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arxiv: 2605.16531 · v1 · pith:JHTVCXIGnew · submitted 2026-05-15 · 💻 cs.NI

End-to-End Simulation of 5G NR Integrated Access and Backhaul Networks for Remote Maritime Connectivity

Alessandro Traspadini , Matteo Pagin , Rapha\"el Ihamouine , Rupert Lucas , Andrew Noren , Michele Zorzi , Marco Giordani This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 21:32 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.NI
keywords 5G NRIntegrated Access and BackhaulIABns-3maritime networksmmWavewireless backhaulmulti-hop
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The pith

An ns-3 module now supports full end-to-end simulation of 5G IAB networks where vessels act as both access points and wireless relays for offshore connectivity.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper introduces an ns-3 module that implements a complete protocol stack for Integrated Access and Backhaul in 5G NR networks. The module supports the backhaul adaptation protocol, flexible configurations, and both time and frequency division multiplexing. It is tested through system-level simulations in a maritime scenario where vessels equipped with IAB nodes function as access points and relays to form dynamic multi-hop networks connected via wireless backhaul to shore stations. A sympathetic reader would care about this because it provides a way to study and design high-data-rate networks for remote offshore areas that lack fiber infrastructure. The work evaluates performance across different topologies and channel conditions to offer practical insights for deployment.

Core claim

The authors present an ns-3 module for IAB featuring a complete end-to-end protocol stack including the backhaul adaptation protocol layer, flexible slot and control configurations, and multiplexing schemes based on time and frequency division. Through extensive system-level simulations in a custom maritime scenario, vessels with IAB-nodes act simultaneously as access points and relays, forming dynamic multi-hop networks that maintain connectivity via wireless backhaul to shore-based stations under various topologies and channel conditions.

What carries the argument

The ns-3 IAB module implementing the full 3GPP-compliant protocol stack with BAP layer for backhaul routing and flexible TDM/FDM resource allocation.

If this is right

  • Vessels can maintain connectivity in remote maritime areas through multi-hop wireless backhaul.
  • Different network topologies can be evaluated for offshore 5G deployments.
  • Insights are provided for designing mmWave IAB networks in challenging channel conditions at sea.
  • The module supports testing of simultaneous access and relay functions on the same nodes.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • This simulation approach could be adapted to study IAB in other remote or challenging environments such as rural or mountainous regions.
  • Validation against real-world sea trials would strengthen confidence in using the module for network planning.
  • Dynamic vessel movements suggest that mobility management will be key for reliable offshore 5G service.

Load-bearing premise

The custom maritime scenario including vessel movements and channel conditions used in the simulations accurately reflects real-world offshore propagation and network dynamics.

What would settle it

Real-world measurements from vessels using actual 5G IAB equipment that show substantially different performance metrics, such as lower data rates or more frequent disconnections, compared to the simulation results.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.16531 by Alessandro Traspadini, Andrew Noren, Marco Giordani, Matteo Pagin, Michele Zorzi, Rapha\"el Ihamouine, Rupert Lucas.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: 3GPP IAB protocol stacks for UP and CP. In both cases, packets are routed from the IAB-Donor to IAB-Node 2 through the wireless backhaul of IAB-Node 1. In [24], the authors proposed a distributed stochastic opti￾mization framework for joint resource allocation and path se￾lection. Similarly, [25] investigated joint routing and resource allocation to maximize the minimum node throughput under time and resou… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: User-plane protocol stacks implemented in our IAB simulator. In Fig. 2a, PDU session traffic is anchored at the IAB-donor CU-UP, and uses the “inner PDCP” entity to establish internal GTP-U tunnels over the IAB backhaul. In Fig. 2b, non-PDU traffic bypasses the SDAP, PDCP, and “inner PDCP” layers, and is forwarded across the IAB backhaul via BAP-only routing. interfaces, utilizing frequency division and sp… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Comparison of the path loss obtained using the 2-ray model and using the modified model proposed in [46], at different frequencies. C. Maritime Channel Model The 3GPP 38.901 channel model [47], which is the de facto standard for system-level simulations of 5G and beyond sys￾tems, does not explicitly model maritime propagation scenar￾ios. Rather, it supports five target environments, namely urban macro-cell… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: IAB network topologies. The arrows represent the speed vectors of IAB-nodes. receiver noise figure of 5 dB, and a bandwidth of 400 MHz. The full list of simulation parameters is provided in Table I. In the following, we numerically validate the new features of our IAB simulator described in Sec. IV, specifically the impact of the rain rate (Sec. V-A), the slot pattern (Sec. V-B), and the MT and DU multiple… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: DL SNR, DL interference, DL SINR, PDR, and DL/UL latency, as functions of the source rate for different IAB topologies. Finally, in Figs. 5g and 5h, we evaluate the DL and UL latency under clear weather conditions using a 4DS2U slot pattern, meaning that each scheduling period consists of four consecutive DL slots, followed by a switch slot, and then two UL slots. The latency is defined as the time from wh… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: DL and UL PDR as a function of the source rate for different slot patterns in Topology 3. rUL = rDL/10, and observe that the 4DS2U configuration improves the DL PDR compared to the 3DS2U configuration (0.75 vs. 0.65 for rDL = 60 Mbps), while for the UL PDR it is the opposite, given that the system configures more DL slots and transmission opportunities. In Figs. 6c and 6d, we increase the UL source rate to… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: DL and UL PDR and latency as a function of the source rate for different multiplexing schemes in Topology 3. to rain attenuation. Multi-hop topologies, despite the result￾ing interference, are characterized by shorter link lengths and therefore experience a higher SNR. Interestingly, heavy rain can attenuate interfering signals more than the desired ones, which may improve the network performance. These co… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Millimeter wave (mmWave) 5th generation (5G) networks offer high data rates but face coverage challenges due to severe path loss and blockage. These problems motivate the use of Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) as a flexible wireless backhaul solution that extends connectivity to cell boundaries and unfibered areas, including maritime environments. This paper overviews the latest 3GPP specifications for IAB networks in Releases 16 through 18. Then, it presents an ns-3 module for IAB, featuring a complete end-to-end protocol stack, including the backhaul adaptation protocol (BAP) layer, flexible slot and control configurations, and multiplexing schemes based on both time and frequency division. We test the IAB module via extensive system-level simulations in a custom maritime scenario where vessels, equipped with IAB-nodes, can simultaneously act as access points and relays, forming dynamic multi-hop networks that maintain connectivity via wireless backhaul to shore-based stations. We evaluate different topologies and channel conditions, providing insights into the design and deployment of mmWave IAB networks in offshore environments.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. This paper overviews 3GPP IAB specifications from Releases 16-18 and presents an ns-3 module implementing a complete end-to-end IAB protocol stack, including the Backhaul Adaptation Protocol (BAP) layer, flexible slot and control configurations, and TDM/FDM multiplexing schemes. The module is evaluated via system-level simulations in a custom maritime scenario where vessels equipped with IAB nodes act as access points and relays to form dynamic multi-hop networks connected via wireless backhaul to shore stations, with assessments of different topologies and channel conditions to derive design and deployment insights for mmWave IAB in offshore environments.

Significance. If the ns-3 implementation faithfully follows the 3GPP specifications and the maritime simulations capture essential offshore propagation effects, the work would supply a practical open tool for end-to-end IAB performance studies in environments lacking fiber infrastructure. The inclusion of a full protocol stack with BAP and flexible multiplexing is a clear strength that supports realistic multi-hop evaluations. The lack of any reported validation against maritime measurements or standard sea-path models, however, constrains the reliability of the resulting insights for actual deployment planning.

major comments (2)
  1. [Evaluation] Evaluation section: the custom maritime scenario (vessel trajectories, multi-hop relay behavior, and mmWave channel conditions over water) is presented without calibration to empirical offshore datasets or standard models such as ITU-R P.1411 extensions for sea paths; because the central claims concern design insights for real maritime networks, this omission makes it impossible to determine whether the reported performance differences across topologies generalize beyond the authors' chosen parameters.
  2. [Evaluation] Simulation results (throughout the evaluation): no quantitative error analysis, confidence intervals, or sensitivity study to channel-model parameters is provided, so it is unclear whether the observed differences in throughput or connectivity under varying conditions are statistically robust or artifacts of the specific scenario parameterization.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the claim of 'extensive system-level simulations' is not accompanied by even a single headline quantitative result (e.g., average throughput or outage probability), which would improve the abstract's informativeness.
  2. [Module Description] Notation: the description of TDM versus FDM multiplexing would benefit from an explicit table comparing slot formats, control overhead, and achievable rates under each scheme.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 1 unresolved

Thank you for the detailed and constructive review. We appreciate the referee's positive assessment of the ns-3 IAB module and its potential utility for maritime connectivity studies. We will revise the manuscript to address the evaluation concerns by expanding the channel model justification and adding statistical analysis, while clearly noting limitations.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Evaluation] Evaluation section: the custom maritime scenario (vessel trajectories, multi-hop relay behavior, and mmWave channel conditions over water) is presented without calibration to empirical offshore datasets or standard models such as ITU-R P.1411 extensions for sea paths; because the central claims concern design insights for real maritime networks, this omission makes it impossible to determine whether the reported performance differences across topologies generalize beyond the authors' chosen parameters.

    Authors: We agree that calibration to empirical offshore datasets would strengthen applicability. Our channel model draws from established mmWave maritime propagation studies, incorporating sea-surface reflection and atmospheric effects. In the revised manuscript, we will explicitly reference ITU-R P.1411 (and related sea-path extensions) to justify parameter choices, add a limitations subsection discussing the exploratory nature of the results, and clarify that the insights are intended to inform design rather than provide definitive real-world predictions. This will help readers assess generalizability. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Evaluation] Simulation results (throughout the evaluation): no quantitative error analysis, confidence intervals, or sensitivity study to channel-model parameters is provided, so it is unclear whether the observed differences in throughput or connectivity under varying conditions are statistically robust or artifacts of the specific scenario parameterization.

    Authors: We acknowledge this limitation and will strengthen the results section. The revised version will report 95% confidence intervals derived from multiple simulation runs with independent random seeds for key metrics. We will also add a sensitivity analysis varying channel parameters (e.g., path-loss exponent, shadowing variance, and vessel mobility) to demonstrate that topology performance trends remain consistent. These additions will confirm the robustness of the observed differences. revision: yes

standing simulated objections not resolved
  • Direct validation against non-public maritime measurement datasets is not possible, as such data are not available to the authors and fall outside the scope of this simulation paper.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: simulation module and scenario results are independent of inputs

full rationale

The paper overviews 3GPP IAB specifications, implements an ns-3 module with BAP layer and TDM/FDM multiplexing, and evaluates it via system-level simulations in a described maritime scenario. No equations, derivations, or predictions are presented that reduce to fitted parameters or self-citations by construction; results follow directly from executing the module against the chosen topologies and channel models. The contribution is tool development plus simulation outputs, which remain self-contained without load-bearing self-referential steps.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Based solely on the abstract, no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are detailed. The work rests on standard 3GPP IAB specifications (Releases 16-18) and the ns-3 discrete-event simulation framework as background assumptions.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5751 in / 1273 out tokens · 51134 ms · 2026-05-19T21:32:34.800687+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

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