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arxiv: 2605.02261 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-04 · 💻 cs.HC

From 'Here' to 'There': Exploring Proximity Semantics in Multimodal Data Exploration

Dennis Bromley , Diana Wang , Vidya Setlur This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 19:15 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.HC
keywords multimodal interactionproximity semanticsdata explorationsketchingdeictic disambiguationvisual language modelstime-series datageospatial queries
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The pith

Closeness of sketches, annotations, and language shapes meaning in multimodal data queries.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper introduces a multimodal system for querying time-series and geospatial data that combines free-form sketching, natural language, and visual annotations in one interaction space. Users in the study placed these elements near each other to relate patterns, constraints, and directives without spelling everything out explicitly. The authors frame this as proximity semantics, a deictic process in which relative position within the shared space helps resolve what the inputs mean together. If this pattern holds, query systems can treat placement as a signal rather than requiring fully specified language or precise drawings alone. Evidence comes from recurring behaviors seen across twenty participants using the probe.

Core claim

The authors claim that proximity semantics, in which meaning is shaped by the closeness of multimodal elements within a shared interaction space, acts as a form of deictic disambiguation that users employ when articulating analytical queries with sketches, annotations, and language for time-series and geospatial data.

What carries the argument

Proximity semantics (PS), a deictic disambiguation mechanism where the relative closeness of sketches, annotations, and language within one space determines how they are interpreted together, which the hybrid geometric sketch matching and visual language model architecture is meant to support.

If this is right

  • Hybrid geometric and VLM systems can resolve ambiguities by incorporating the relative positions of user inputs rather than processing them in isolation.
  • Multimodal data exploration tools should preserve shared spatial and temporal context so that closeness serves as an implicit directive.
  • Design choices that allow free placement of annotations near sketches can reduce the need for explicit verbal specification of patterns.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same positioning principle might extend to other data types such as network graphs or text corpora where multiple visual and textual inputs overlap.
  • Interfaces could automatically highlight or weight nearby elements to make the disambiguation explicit during interaction.
  • This observation aligns with existing work on spatial referencing in interfaces and could inform collaborative analysis sessions with multiple users.

Load-bearing premise

Recurring patterns observed among twenty study participants represent a general principle of deictic disambiguation that future hybrid systems can systematically use.

What would settle it

A larger user study or deployed system in which ignoring relative placement produces no drop in successful query interpretation or user satisfaction would challenge the claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.02261 by Dennis Bromley, Diana Wang, Vidya Setlur.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Design probe interface showing trend sketch (purple) and annotations (black). 1. Trend sketch; 2. Precision control; 3. Annotation tool; 4. Text input; 5. Eraser; 6. Cancel; 7. Clear; 8. Query. Our design probe interface is shown in view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Overview of the probe’s geometric processing pipeline. user-defined penalties to compute a final similarity score. If the in￾put is a single sketch, the comparison yields a 1 × N table (F1), which is sorted to return best matches (G1). If applied across the dataset, it produces an N × N matrix (F2) used for analyses such as clustering (G2). 3.2. VLM-Interpreted Free-Form Annotations Users can annotate data… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Breakdown of participant responses to SUS questions. Participants found the probe expressive for exploring complex data trends, with an average SUS score of 81 (≥ 68 indicates good usability [BKM09]). They appreciated the intuitive sketching inter￾face and integration of annotations, while suggesting improvements in query interpretation, feedback, and onboarding. 17 of 20 par￾ticipants used spatial proximi… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: B, the exact semantic match (blue dotted line) between Query 1 and view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: A. A geospatial PS query. Multiple deictic references require proximity-based disambiguation for proper semantic inter￾pretation. B. Results of query interpretation. 6. Conclusion Motivated by interaction patterns observed in our design probe, we introduce the notion of PS and provide examples of both gen￾eral multimodal interaction and natural language-visual querying contexts. We derive design recommenda… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Modern data exploration tools often struggle to capture the subtleties of analytical intent, especially when users seek patterns that are difficult to specify using traditional query methods or natural language alone. We introduce a multimodal research probe for querying time-series and geospatial data that integrates free-form sketching, natural language, and visual annotations within a unified interaction space. Users articulate queries by sketching trends or spatial paths and augmenting them with annotations and analytical directives grounded in shared spatial and temporal context. The system employs a hybrid architecture combining geometric sketch matching and visual language models (VLMs) to support queries that interleave pattern matching and semantic constraints. Through a preliminary study with 20 participants, we observed recurring interaction patterns in which participants used spatial, temporal, and visual proximity to relate sketches, annotations, and language. Rather than treating these as isolated inputs, participants relied on their relative placement to disambiguate meaning. We analyze these behaviors as evidence for proximity semantics (PS), a form of deictic disambiguation in which meaning is shaped by the closeness of multimodal elements within a shared interaction space. We present PS as a conceptual lens grounded in observed user behavior, and discuss its implications for the design of future multimodal data exploration systems.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper introduces a multimodal research probe for time-series and geospatial data that combines free-form sketching, natural language, and visual annotations in a shared interaction space, supported by a hybrid geometric sketch-matching and VLM architecture. From a preliminary study with 20 participants, the authors observe recurring patterns in which users leverage spatial, temporal, and visual proximity to disambiguate multimodal inputs; they analyze these as evidence for 'proximity semantics' (PS), a deictic mechanism, and position PS as a conceptual lens and actionable design principle for future multimodal exploration systems.

Significance. If the observed patterns prove robust and generalizable, the work could meaningfully advance multimodal HCI by supplying a user-derived concept for managing deictic ambiguity in data exploration, complementing existing literature on gesture and reference. The hybrid geometric-VLM architecture is a concrete engineering contribution that addresses limitations of single-modality approaches. The grounding in direct user observation rather than purely theoretical invention is a positive feature, though the preliminary scope constrains immediate applicability to deployed systems.

major comments (2)
  1. [Preliminary Study section] In the section describing the preliminary study with 20 participants: the manuscript reports that 'recurring interaction patterns' were observed and analyzed as evidence for proximity semantics, yet supplies no details on the qualitative coding scheme, number of coders, inter-rater reliability, exclusion criteria, task controls, or any frequency counts or statistical support for the claimed recurrence. This absence leaves the central leap from anecdotal behaviors to a general deictic principle under-supported.
  2. [Discussion section] In the Discussion section on implications: the claim that proximity semantics constitutes an 'actionable principle' for hybrid geometric-VLM architectures is not accompanied by any concrete mapping, example prompt, or prototype modification showing how proximity relations would be injected into VLM inference or geometric matching. Without such operationalization, the design contribution remains speculative rather than demonstrated.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract would benefit from a single sentence giving one concrete example of a query or data type (e.g., 'sketching a rising trend in a geospatial time series') to ground the probe's capabilities for readers.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive and insightful review. The comments highlight important areas for strengthening the presentation of our preliminary study and the operationalization of proximity semantics. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to incorporate additional details and examples where feasible, while preserving the exploratory nature of the work.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Preliminary Study section] In the section describing the preliminary study with 20 participants: the manuscript reports that 'recurring interaction patterns' were observed and analyzed as evidence for proximity semantics, yet supplies no details on the qualitative coding scheme, number of coders, inter-rater reliability, exclusion criteria, task controls, or any frequency counts or statistical support for the claimed recurrence. This absence leaves the central leap from anecdotal behaviors to a general deictic principle under-supported.

    Authors: We agree that the preliminary study section would be strengthened by greater transparency on the analysis process. The study was exploratory in scope, with patterns identified through iterative, team-based review of video recordings, interaction logs, and post-session notes rather than a formal multi-coder qualitative coding protocol. No inter-rater reliability statistics were computed, and no exclusion criteria were applied beyond standard data quality checks. We will revise the manuscript to add a new subsection under the study description that explicitly outlines the observation and pattern-identification process, including the number of sessions reviewed, examples of proximity-based disambiguation with approximate frequency across participants, and the rationale for treating the work as hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory. This addition will better ground the proposal of proximity semantics without overstating generalizability. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Discussion section] In the Discussion section on implications: the claim that proximity semantics constitutes an 'actionable principle' for hybrid geometric-VLM architectures is not accompanied by any concrete mapping, example prompt, or prototype modification showing how proximity relations would be injected into VLM inference or geometric matching. Without such operationalization, the design contribution remains speculative rather than demonstrated.

    Authors: We concur that a more concrete illustration would make the design implications less speculative. In the revised Discussion, we will include a specific example of operationalization: augmenting VLM input prompts with explicit spatial-temporal descriptors extracted from the shared canvas (e.g., 'interpret the annotation located immediately to the right of the sketched upward trend within the same 30-second window'), and modulating geometric sketch-matching scores by a proximity weight derived from bounding-box overlap and temporal alignment. While a full system prototype modification exceeds the scope of this preliminary probe, the added example demonstrates a direct mapping from observed user behavior to inference adjustments and can serve as a starting point for future implementations. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; qualitative concept from observations

full rationale

The paper introduces proximity semantics (PS) as a conceptual lens by directly analyzing recurring interaction patterns observed in a preliminary study with 20 participants. The abstract states that participants 'used spatial, temporal, and visual proximity to relate sketches, annotations, and language' and that these behaviors are analyzed 'as evidence for proximity semantics (PS), a form of deictic disambiguation in which meaning is shaped by the closeness of multimodal elements within a shared interaction space.' No mathematical derivations, equations, fitted parameters, predictions, or self-citations appear in the provided text. The central claim does not reduce to its inputs by construction; it is an interpretive framing of empirical user behavior without self-definitional loops, renamed known results, or load-bearing prior work by the authors.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The paper introduces one new conceptual entity without free parameters or formal axioms; the claim rests on an empirical observation from a small study rather than mathematical or external benchmarks.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Relative placement of sketches, annotations, and language within a shared space shapes query meaning
    Invoked as the basis for analyzing user behaviors as evidence for proximity semantics.
invented entities (1)
  • proximity semantics (PS) no independent evidence
    purpose: Conceptual lens to explain deictic disambiguation via closeness of multimodal elements
    Newly named construct grounded in the 20-participant observations; no independent falsifiable prediction or external validation is provided.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5517 in / 1370 out tokens · 104978 ms · 2026-05-08T19:15:52.140369+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

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