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arxiv: 2604.19199 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-21 · ✦ hep-ex

Recognition: unknown

The FASER experiment at the Large Hadron Collider

Jamie Boyd
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 01:49 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex
keywords FASERLHCneutrinosnew particlesforward physicsbeyond Standard Modelparticle detector
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The pith

The FASER experiment, placed 480 m downstream of ATLAS at the LHC, searches for light weakly-interacting new particles and studies high-energy neutrinos of all flavors from collider collisions.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This review presents the current status of the FASER experiment up to early 2026, including its detector design, operation, performance, and initial physics results. The setup is located in a service tunnel aligned with the LHC beam axis to capture particles produced in the forward direction from ATLAS collisions. The experiment targets two main goals: detecting light new particles that interact only weakly with matter and making the first measurements of neutrinos produced at a hadron collider. It also covers recent upgrades and outlines future plans for the detector.

Core claim

FASER has been installed and operated at the LHC to search for light, weakly-interacting particles that could be produced in high-energy collisions and to study high-energy neutrinos of all three flavors originating from the ATLAS interaction point, with the detector showing the ability to identify these particles in a region 480 m downstream while managing backgrounds.

What carries the argument

The FASER detector, consisting of tracking stations, a calorimeter, and veto systems, positioned in a shielded location 480 m downstream and aligned with the beam axis to select forward-going particles from the ATLAS collisions.

If this is right

  • The first collider-based measurements of high-energy neutrinos would provide new data on neutrino properties at energies far above those from other sources.
  • Limits or discoveries of light new particles would constrain models of physics beyond the Standard Model in the forward region.
  • The experiment demonstrates a technique for accessing particles that escape central detectors at hadron colliders.
  • Upgrades installed since the start of operations will increase sensitivity in future LHC runs.
  • Future plans for the experiment include expanded coverage and improved detection capabilities.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Successful neutrino detection could test predictions of neutrino production in proton-proton collisions and help interpret astrophysical neutrino observations.
  • The forward-search approach might be adapted for other colliders to look for similar light particles.
  • If new particles are found, they could relate to dark matter candidates or other extensions of the Standard Model.

Load-bearing premise

The chosen location and alignment 480 m downstream allow clean detection of particles and neutrinos from the ATLAS collision point with manageable backgrounds.

What would settle it

Failure to detect the expected flux of high-energy neutrinos from LHC collisions or observation of backgrounds that overwhelm the signal would show the location does not enable the intended measurements.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.19199 by Jamie Boyd.

Figure 1.1
Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1: The FASER location: TI12 tunnel, 480 m downstream of the ATLAS interaction point. The detector is located along the beam [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.2. Figure 1.2: A sketch showing the location of FASER in the LHC complex. (This figure is modified from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1: Sketch showing the detector signature of a dark photon ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: Simulated π 0 production at the LHC, showing the production angle with respect to the beamline versus the pion energy. (Taken from Ref. [14].) be discussed in Section 6, real data analysis is nearly background-free with a signal efficiency of around 50 % which gives very close to the ideal performance shown here. This is because the number of signal events falls off very rapidly at the edge of the sensit… view at source ↗
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.3. Figure 2.3: The expected sensitivity of FASER for dark photons as a function of the mass ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_2_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.4. Figure 2.4: Estimated number of charged current neutrino interactions in FASER [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_2_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.5. Figure 2.5: FASERν’s estimated ν-nucleon CC cross section sensitivity for νe (left), νµ (centre), and ντ (right) for LHC Run 3. Existing constraints are shown in gray [33]. The black curve is the theoretical prediction for the DIS cross section per tungsten-weighted nucleon. The coloured error bars show FASERν’s cross section sensitivity, where the inner error bars correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the … view at source ↗
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1. Figure 3.1: A sketch of the FASER detector, showing the different sub-detector systems. The FASER coordinate system is also shown. This [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_3_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.2. Figure 3.2: (left) Photograph of a SCT barrel strip module. This figure is taken from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_3_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.3. Figure 3.3: Design of a FASER (LHCb outer) calorimeter module. (This figure is taken from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_3_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.4. Figure 3.4: A photo of the calorimeter installed into FASER. (This figure is taken from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_3_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.5. Figure 3.5: A simple schema of the FASER TDAQ architecture. The numbers in parentheses indicate the number of channels or lines. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_3_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.6. Figure 3.6: (left) Cross section of one of the FASER dipole magnets. The arrows indicate the direction of the magnetic field in each of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_3_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.7. Figure 3.7: The TI12 tunnel (left) before the FASER preparation work, and (right) after the tunnel has been cleared out and the FASER [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_3_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.8. Figure 3.8: An integration picture of the TI12 tunnel showing the different infrastructure installed for FASER. (This figure is taken from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_3_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.9. Figure 3.9: The FASER detector after installation in TI12. (This figure is taken from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_3_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.10. Figure 3.10: (top) A sketch showing the structure of the FASER [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_3_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.1. Figure 4.1: The trigger rate and deadtime during a typical LHC fill in 2023 (left) and 2024 (right). [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_4_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.2. Figure 4.2: An event display of a typical event in FASER, showing a muon track traversing the detector from left to right. The bottom part [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_4_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.3. Figure 4.3: The delivered (yellow) and recorded (blue) luminosity as a function of time from 2022 - to the end of 2025 running. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_4_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.4. Figure 4.4: A photograph of the FASERν detector being installed into the trench using the dedicated manual crane, during the installation of the F242 detector in May 2024. 23 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_4_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.5. Figure 4.5: A schematic of the FASERν emulsion workflow, including the operational activities carried out in Japan and at CERN, as well as the conceptual steps of the offline data analysis [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_4_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.6. Figure 4.6: The fast emulsion readout system HTS [42], with a readout speed of 0.45 m2/hour/layer. (This figure is taken from Ref. [34].) 24 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_4_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.7. Figure 4.7: (left) The optical splitter used to distribute the light between the HE and LE readout PMTs. (right) The charge readout by the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_4_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.8. Figure 4.8: (top) One of the preshower layers. The instrumented region is on the left side where the 12 modules are visible. To the right is [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_4_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.1. Figure 5.1: (left) Example of the scintillator efficiency measurement, showing the charge distribution for events with good fiducial tracks for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_5_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.2. Figure 5.2: (left) The calorimeter response as a function of energy, for six calorimeter modules used in a testbeam at the SPS in summer [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_5_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.3. Figure 5.3: The distribution of the noise (left) and gain (right) from tracker calibrations performed in 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025 data taking. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_5_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5.4
Figure 5.4. Figure 5.4: The quality of the alignment of the FASER tracker is assessed by comparing the residual distribution mean (top) and width [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_5_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5.5
Figure 5.5. Figure 5.5: The measured track position (top left) and angular (top right) resolution in the FASER [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_5_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5.6
Figure 5.6. Figure 5.6: (top) The FASERν muon momentum measurement performance from testbeam, and compared with MC simulation: (left) showing the central value of the reconstructed muon momentum versus the muon beam momentum; (right) showing the reconstructed muon momentum resolution versus the beam momentum. (Both plots are taken from Ref. [53]). (bottom) The electron energy measurement performance in FASERν from simulation (t… view at source ↗
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.1. Figure 6.1: The number of observed events (black points) as a function of the calorimeter energy, and the distribution for three [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p036_6_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.2. Figure 6.2: Results from the first FASER A′ search. (left) The observed (expected) exclusion for dark photons as a function of mass and coupling (ϵ); (right) The observed (expected) exclusion for the B-L gauge boson model as a function of mass and coupling (ϵ). (These figures are taken from Ref. [51].) has requirements on the number of track segments reconstructed in the back two tracking stations, with selections a… view at source ↗
Figure 6.3
Figure 6.3. Figure 6.3: Result from the 2026 A′ search, showing the observed (expected) exclusion for dark photons as a function of mass and coupling (ϵ) (This figure is taken from Ref. [55].) length of 4 m, 2.7 times larger than that in the first A ′ analysis discussed above). The main target of this search is the ALPW model discussed above, however the analysis is also interpreted in several other scenarios which lead to two … view at source ↗
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.4. Figure 6.4: A sketch of an ALP (a) decaying into two photons inside FASER. (This figure is taken from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p037_6_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.5. Figure 6.5: (left) Data control region with the preshower-ratio selection inverted for validating the ALP background estimate, showing the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p038_6_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.6
Figure 6.6. Figure 6.6: FASER exclusion for two ALP models. (left) The exclusion for the ALP-W model; (right) The exclusion for the ALP-photon [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_6_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.7
Figure 6.7. Figure 6.7: (left) A picture of the pilot emulsion detector installed in TI12 in 2018. (right) An event display showing a candidate neutrino [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p039_6_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.8
Figure 6.8. Figure 6.8: Sketch of the electronic neutrino analysis, taken from Ref. [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p040_6_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.9
Figure 6.9. Figure 6.9: (left) The muon momentum (pµ) versus the transverse distance from the extrapolated muon track to the centre of the veto scintillators (rvetoν) showing the clear separation between the signal and background events. (right) The q/p distribution for the selected events compared to the neutrino simulation (GENIE). (These figures are taken from Ref. [66].) 40 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p040_6_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.10
Figure 6.10. Figure 6.10: (left) The measured neutrino and antineutrino cross section as a function of the neutrino energy. Coloured points show the FASER [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_6_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.11
Figure 6.11. Figure 6.11: (left) The different annular bins used to measure the neutrino flux as a function of rapidity ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_6_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.12
Figure 6.12. Figure 6.12: The measured neutrino flux in bins of energy and rapidity ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_6_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.13
Figure 6.13. Figure 6.13: (top left) The number of events observed in the calorimeter energy bins, compared to the expectation from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_6_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.14
Figure 6.14. Figure 6.14: Example candidate neutrino interaction vertices in FASER [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p045_6_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.15
Figure 6.15. Figure 6.15: The neutrino interaction cross section measured by FASER [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p045_6_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.16
Figure 6.16. Figure 6.16: The location of the reconstructed neutrino interaction vertices in the FASER [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_6_16.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.17
Figure 6.17. Figure 6.17: Data (black points) and MC simulation (green histogram) distributions of the track multiplicity (N tracks), lepton angle ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p047_6_17.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.18
Figure 6.18. Figure 6.18: (left) The reconstructed neutrino energy versus the true energy from simulation. (right) The reconstructed neutrino energy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p047_6_18.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.19
Figure 6.19. Figure 6.19: The energy distribution for selected FASER [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p048_6_19.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.20
Figure 6.20. Figure 6.20: The measured neutrino interaction cross section (averaged between [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p048_6_20.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6.21
Figure 6.21. Figure 6.21: (left) A comparison between the FASER data and the DPMJET generator [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p049_6_21.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The FASER experiment is located in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) complex at CERN, 480 m downstream of the ATLAS collision point and aligned with the beam-collision-axis. The experiment was designed to search for light, weakly-interacting new-particles which could be produced in the LHC collisions, and, for the first-time, to study high-energy neutrinos of all flavours originating at a particle collider. This review article presents the status of FASER up to early-2026. This includes details of the FASER detector design, operation, performance and physics results, as well as briefly mentioning upgrades that have been installed since the start of FASER. In addition, future plans for the experiment are detailed.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review article on the FASER experiment at the LHC, located 480 m downstream of the ATLAS collision point and aligned with the beam axis. It describes the experiment's design to search for light, weakly-interacting new particles produced in LHC collisions and to perform the first studies of high-energy neutrinos of all flavours originating at a collider. The paper covers detector design, operation, performance, physics results up to early-2026, installed upgrades, and future plans.

Significance. If the factual descriptions hold, the paper provides a useful reference documenting FASER's status, including its pioneering collider-based neutrino measurements across all flavours and forward searches for new physics. The inclusion of performance metrics, background mitigation, and upgrade details strengthens its value for the experimental particle physics community.

minor comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the phrase 'up to early-2026' should specify the exact data-taking period or luminosity cutoff used for the presented physics results to avoid ambiguity about the temporal scope.
  2. [Detector design and operation] Detector design and operation sections: quantitative details on alignment precision (e.g., transverse offset tolerances relative to the beam axis) would strengthen the claim of clean detection with manageable backgrounds.
  3. [Physics results] Physics results section: all reported measurements should explicitly reference the corresponding published papers or internal notes rather than summarizing without citations.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive review of the manuscript and for recommending acceptance. The report highlights the value of the paper as a reference on FASER's design, operation, performance, neutrino measurements, and future plans. No major comments were provided.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity identified

full rationale

The paper is a descriptive review article summarizing the established FASER experiment's location 480 m downstream of ATLAS, detector design, operation, performance, physics results up to early-2026, and future plans. It contains no mathematical derivations, equations, fitted parameters presented as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations that reduce claims to their own inputs by construction. All central statements are factual descriptions grounded in operational data and direct measurements rather than self-referential logic.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

As a review paper the manuscript introduces no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; it reports on an established experimental apparatus and previously published data.

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discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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