits at the 95% confidence level are set on the VLQ production cross section and its coupling κ_W to the standard model sector. For a VLQ decaying exclusively into Wb, the upper limit on κ_W reaches as low as 0.086 for masses around 1.4 TeV, and for κ_W = 0.2 the lower limit on the VLQ mass is 2.4 TeV. These are the most stringent limits to date on the single production of VLQs decaying into Wb.

What carries the argument

The event selection requiring one electron or muon, large missing transverse momentum, at least one high transverse momentum b-tagged jet, and at least one forward jet, combined with statistical methods to set upper limits on signal strength.

If this is right

  • Models predicting vector-like quarks with masses below 2.4 TeV and coupling κ_W of 0.2 are excluded by the data.
  • The production cross section of such VLQs is constrained to be below certain values depending on mass and coupling.
  • These results can be used to guide future searches in other decay channels or at higher luminosities.
  • Extensions of the standard model with vector-like quarks must satisfy these constraints to remain viable.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar search strategies could be adapted for other vector-like quark decay modes, such as to Z or Higgs bosons.
  • The lack of signal suggests that if vector-like quarks exist, they may couple more weakly or be heavier than many theoretical models assume.
  • Combining these limits with other CMS or ATLAS searches could provide even stronger constraints on BSM physics.
  • Future LHC runs with more data might probe higher masses or smaller couplings.

Load-bearing premise

The analysis assumes that standard model background processes are modeled accurately in simulation and that the detector response and selection efficiencies for signal events are correctly estimated.

What would settle it

A significant excess of events matching the expected signal signature in the data, or a large discrepancy between observed and predicted background yields that cannot be accounted for by uncertainties, would challenge the validity of the derived limits.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.17564 by CMS Collaboration.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Leading-order Feynman diagram for singly produced Y or T quarks. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Distributions of the NN discriminant in the W + jets (upper left), t [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The mrec distributions for each of the six event categories described in the legends showing the data (points), the simulated SM backgrounds (colored histograms), and the signal predictions for Y quark production (black dashed histogram) for a Y quark mass of 1.2 TeV. The coupling parameter κW is set to 0.3 in the “1 b jet, medium” channels, and κW = 0.1 for the others. The vertical bars on the data points… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The 95% CL upper limits on the VLQ single-production cross section (upper) and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_4.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

A search is performed for the single production of a heavy vector-like quark (VLQ), decaying into a W boson and a b quark. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. The search targets events with leptonic W boson decays. The event signature consists of one electron or muon, large transverse momentum imbalance, at least one jet consistent with coming from the fragmentation of a b quark and having large transverse momentum, and at least one jet in the forward region of the detector. No significant excess over the standard model prediction is observed. Upper limits are set at the 95% confidence level on the production cross section of a VLQ and its coupling $\kappa_\mathrm{W}$ to the standard model sector. For a VLQ decaying exclusively into Wb, the upper limit on $\kappa_\mathrm{W}$ depends on the VLQ mass and reaches values as low as 0.086 for masses around 1.4 TeV. For $\kappa_\mathrm{W}$ = 0.2 the lower limit on the VLQ mass is 2.4 TeV. These are the most stringent limits to date on the single production of VLQs decaying into Wb.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents a search for single production of vector-like quarks (VLQs) decaying to Wb in the single-lepton channel, using 138 fb^{-1} of 13 TeV pp collision data collected by CMS. Events are selected requiring one lepton (e or μ), large missing transverse momentum, at least one high-p_T b-tagged jet, and at least one forward jet. No significant excess over the standard-model background prediction is observed. 95% CL upper limits are set on the VLQ production cross section and on the coupling κ_W to the SM sector; for exclusive Wb decays the limit on κ_W reaches 0.086 near 1.4 TeV, while for κ_W = 0.2 the VLQ mass is excluded below 2.4 TeV. The results are stated to be the most stringent to date in this channel.

Significance. If the background modeling, signal efficiencies, and statistical procedure are validated, the result supplies the tightest constraints yet on single VLQ production in the Wb final state. The analysis exploits the full Run-2 dataset together with a topology-specific forward-jet requirement that enhances sensitivity to the single-production mode. The standard CL_s limit-setting approach is used on a null observation, providing a clean, falsifiable bound on a well-motivated BSM scenario.

minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the statement that the limits are 'the most stringent to date' would be strengthened by a one-sentence comparison to the previous best result (e.g., the 2016–2018 CMS or ATLAS single-VLQ Wb search).
  2. [Introduction] The definition of the coupling κ_W and its relation to the production cross section should be stated explicitly in the introduction or theory section to avoid ambiguity for readers outside the VLQ phenomenology community.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive review of the manuscript and for recommending acceptance. The referee's summary accurately captures the key elements of our search for single production of vector-like quarks decaying to Wb in the single-lepton channel with the full 138 fb^{-1} Run-2 dataset.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: limits derived from direct data-to-simulation comparison

full rationale

The paper reports a standard LHC search: event selection on single-lepton + MET + b-jet + forward-jet signature, background estimation from simulation with data-driven corrections, and 95% CL upper limits on VLQ cross-section and coupling via the CL_s method. No equation or step reduces a claimed prediction to a fitted parameter of the signal hypothesis, nor does any load-bearing premise rest on a self-citation chain. The null result and limits follow directly from comparing observed yields to independent SM background predictions; the analysis is self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The search relies on the accuracy of standard-model background predictions and detector simulation for both background and signal; the VLQ is a hypothetical particle whose properties are constrained rather than derived.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard model processes accurately describe the background rates and kinematics in the selected single-lepton plus b-jet plus forward-jet final state.
    Observed data are compared to SM expectation to set limits; any deviation in background modeling directly affects the limit values.
invented entities (1)
  • Vector-like quark no independent evidence
    purpose: Hypothetical heavy fermion that can be singly produced and decay to Wb.
    The particle is postulated in beyond-Standard-Model scenarios; the paper constrains rather than discovers it.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5557 in / 1448 out tokens · 61957 ms · 2026-05-10T04:51:23.800406+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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