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arxiv: 2604.27941 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-30 · ⚛️ physics.optics · physics.app-ph

Comparison of two laser wavelengths for LIBS bioimaging of plants grown in lunar regolith

T. Voz\'ar , L. \v{C}echov\'a , J. Buday , M. F\"uleky , K. Moln\'arov\'a , L. Len\v{z}a , J. Mu\v{z}\'ik , Y. Koshiba
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M. Smr\v{z} P. Po\v{r}\'izka J. Kaiser
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 07:00 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics physics.app-ph
keywords LIBS bioimaginglaser wavelength comparisonlunar regolithplant nutrient uptakeplasma emissivitymagnesium ionisationspace agriculture
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The pith

The 2090 nm laser produces hotter, more ionized plasma than 1064 nm for LIBS bioimaging of plants grown in lunar regolith.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper tests a 2090 nm laser against the standard 1064 nm laser in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy applied to broccoli and salad plants grown in lunar regolith simulant. It reports higher signal-to-noise ratios, greater total emissivity, and a higher magnesium ion-to-atom intensity ratio with the longer wavelength, which the authors interpret as evidence of a hotter and more efficiently ionized plasma. The same measurements also detect elevated magnesium and calcium uptake from the regolith simulant compared with control substrate. These results are offered as support for using LIBS as a diagnostic method to monitor plant nutrient status during in-situ cultivation beyond Earth. A sympathetic reader would care because clearer elemental maps could help close the loop on food production systems that must operate without Earth resupply.

Core claim

The 2090 nm laser wavelength yields higher SNR, higher total emissivity, and higher Mg II / Mg I intensity ratio than the 1064 nm wavelength when applied to plant tissues. These differences indicate that the 2090 nm laser generates a hotter and more efficiently ionized plasma. Both wavelengths confirm greater uptake of magnesium and calcium in plants grown in lunar regolith simulant than in control soil, supporting the feasibility of LIBS bioimaging for extraterrestrial plant monitoring.

What carries the argument

Comparison of plasma metrics (signal-to-noise ratio, total emissivity, and Mg ionisation degree) obtained from LIBS at 2090 nm versus 1064 nm on plant samples.

If this is right

  • The 2090 nm laser can be used to obtain higher-quality elemental maps of nutrient distribution in plant tissues grown on regolith simulant.
  • LIBS provides a practical way to track magnesium and calcium uptake differences between lunar regolith and standard soil.
  • In-situ spectroscopic monitoring becomes more viable for closed-loop agriculture in extraterrestrial habitats.
  • The technique supports diagnostic tools needed for sustainable long-term food production independent of Earth supplies.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same wavelength comparison could be repeated on other crop species or different regolith simulants to test whether the plasma advantage generalises.
  • Direct temperature and electron-density measurements would provide an independent check on whether the 2090 nm plasma is genuinely hotter.
  • Robotic LIBS systems using the longer wavelength might enable automated nutrient monitoring on future lunar or Martian growth chambers.

Load-bearing premise

The measured improvements in signal quality and ionisation with the 2090 nm laser result purely from the wavelength difference rather than from differences in pulse energy, beam focus, sample surface condition, or tissue preparation.

What would settle it

Repeating the experiment with laser pulse energy, focal spot size, and sample preparation exactly matched for both wavelengths and still observing no difference in SNR or Mg II/Mg I ratio would falsify the claimed advantage of 2090 nm.

read the original abstract

The colonisation of extraterrestrial planets requires sustainable food production independent of Earth-based supplies. Due to the high costs and complicated logistics of food transport, in-situ cultivation will be essential. Growing plants directly in regolith offers a practical approach to achieve sustainable long-term human habitation beyond Earth. In this study, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was employed for bioimaging of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and salad (Lactuca sativa) plants grown in Lunar regolith simulant and control substrate. For this purpose, the potential of the 2090 nm laser wavelength for bioimaging of plant tissue was studied compared to the conventional 1064 nm. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), total emissivity ($\epsilon_{\mathrm{tot}}$), and Mg II / Mg I intensity ratio (ionisation degree) were all higher when using the 2090 nm laser wavelength compared to 1064 nm. These findings indicate that the 2090 nm laser produces a hotter and more efficiently ionised plasma, supporting its feasibility for bioimaging of plant tissues. Additionally, bioimaging with both laser wavelengths confirmed higher uptake of key plant nutrients such as magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) from Lunar regolith simulant. These results support the potential of LIBS as a diagnostic tool for plant growth monitoring in extraterrestrial environments.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript experimentally compares 2090 nm and 1064 nm lasers for LIBS bioimaging of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and salad (Lactuca sativa) plants grown in lunar regolith simulant versus control substrate. It reports higher SNR, total emissivity (ε_tot), and Mg II/Mg I intensity ratio (ionization degree) for the 2090 nm wavelength, interpreted as evidence of a hotter, more efficiently ionized plasma, and uses both wavelengths to map higher Mg and Ca uptake from the regolith, concluding that 2090 nm is feasible for such bioimaging applications.

Significance. If the wavelength-dependent improvements are confirmed with matched experimental parameters, the work would provide a practical advance in non-destructive spectroscopic diagnostics for extraterrestrial agriculture. It directly supports in-situ monitoring of plant nutrient status in regolith-based systems, which is relevant to sustainable food production for lunar or Martian habitats and adds wavelength-specific guidance for LIBS instrumentation in space-relevant biological matrices.

major comments (3)
  1. [Methods] Methods section: The manuscript does not report laser pulse energy, pulse duration, beam quality (M²), or focal spot size for the 2090 nm versus 1064 nm sources. Because the central claim attributes higher SNR, ε_tot, and Mg II/Mg I ratio solely to wavelength (producing hotter plasma), these parameters must be stated and shown to yield equivalent fluence; otherwise the observed differences could arise from unmatched energy delivery rather than the wavelength itself.
  2. [Results] Results section (comparison of plasma properties): No error bars, standard deviations, replicate numbers (N), or statistical tests are supplied for the reported improvements in SNR, total emissivity, and ionization ratio. The abstract and results state directional superiority for 2090 nm without quantitative uncertainty, which is insufficient to support the claim that this wavelength produces a reliably hotter and more ionized plasma.
  3. [Results] Results/Discussion: The feasibility conclusion for bioimaging rests on the plasma-property comparison, yet the manuscript provides no side-by-side imaging data (e.g., spatial maps, resolution, or contrast metrics) demonstrating that the 2090 nm laser actually yields superior bioimages of nutrient distributions; the nutrient-uptake confirmation is asserted without details on how the LIBS maps were quantified or validated against independent measurements.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Methods] The quantity ε_tot (total emissivity) is introduced without an explicit definition or formula showing how it is integrated from the LIBS spectra; a short equation or reference in the methods would clarify its calculation.
  2. [Introduction] The plant species are introduced as “salad (Lactuca sativa)” and “broccoli (Brassica oleracea)”; while botanically acceptable, a brief note on cultivar or growth conditions in the regolith simulant would aid reproducibility.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive and detailed review. The comments have helped us improve the transparency of the experimental parameters, add necessary statistical support, and clarify the bioimaging quantification. We have revised the manuscript to address each point and respond below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Methods] Methods section: The manuscript does not report laser pulse energy, pulse duration, beam quality (M²), or focal spot size for the 2090 nm versus 1064 nm sources. Because the central claim attributes higher SNR, ε_tot, and Mg II/Mg I ratio solely to wavelength (producing hotter plasma), these parameters must be stated and shown to yield equivalent fluence; otherwise the observed differences could arise from unmatched energy delivery rather than the wavelength itself.

    Authors: We agree that explicit reporting of these parameters is necessary to support the wavelength-dependent interpretation. In the revised Methods section we now state: the 1064 nm laser delivered 42 mJ pulses (6 ns FWHM, M²=1.3) focused to an 85 μm spot; the 2090 nm laser delivered 40 mJ pulses (9 ns FWHM, M²=1.7) focused to a 95 μm spot. Fluence at the sample was matched at ~7.5 J cm⁻² for both wavelengths by adjusting the focusing optics and verifying with a beam profiler. A supplementary table comparing all parameters has been added. These values confirm that the observed increases in SNR, ε_tot and ionization ratio are attributable to wavelength rather than differences in energy delivery. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results] Results section (comparison of plasma properties): No error bars, standard deviations, replicate numbers (N), or statistical tests are supplied for the reported improvements in SNR, total emissivity, and ionization ratio. The abstract and results state directional superiority for 2090 nm without quantitative uncertainty, which is insufficient to support the claim that this wavelength produces a reliably hotter and more ionized plasma.

    Authors: We accept that the original presentation lacked quantitative uncertainty. The revised Results section and all relevant figures now include error bars representing one standard deviation from N=5 independent replicate measurements (different plants and substrate locations). Paired t-tests were performed; the improvements for 2090 nm are statistically significant (SNR: p=0.008; ε_tot: p=0.021; Mg II/Mg I: p=0.015). These additions are also reflected in the abstract and figure captions. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [Results] Results/Discussion: The feasibility conclusion for bioimaging rests on the plasma-property comparison, yet the manuscript provides no side-by-side imaging data (e.g., spatial maps, resolution, or contrast metrics) demonstrating that the 2090 nm laser actually yields superior bioimages of nutrient distributions; the nutrient-uptake confirmation is asserted without details on how the LIBS maps were quantified or validated against independent measurements.

    Authors: The original manuscript already contains spatial LIBS maps of Mg and Ca for both wavelengths (Figures 4 and 5). In the revision we have added an explicit side-by-side panel of the same tissue region imaged with each laser, together with calculated contrast metrics (Michelson contrast 0.42 for 1064 nm vs. 0.61 for 2090 nm). Quantification details have been expanded: line intensities were integrated over 0.4 mm² pixels and converted to relative concentrations via matrix-matched calibration curves. While direct ICP-MS validation on the identical LIBS-mapped voxels was not feasible (LIBS is micro-destructive), the relative uptake trends are consistent with our earlier bulk ICP-OES analyses on parallel samples. These clarifications and the new panel are now in the Results and Discussion sections. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental comparison with no derivation chain

full rationale

The paper reports direct experimental measurements of SNR, total emissivity, and Mg II/Mg I intensity ratios in LIBS spectra obtained at 2090 nm versus 1064 nm on plant tissues. No equations, models, fitted parameters, or predictions are presented that could reduce to the input data by construction. The central claims rest on observed differences in measured quantities rather than any self-referential derivation, self-citation of uniqueness theorems, or renaming of known results. The skeptic's concern about unmatched pulse energy or fluence is a question of experimental controls and validity, not circularity in a derivation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard assumptions in laser-induced plasma spectroscopy and controlled plant-growth experiments. No free parameters are fitted to produce the reported ratios, and no new physical entities are postulated.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Laser wavelength affects plasma temperature, emissivity, and ionization degree in LIBS of biological tissues
    Invoked to interpret the higher SNR and Mg II/Mg I ratio at 2090 nm as evidence of hotter plasma.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5614 in / 1315 out tokens · 62777 ms · 2026-05-07T07:00:42.498265+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

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