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arxiv: 2605.02157 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-04 · 📡 eess.SP

Waveform Design for 6G ISAC Systems Under Full-Duplex Residual Self-Interference

Ning Wei , Aimin Tang , Yin Xu , Wenze Qu This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 19:31 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 📡 eess.SP
keywords ISACwaveform designfull-duplex RSIphase-coded pulse6Gradar detectionmulti-target sensingblind range
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The pith

Dual-power phase-coded pulse enables long-range ISAC sensing despite full-duplex residual interference

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper investigates waveform design for 6G integrated sensing and communication systems facing imperfect full-duplex radios. It proposes a time-division waveform that inserts a dual-power phase-coded pulse into the communication frame to leverage residual self-interference for better sensing. This approach aims to extend the maximum detection range, support multi-target detection, and eliminate blind ranges that affect conventional half-duplex radars. A sympathetic reader would care because it addresses practical limitations in emerging low-altitude wireless networks where long-range sensing is essential.

Core claim

We propose a novel time-division ISAC waveform that integrates a dual-power phase-coded pulse for sensing into the communication frame under full-duplex RSI. The dual-power sensing pulse consists of a high-power sequence followed by a low-power sequence, effectively exploiting imperfect full-duplex operations to achieve reliable long-range sensing while eliminating the detection blind range inherent to conventional half-duplex pulse radars. Furthermore, a complementary and inverse-phase sequence group is designed to ensure perfect autocorrelation and robust cross-correlation sidelobe suppression, so as to enhance multi-target detection capability.

What carries the argument

dual-power phase-coded pulse consisting of a high-power sequence followed by a low-power sequence with complementary and inverse-phase sequences for perfect autocorrelation

If this is right

  • Improves maximum detection range compared to OFDM and LFM baselines
  • Enhances multi-target detection through robust sidelobe suppression
  • Eliminates the detection blind range for small RCS targets
  • Effectively exploits imperfect full-duplex RSI for reliable sensing

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • This approach may facilitate the integration of sensing capabilities into low-altitude wireless networks more seamlessly than current methods.
  • Validation on actual hardware could reveal additional optimizations needed for the mismatched filter under real RSI conditions.
  • The hierarchical CFAR-CA detector design might inspire similar adaptive detection schemes in other interference-limited sensing scenarios.

Load-bearing premise

That a dual-power phase-coded pulse with complementary inverse-phase sequences achieves perfect autocorrelation and robust sidelobe suppression while exploiting imperfect full-duplex RSI in real hardware conditions.

What would settle it

An experiment in a real full-duplex radio setup where the measured autocorrelation of the proposed pulse shows significant sidelobes or fails to suppress interference effectively, reducing detection performance.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.02157 by Aimin Tang, Ning Wei, Wenze Qu, Yin Xu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: System architecture and the sensing signal processi view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Configuration of communication and sensing waveform view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Cross-correlation sidelobes using (a) only complem view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The RD map example of our proposed waveform for a singl view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Illustration of CFAR-CA detection and performance m view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Detection probability under different SIC levels. view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Minimum detectable RCS for short-range targets unde view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Multi-target detection performance: (a) compariso view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Performance comparison of different CFAR-CA detec view at source ↗
read the original abstract

In this paper, the waveform design for 6G integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems is investigated, with a particular focus on the practical limitations imposed by imperfect full-duplex radios. Under such imperfections, continuous communication waveforms, such as OFDM, suffer from severe full-duplex residual self-interference (RSI) for radar sensing, which significantly restricts the long-range sensing capabilities required by emerging low-altitude wireless networks (LAWN). To address this challenge, we propose a novel time-division ISAC waveform that integrates a specially developed dual-power phase-coded pulse for sensing into the communication frame under full-duplex RSI. Specifically, the dual-power sensing pulse consists of a high-power sequence followed by a low-power sequence, effectively exploiting imperfect full-duplex operations to achieve reliable long-range sensing while eliminating the detection blind range inherent to conventional half-duplex pulse radars. Furthermore, a complementary and inverse-phase sequence group is designed to ensure perfect autocorrelation and robust cross-correlation sidelobe suppression, so as to enhance multi-target detection capability. As for sensing signal processing, a parameterized mismatched filter is developed and optimized to maximize the detection performance, tailored to the proposed pulse structure. In addition, we design a hierarchical one-dimensional CFAR-CA detector that can exploit the perfect range-domain autocorrelation characteristics of the proposed waveform to further improve the detection performance. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed design significantly improves the maximum detection range and multi-target detection capability compared to existing OFDM and LFM pulse baselines, while effectively covering the blind range for targets with small RCS.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper proposes a time-division ISAC waveform for 6G systems under imperfect full-duplex radios. It integrates a dual-power phase-coded sensing pulse (high-power sequence followed by low-power sequence) with a complementary inverse-phase sequence group into the communication frame. The design claims to achieve perfect range-domain autocorrelation, robust sidelobe suppression, elimination of the detection blind range, and improved maximum detection range plus multi-target capability versus OFDM and LFM baselines. Supporting elements include a parameterized mismatched filter and a hierarchical 1D CFAR-CA detector, with performance asserted via extensive simulations.

Significance. If the autocorrelation and sidelobe claims hold under realistic RSI and power disparity, the work would offer a practical advance for ISAC in full-duplex deployments, particularly for long-range sensing in low-altitude networks where continuous waveforms are otherwise limited by self-interference. The explicit exploitation of imperfect full-duplex operation and the hierarchical detector represent targeted engineering contributions, though their impact hinges on verification of the core waveform properties.

major comments (2)
  1. [§3 (Waveform Design)] §3 (Waveform Design): The assertion that complementary inverse-phase sequences deliver 'perfect autocorrelation' for the dual-power pulse is not supported. The autocorrelation is necessarily the weighted sum A² R_high(τ) + B² R_low(τ) with A ≫ B; even if the individual sequences are complementary, the unequal weights leave residual sidelobes of order (A² - B²) times the uncancelled terms. No analytical bound or closed-form expression is supplied showing these residuals fall below the CFAR threshold under the modeled RSI.
  2. [§5 (Numerical Results)] §5 (Numerical Results): Performance claims of significantly extended detection range and improved multi-target detection rest on simulations whose methods are insufficiently specified. The section does not report Monte Carlo trial counts, exact baseline parameters (OFDM subcarrier spacing and power, LFM chirp rate and duration), statistical error bars, or the RCS threshold and range criteria used to declare 'blind range coverage.' Without these, the quantitative gains cannot be reproduced or compared.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The phrase 'parameterized mismatched filter' is introduced without indicating the optimization objective or the parameters being tuned, which would help readers anticipate the later derivation.
  2. [Notation and equations] Notation and equations: Define the high-to-low power ratio symbol once and reuse it consistently; several figures would benefit from explicit axis labels for the power ratio and RSI variance.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive and detailed comments on our manuscript. We have carefully reviewed the major points raised and provide point-by-point responses below. The feedback has prompted us to strengthen the analytical support and reproducibility of the results.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§3 (Waveform Design)] §3 (Waveform Design): The assertion that complementary inverse-phase sequences deliver 'perfect autocorrelation' for the dual-power pulse is not supported. The autocorrelation is necessarily the weighted sum A² R_high(τ) + B² R_low(τ) with A ≫ B; even if the individual sequences are complementary, the unequal weights leave residual sidelobes of order (A² - B²) times the uncancelled terms. No analytical bound or closed-form expression is supplied showing these residuals fall below the CFAR threshold under the modeled RSI.

    Authors: We thank the referee for this observation. The complementary inverse-phase sequence group is designed to cancel the primary sidelobe contributions in the range domain, but we acknowledge that the power disparity (A ≫ B) introduces residual terms of order (A² - B²). In the original manuscript, the term 'perfect autocorrelation' was used to describe the ideal cancellation property of the sequence group; however, this requires qualification under unequal weighting. In the revised manuscript, we will add a dedicated subsection deriving the closed-form expression for the residual sidelobe level as a function of the power ratio and sequence length. We will further show analytically and via simulation that, for the RSI levels and power ratios considered in the paper, these residuals remain below the CFAR threshold, thereby preserving the claimed multi-target detection performance. This addition directly addresses the request for an analytical bound. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [§5 (Numerical Results)] §5 (Numerical Results): Performance claims of significantly extended detection range and improved multi-target detection rest on simulations whose methods are insufficiently specified. The section does not report Monte Carlo trial counts, exact baseline parameters (OFDM subcarrier spacing and power, LFM chirp rate and duration), statistical error bars, or the RCS threshold and range criteria used to declare 'blind range coverage.' Without these, the quantitative gains cannot be reproduced or compared.

    Authors: We agree that the simulation methodology in Section 5 lacks sufficient detail for full reproducibility. In the revised manuscript, we will expand the description of the numerical results to explicitly state: the number of Monte Carlo trials (10,000 independent realizations), the exact OFDM baseline parameters (15 kHz subcarrier spacing, power allocation consistent with the ISAC frame structure), the LFM baseline parameters (chirp rate and duration matched to the proposed dual-power pulse), statistical error bars (standard deviation across trials), and the precise criteria for blind-range coverage (RCS threshold of -10 dBsm together with the range-resolution condition). These additions will enable direct reproduction and comparison of the reported gains in maximum detection range and multi-target capability. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; derivation is self-contained

full rationale

The paper proposes a time-division ISAC waveform using a dual-power phase-coded pulse whose complementary inverse-phase sequence group is constructed to achieve the stated autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties. The parameterized mismatched filter is optimized directly from the pulse structure, and the hierarchical CFAR-CA detector exploits the resulting range-domain characteristics. Performance gains are shown via simulation comparisons to OFDM and LFM baselines rather than any fitted parameter renamed as a prediction or any self-citation chain. No load-bearing step reduces by construction to its own inputs; the central claims rest on the explicit waveform design and external simulation validation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review provides no explicit parameters, axioms, or entities; design relies on unstated assumptions about RSI exploitation and sequence properties.

free parameters (1)
  • High-to-low power ratio in sensing pulse
    Chosen to balance RSI exploitation and sensing performance; no specific value or fitting process given.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Imperfect full-duplex RSI can be reliably exploited for long-range sensing without introducing new interference issues
    Underpins the claim that the dual-power pulse achieves reliable detection while eliminating blind range.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5586 in / 1249 out tokens · 57684 ms · 2026-05-08T19:31:39.534013+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

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