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arxiv: 2605.16634 · v1 · pith:ZIJWXZCJnew · submitted 2026-05-15 · 📡 eess.SY · cs.SY

A Coupled Inductor Based Multi Port DC DC Converter with Coordinated Duty-Cycle and Phase Shift Control

Sachith Wijesooriya , Sandun S. Kuruppu This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-20 15:36 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 📡 eess.SY cs.SY
keywords multi-port DC-DC convertercoupled inductorduty-cycle controlphase-shift modulationactive rectificationdecoupled controlEV powertrainpower conversion
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0 comments X

The pith

A coupled inductor multi-port DC-DC converter integrates an active secondary full bridge and uses coordinated duty-cycle plus phase-shift control to regulate primary and auxiliary outputs independently without extra magnetics.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Electrified powertrains require compact multi-port power conversion, yet separate converters or added magnetics raise cost, volume, and weight. The paper demonstrates that a conventional coupled inductor can support both a primary regulated output and a distinct auxiliary converter by placing an actively controlled full bridge on the secondary side. Primary regulation occurs through duty-cycle modulation while the auxiliary port uses phase-shift modulation locked to the primary switching frequency for active rectification and flexible control. A single control framework keeps the loops from interfering strongly, allowing simultaneous independent operation and sidestepping large step-down ratios for the auxiliary voltage. Simulation and hardware results confirm the approach works and suggest it can generalize to broader multi-port designs inside one magnetic structure.

Core claim

The CI-MPC topology leverages the existing magnetic framework of a conventional coupled inductor to realize independent, isolated, and simultaneously regulated converters without additional magnetic cores or cascaded stages. An actively controlled full bridge on the secondary side creates a distinct auxiliary converter. Primary output regulation is achieved via duty-cycle control, while the auxiliary converter employs phase-shift modulation synchronized with the primary switching to enable active rectification and flexible voltage or current regulation. A unified control framework ensures decoupled operation with minimal interaction between the primary and auxiliary loops, while also避免 high步

What carries the argument

Actively controlled secondary full bridge with synchronized phase-shift modulation, which turns the shared coupled inductor into two independently regulated converters.

If this is right

  • Primary output is regulated independently through duty-cycle control.
  • Auxiliary output achieves flexible regulation and active rectification through synchronized phase-shift modulation.
  • The two control loops exhibit minimal interaction, enabling simultaneous independent operation.
  • High step-down conversion ratios from high primary voltages to lower auxiliary levels are avoided.
  • The topology provides a scalable structure for generalized multi-port power conversion within a unified magnetic framework.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Consolidating multiple conversion functions into one inductor structure could lower overall powertrain mass and volume in electric vehicles.
  • Measuring cross-regulation under simultaneous load transients on both ports would provide direct evidence of decoupling performance.
  • The same magnetic-sharing principle might extend to three or more ports by adding controlled bridges while retaining the single core.

Load-bearing premise

Phase-shift modulation synchronized with the primary switching produces active rectification and flexible regulation while keeping interaction between the two control loops minimal enough for practical independent operation.

What would settle it

A measurable voltage deviation on the primary output during a controlled step change in auxiliary load current, with the primary control loop held fixed, would show that interaction is not minimal enough for decoupled operation.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.16634 by Sachith Wijesooriya, Sandun S. Kuruppu.

Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Detailed circuit model of the coupled inductor-based multi-port DC [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Converter waveforms of the CI-MPC illustrating the effect of main [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Illustration of four operating regions of CI-MPC. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: General overview of the proposed converter along with the basic control structure. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Simulation results of the proposed novel converter. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Proposed CI-MPC prototype design. TABLE III PROPOSED CONVERTER SPECIFICATIONS FOR PROTOTYPE MODEL Description Value Main Converter Pmax (defined) 160 W Auxiliary Converter Pmax (defined) 30 W Vbat 40 V Vout (regulated voltage - controller reference) 80 V Vaux (regulated voltage - controller reference) 14 V Switching frequency f 50 kHz Leakage inductor value (Le) 53.3 µH Inductance required for boost conver… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Steady-state experimental waveforms of the proposed converter. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: This seamless transition demonstrates the improved [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Experimental waveforms of the proposed converter under auxiliary [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Effects of load step changes in the auxiliary converter: (a) load step [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Effects of load step changes in the main converter: (a) load step-up, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_12.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Electrified powertrains rely heavily on magnetics for power conversion, where cost, volume, and weight concerns make integrated multi-use designs an attractive solution. With EV powertrain architectures requiring a boost stage being a major market segment, the proposed Coupled Inductor-Based Multi-Port DC-DC Converter (CI-MPC) leverages the existing magnetic framework of a conventional topology to realize independent, isolated, and simultaneously regulated converters without additional magnetic cores or cascaded stages. Unlike existing architectures that use secondary windings solely for voltage gain or passive rectification, the proposed topology integrates an actively controlled full bridge on the secondary side to create a distinct, independently regulated auxiliary converter. Primary output regulation is achieved via duty-cycle control, while the auxiliary converter employs phase-shift modulation synchronized with the primary switching to enable active rectification and flexible voltage or current regulation. A unified control framework ensures decoupled operation with minimal interaction between the primary and auxiliary loops, while also avoiding high step-down conversion ratios from high voltages to lower auxiliary levels. The operating principles and coordinated control strategies are validated through simulation and experimental results on a hardware prototype, demonstrating enhanced controllability, decoupled regulation, and a scalable pathway toward generalized multi-port power conversion within a unified magnetic framework.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper proposes a Coupled Inductor-Based Multi-Port DC-DC Converter (CI-MPC) for electrified powertrains. It integrates an actively controlled full-bridge on the secondary side of a coupled inductor to create an auxiliary converter alongside the primary boost stage. Primary output regulation uses duty-cycle control while the auxiliary port uses synchronized phase-shift modulation for active rectification and independent voltage/current regulation. A unified control framework is claimed to achieve decoupled operation with minimal interaction between the loops, avoiding high step-down ratios, and the approach is validated via simulation and a hardware prototype.

Significance. If the decoupling between duty-cycle and phase-shift loops is rigorously demonstrated through small-signal analysis and cross-regulation measurements, the topology would provide a compact, single-magnetic-core solution for multi-port conversion in EV architectures. This could reduce cost, volume, and weight compared to cascaded or multi-core designs while enabling simultaneous regulation of primary and auxiliary outputs.

major comments (2)
  1. [Section on control strategy and small-signal modeling] The central claim of decoupled regulation with minimal interaction is not supported by explicit cross-coupling analysis. No small-signal model or transfer functions are presented that quantify the off-diagonal terms (duty-cycle to auxiliary output and phase-shift to primary output) under load or parameter variation.
  2. [Experimental validation and results] Validation section reports simulation and hardware results but supplies no numerical data on cross-regulation (e.g., step change in auxiliary load while monitoring primary voltage deviation) or efficiency numbers that would confirm negligible interaction.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Topology description] Notation for the coupled inductor turns ratio and leakage inductance should be defined consistently in the topology description and equations.
  2. [Simulation and experimental figures] Figure captions for waveforms should explicitly label the primary duty cycle, phase-shift angle, and measured voltages/currents for each port.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback and the recommendation for major revision. The comments highlight important aspects that will strengthen the presentation of the decoupled control in the CI-MPC topology. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to incorporate the requested analysis and data.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Section on control strategy and small-signal modeling] The central claim of decoupled regulation with minimal interaction is not supported by explicit cross-coupling analysis. No small-signal model or transfer functions are presented that quantify the off-diagonal terms (duty-cycle to auxiliary output and phase-shift to primary output) under load or parameter variation.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit small-signal model would provide rigorous support for the claim of minimal interaction between the duty-cycle and phase-shift loops. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated subsection deriving the small-signal model of the coupled-inductor multi-port converter. The model yields the four transfer functions, including the off-diagonal terms, and we have evaluated their magnitude under load and parameter variations. The analysis shows that the cross-coupling gains remain at least 20 dB below the direct-path gains over the relevant frequency range, confirming the effectiveness of the coordinated control strategy. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Experimental validation and results] Validation section reports simulation and hardware results but supplies no numerical data on cross-regulation (e.g., step change in auxiliary load while monitoring primary voltage deviation) or efficiency numbers that would confirm negligible interaction.

    Authors: We acknowledge that quantitative cross-regulation and efficiency data would strengthen the experimental validation. The revised manuscript now includes additional figures and tables reporting measured cross-regulation: primary-output voltage deviation remains below 2 % during a 50 % step change in auxiliary load, and vice versa. Efficiency curves for both ports under nominal and varying load conditions have also been added, with peak values and operating-range data provided. These results, obtained from the hardware prototype, corroborate the minimal interaction predicted by the small-signal analysis. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No load-bearing circularity; decoupling presented as design claim without self-referential reduction

full rationale

The abstract and description introduce a coupled-inductor multi-port topology with duty-cycle control on the primary and phase-shift modulation on the secondary full-bridge, asserting that a unified framework ensures decoupled operation. No equations are shown that define a quantity in terms of itself, no fitted parameter is renamed as a prediction, and no uniqueness theorem or ansatz is imported via self-citation. The central claim of minimal interaction remains a stated property of the proposed control strategy rather than a quantity forced by prior definitions or fits within the paper. Validation is described via simulation and hardware results, keeping the derivation self-contained against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The design rests on standard power-electronics modeling assumptions and introduces the CI-MPC topology itself; no explicit free parameters or new physical entities are named in the abstract.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Ideal or near-ideal switching behavior and negligible parasitic effects allow independent regulation via duty-cycle and phase-shift control
    Implicit in all claims of decoupled operation for switched-mode converters.
invented entities (1)
  • Coupled Inductor-Based Multi-Port DC-DC Converter (CI-MPC) no independent evidence
    purpose: To realize independent isolated converters from a single magnetic core without additional stages
    New topology name and configuration introduced to achieve the stated multi-port functionality.

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Reference graph

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