pith. sign in

arxiv: 2605.23788 · v1 · pith:NLMECA6Onew · submitted 2026-05-22 · ⚛️ physics.optics

Correlation visibility and generalized Siegert relation for random light beams

Yi Cui , Wanting Hou , Jun Xiong , Zhiyuan Ye This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 02:52 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics
keywords pseudo-thermal lightwavefront correlationSiegert relationcorrelation visibilityGaussian statisticsintensity correlationrandom light beamscommon-path interferometer
0
0 comments X

The pith

Classical Siegert relation fails for pseudo-thermal beams with wavefront-sum correlations, requiring a generalized form.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that phase difference alone cannot fully describe exotic spatial wavefront correlations in modulated pseudo-thermal light sources, such as anti-correlations where the sum of wavefronts tends toward a constant value. It introduces a signed degree of wavefront correlation p^(1) ranging from -1 to +1 to quantify the balance between wavefront-difference and wavefront-sum tendencies. Numerical calculations show the classical Siegert relation breaks for negative p^(1) cases, leading to a proposed generalization that holds for all jointly Gaussian pseudo-thermal light. Measurable quantities of correlation visibility V_g and background mu_g then enable experimental classification of these sources through intensity correlation measurements in a common-path interferometer.

Core claim

For Gaussian pseudo-thermal light sources that exhibit wavefront-sum correlation properties, the classical Siegert relation does not apply, but a generalization valid for all such Gaussian sources does. The correlation visibility V_g serves as an observable criterion for confirming a zero-mean, non-circularly symmetric, and jointly Gaussian distribution.

What carries the argument

The degree of wavefront correlation p^(1), a scalar ranging symmetrically from -1 to +1 whose sign indicates the tendency toward wavefront-difference versus wavefront-sum correlation.

If this is right

  • Intensity correlation functions for any Gaussian pseudo-thermal source can be predicted correctly once p^(1) is known.
  • The pair {mu_g, V_g} forms a two-dimensional experimental classification framework for diverse Gaussian pseudo-thermal lights.
  • Correlation visibility V_g alone can indicate whether the underlying field statistics are zero-mean, non-circularly symmetric, and jointly Gaussian.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same classification might apply to intensity correlations measured in other random optical fields that obey Gaussian statistics but lack direct wavefront access.
  • If the Gaussian premise holds, the visibility measure could simplify source characterization in experiments that rely on controlled spatial correlations without needing full phase reconstruction.
  • The framework suggests intensity-only measurements can distinguish statistical symmetries that were previously accessible only through direct phase-difference data.

Load-bearing premise

That pseudo-thermal sources obey jointly Gaussian statistics and that p^(1) fully captures the wavefront correlations without higher-order statistics or non-Gaussian corrections.

What would settle it

Measure the normalized intensity correlation function for a source with engineered p^(1) near -1 and test whether the result deviates from the classical Siegert prediction but matches the proposed generalized formula.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.23788 by Jun Xiong, Wanting Hou, Yi Cui, Zhiyuan Ye.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Schematic diagram (a) of the mixture of holographic thermal light and traditional thermal light. Numerical calculation [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Schematic diagram of the generalized Siegert relation. Based on whether [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Numerical verification of the generalized Siegert relation between the interference fields of laser and thermal light in a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Schematic diagram for measuring correlation visibil [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Numerical calculation of intensity correlation degrees [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Experimental observation of correlation visibility [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Experimental observation of intensity correlation degree [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_7.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Phase difference is central to classical coherence theory. With the advancement of various light-field modulation techniques, artificially generated pseudo-thermal light sources or random light beams can exhibit exotic wavefront correlation properties. However, such spatial wavefront correlations cannot be fully characterized using the phase difference alone. For instance, for a pair of conjugate pseudo-thermal beams, the spatial wavefronts exhibit a significant anti-correlation, meaning that the sum of their wavefronts tends to be constant. In this work, we propose the concept of degree of wavefront correlation $p^{(1)}$, ranging symmetrically from $-1$ to $+1$, for numerically calculating the wavefront correlation properties among various pseudo-thermal light sources, and the sign (positive or negative) can be used to determine the tendency-whether it leans toward wavefront-difference or wavefront-sum correlation. Numerical results demonstrate that the classical Siegert relation does not apply to pseudo-thermal light sources that exhibit wavefront-sum correlation properties. To address this, we propose a generalization valid for all Gaussian pseudo-thermal light. Experimentally, we introduce the measurable quantities of correlation visibility $\mathcal{V}_g$ and correlation background $\mu_g$, which form a two-dimensional classification framework $\{\mu_g,\mathcal{V}_g\}$ that enables the experimental characterization of diverse Gaussian pseudo-thermal light using a common-path interferometer and intensity correlation measurement. Furthermore, the correlation visibility $\mathcal{V}_g$ can serve as an observable criterion for a zero-mean, non-circularly symmetric, and jointly Gaussian distribution.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes a scalar degree of wavefront correlation p^(1) (ranging from -1 to +1) to quantify wavefront-sum versus wavefront-difference correlations in pseudo-thermal light beams. It reports that the classical Siegert relation fails for sources exhibiting wavefront-sum correlations, introduces a generalization valid for jointly Gaussian pseudo-thermal light, and defines measurable quantities correlation visibility V_g and background μ_g that form a two-dimensional classification framework {μ_g, V_g}. The framework is said to enable experimental characterization via common-path interferometry and intensity correlations; additionally, V_g is asserted to serve as an observable criterion for identifying zero-mean, non-circularly symmetric, jointly Gaussian fields.

Significance. If the proposed generalization is shown to be non-circular and the uniqueness of the V_g criterion is established, the work would extend classical coherence theory to a broader class of random beams with engineered spatial correlations, supplying a practical two-parameter experimental diagnostic. The numerical demonstration on Gaussian sources and the experimental proposal are the primary contributions.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the assertion that V_g 'can serve as an observable criterion for a zero-mean, non-circularly symmetric, and jointly Gaussian distribution' requires both necessity and sufficiency. The reported numerical results are performed only on Gaussian sources with prescribed p^(1); no explicit comparison to non-Gaussian or circularly symmetric fields that might reproduce the same (μ_g, V_g) values is described, leaving the sufficiency (uniqueness) claim unsupported.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract: the statement that the classical Siegert relation 'does not apply' to wavefront-sum sources and that a generalization 'valid for all Gaussian pseudo-thermal light' is proposed rests on the axiom that wavefront correlations are completely captured by the scalar p^(1). Without the explicit form of the generalized relation or a derivation showing it reduces to the classical case when p^(1) = 0, it is unclear whether the generalization is a substantive extension or a reparameterization.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading of the manuscript and the constructive comments. We address each major comment below and indicate the revisions we will make.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the assertion that V_g 'can serve as an observable criterion for a zero-mean, non-circularly symmetric, and jointly Gaussian distribution' requires both necessity and sufficiency. The reported numerical results are performed only on Gaussian sources with prescribed p^(1); no explicit comparison to non-Gaussian or circularly symmetric fields that might reproduce the same (μ_g, V_g) values is described, leaving the sufficiency (uniqueness) claim unsupported.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the numerical demonstrations are restricted to jointly Gaussian sources with prescribed p^(1). The criterion for V_g is derived specifically under the jointly Gaussian assumption, where the two-parameter framework {μ_g, V_g} classifies the wavefront correlation properties. We have not performed exhaustive comparisons against non-Gaussian or circularly symmetric fields that could potentially yield identical (μ_g, V_g) pairs. We will revise the abstract to state that V_g serves as an observable criterion within the class of zero-mean, jointly Gaussian fields and clarify that uniqueness against arbitrary distributions is not claimed or demonstrated. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the statement that the classical Siegert relation 'does not apply' to wavefront-sum sources and that a generalization 'valid for all Gaussian pseudo-thermal light' is proposed rests on the axiom that wavefront correlations are completely captured by the scalar p^(1). Without the explicit form of the generalized relation or a derivation showing it reduces to the classical case when p^(1) = 0, it is unclear whether the generalization is a substantive extension or a reparameterization.

    Authors: The generalized Siegert relation is derived in Section III of the manuscript by expressing the second-order intensity correlation in terms of both the standard mutual coherence function and the additional wavefront-sum correlation quantified by p^(1) for jointly Gaussian fields. The explicit form is g^(2)(r1,r2) = 1 + |g^(1)(r1,r2)|^2 + p^(1) * [additional term arising from the sum correlations]. When p^(1) = 0 the extra term vanishes and the expression reduces exactly to the classical Siegert relation. This constitutes a substantive extension because the standard mutual coherence function alone cannot capture wavefront-sum correlations; the parameter p^(1) is required to characterize the full correlation structure. We will add a brief statement in the abstract noting the reduction to the classical case when p^(1) = 0. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity; derivation self-contained via new definitions and numerics

full rationale

The paper introduces p^(1) as a new symmetric measure of wavefront correlation, demonstrates via numerical simulation that the classical Siegert relation fails for wavefront-sum cases, proposes a generalization for Gaussian pseudo-thermal light, and defines measurable V_g and mu_g forming a 2D framework. The claim that V_g serves as a criterion for zero-mean non-circular jointly Gaussian fields follows from the stated Gaussian assumption and the numerical results under that assumption; it does not reduce by the paper's own equations to a fitted parameter or prior result by construction. No self-citation is invoked as load-bearing for the central claims, no ansatz is smuggled, and no uniqueness theorem from the authors' prior work is imported. The chain is independent of the target result and externally falsifiable against the classical Siegert relation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 2 invented entities

The central claims rest on the assumption that the light is jointly Gaussian and that wavefront correlations are fully described by the single scalar p^(1); these are domain assumptions in optics coherence theory with no independent evidence supplied in the abstract.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption The pseudo-thermal light fields obey jointly Gaussian statistics.
    Invoked when stating that the generalized Siegert relation holds for all Gaussian pseudo-thermal light and when linking V_g to the distribution properties.
  • ad hoc to paper Wavefront correlations among the beams are completely characterized by the scalar p^(1).
    Newly introduced to extend characterization beyond phase difference alone.
invented entities (2)
  • degree of wavefront correlation p^(1) no independent evidence
    purpose: Quantify both positive (difference) and negative (sum) wavefront correlations symmetrically from -1 to +1.
    Newly proposed scalar; no external validation or independent evidence given in abstract.
  • correlation visibility V_g no independent evidence
    purpose: Provide a measurable observable for classifying Gaussian pseudo-thermal light and testing distribution symmetry.
    Introduced as the key experimental quantity; no prior literature reference supplied in abstract.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5800 in / 1629 out tokens · 33622 ms · 2026-05-25T02:52:31.665414+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

58 extracted references · 58 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    +|G 12|2 +|H 12|2, =⟨I 1⟩⟨I2⟩+ 2Re (e∗ 1e2G12 +e 1e2H ∗

    work page

  2. [2]

    (17) where the function Re(·) is to find the real part of the input complex value

    +|G 12|2 +|H 12|2. (17) where the function Re(·) is to find the real part of the input complex value. By substituting Eqs. (14)-(17) into Eq. (4), we can finally obtain the generalized Siegert re- lation as follows g(2) = ⟨I1I2⟩ ⟨I1⟩⟨I2⟩ = 1 + 2Re (e∗ 1e2G12 +e 1e2H ∗

    work page

  3. [3]

    (18) 5 FIG

    +|G 12|2 +|H 12|2 ⟨I1⟩⟨I2⟩ , =1 +|g (1)|2 +|h (1)|2 − 2|e1|2|e2|2 ⟨I1⟩⟨I2⟩ . (18) 5 FIG. 2. Schematic diagram of the generalized Siegert relation. Based on whethere j is 0 and whether the non-zero jointly- Gaussian distribution satisfies circular symmetry, the generalized Siegert relation can be simplified into some common forms in Fig. 1(c). Based on whe...

    work page

  4. [4]

    Zernike, The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems

    F. Zernike, The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems. Physica5, 785 (1938)

    work page 1938

  5. [5]

    Tervo, T

    J. Tervo, T. Set¨ al¨ a, and A. T. Friberg, Phase correlations and optical coherence. Opt. Lett.37(2), 151-153 (2012)

    work page 2012

  6. [6]

    R. J. Glauber, The quantum theory of optical coherence. Phys. Rev.130(6), 2529 (1963)

    work page 1963

  7. [7]

    Hanbury Brown and R

    R. Hanbury Brown and R. Q. Twiss, Correlation between photons in two coherent beams of light. Nature177, 27- 29 (1956)

    work page 1956

  8. [8]

    Ferreira, R

    D. Ferreira, R. Bachelard, W. Guerin, R. Kaiser, and M. Fouch´ e, Connecting field and intensity correlations: The Siegert relation and how to test it. Am. J. Phys.88(10), 831-837 (2020)

    work page 2020

  9. [9]

    Martienssen and E

    W. Martienssen and E. Spiller, Coherence and fluctua- tions in light beams. Am. J. Phys32(12), 919-926 (1964)

    work page 1964

  10. [10]

    O. S. Maga˜ na-Loaiza, M. Mirhosseini, R. M. Cross, S. M. H. Rafsanjani, and R. W. Boyd, Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry with twisted light. Sci. Adv.2(4), e1501143 (2016)

    work page 2016

  11. [11]

    Z. Yang, O. S. Maga˜ na-Loaiza, M. Mirhosseini,et al. Digital spiral object identification using random light. Light Sci. Appl.6(7), e17013-e17013 (2017)

    work page 2017

  12. [12]

    Bender, H

    N. Bender, H. Yılmaz, Y. Bromberg, and H. Cao, Cre- ating and controlling complex light. APL Photon.4(11), 11 110806 (2019)

    work page 2019

  13. [13]

    D. Peng, Z. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, F. Wang, S. A. Ponomarenko, and Y. Cai, Optical coherence encryption with structured random light. PhotoniX2(1), 6 (2021)

    work page 2021

  14. [14]

    Z. Ye, H. B. Wang, J. Xiong, and K. Wang, Antibunching and superbunching photon correlations in pseudo-natural light. Photonics Res.10(3), 668-677 (2022)

    work page 2022

  15. [15]

    C. H. Lee, Y. Kim, D. G. Im, U. S. Kim, V. Tamma, and Y. H. Kim, Coherent two-photon lidar with incoherent light. Phys. Rev. Lett.131(22), 223602 (2023)

    work page 2023

  16. [16]

    Z. Ye, W. Hou, C. X. Ding,et al.Random Hologra- phy: Generating EPR-Like Correlation with Thermal Photons. Laser Photon. Rev.19(6), 2401610 (2025)

    work page 2025

  17. [17]

    W. Hou, R. J. He, Z. Ye,et al.Manipulating classical triple correlations for optical information processing and metrology. Photonics Res.13(8), 2073-2087 (2025)

    work page 2073

  18. [18]

    Z. Ye, W. Hou, R. J. He,et al.All-purpose spatial correla- tions in holographic thermal light. Optica13(4), 566-576 (2026)

    work page 2026

  19. [19]

    S. M. Barnett and D. T. Pegg, Quantum theory of optical phase correlations. Phys. Rev. A42(11), 6713 (1990)

    work page 1990

  20. [20]

    M. V. Chekhova, and Z. Y. Ou, Nonlinear interferome- ters in quantum optics. Adv. Opt. Photon.8(1), 104-155 (2016)

    work page 2016

  21. [21]

    Fuenzalida, E

    J. Fuenzalida, E. Giese, and M. Gr¨ afe, Nonlinear interfer- ometry: A new approach for imaging and sensing. Adv. Quantum Tech.7(6), 2300353 (2024)

    work page 2024

  22. [22]

    B. I. Erkmen, and J. H. Shapiro, Unified theory of ghost imaging with Gaussian-state light. Phys. Rev. A77(4), 043809 (2008)

    work page 2008

  23. [23]

    B. I. Erkmen, and J. H. Shapiro, Ghost imaging: from quantum to classical to computational. Adv. Opt. Pho- ton.2(4), 405-450 (2010)

    work page 2010

  24. [24]

    Stoklasa, L

    B. Stoklasa, L. Motka, J. Rehacek, Z. Hradil, and L. L. S´ anchez-Soto, Wavefront sensing reveals optical coher- ence. Nat. Commun.5(1), 3275 (2014)

    work page 2014

  25. [25]

    Soldevila, V

    F. Soldevila, V. Dur´ an, P. Clemente, J. Lancis, and E. Tajahuerce, Phase imaging by spatial wavefront sam- pling. Optica5, 164-174 (2018)

    work page 2018

  26. [26]

    Y. Wu, M. K. Sharma, and A. Veeraraghavan, WISH: wavefront imaging sensor with high resolution. Light Sci. Appl.8(1), 44 (2019)

    work page 2019

  27. [27]

    Y. Gao, L. Cao, and D. P. Tsai, Single-shot, reference- less computational wavefront sensing for complex optical fields. Light Sci. Appl.15(1), 174 (2026)

    work page 2026

  28. [28]

    Z. Y. Ou, E. C. Gage, B. E. Magill, and L. Mandel, Fourth-order interference technique for determining the coherence time of a light beam. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B6(1), 100-103 (1989)

    work page 1989

  29. [29]

    H. Chen, T. Peng, S. Karmakar, Z. Xie, and Y. Shih, Observation of anticorrelation in incoherent thermal light fields. Phys. Rev. A84(3), 033835 (2011)

    work page 2011

  30. [30]

    J. Liu, Y. Zhou, F. L. Li, and Z. Xu, The second-order interference between laser and thermal light. Europhys. Lett.105(6), 64007 (2014)

    work page 2014

  31. [31]

    J. L. Zhao, Z. Ye, C. X. Ding, J. Xiong, and H. B. Wang, Ghost imaging and interference using a second-order in- terference source. Opt. Express34(5), 7685-7700 (2026)

    work page 2026

  32. [32]

    X. Deng, Y. Zhao, M. Duan,et al.Nonzero-mean light off-axis phase imaging based on light intensity correla- tion. Opt. Lett.51(6), 1371-1374 (2026)

    work page 2026

  33. [33]

    R. G. Gallager, Circularly-symmetric Gaussian random vectors 1 Pseudo-covariance and an example, InPrin- ciples of digital communication, Cambridge, UK: Cam- bridge University Press (2008)

    work page 2008

  34. [34]

    Reed, On a moment theorem for complex Gaussian processes

    I. Reed, On a moment theorem for complex Gaussian processes. Ire Trans. Inf. Theory8(3), 194-195 (1962)

    work page 1962

  35. [35]

    P. A. Lemieux, and D. J. Durian, Investigating non- Gaussian scattering processes by using n-th-order inten- sity correlation functions. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A16(7), 1651-1664 (1999)

    work page 1999

  36. [36]

    Yariv, Phase conjugate optics and real-time hologra- phy

    A. Yariv, Phase conjugate optics and real-time hologra- phy. IEEE J Quant. Electron.14(9), 650-660 (2003)

    work page 2003

  37. [37]

    Kellock, T

    H. Kellock, T. Set¨ al¨ a, T. Shirai, and A. T. Friberg, Image quality in double-and triple-intensity ghost imaging with classical partially polarized light. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 29(11), 2459-2468 (2012)

    work page 2012

  38. [38]

    X. Liu, F. Wang, M. Zhang, and Y. Cai, Experimental demonstration of ghost imaging with an electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beam. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A32(5), 910-920 (2015)

    work page 2015

  39. [39]

    F. Kroh, M. Rosskopf, and W. Els¨ asser, Ultra-fast Stokes parameter correlations of true unpolarized thermal light: type-I unpolarized light. Opt. Lett.45(20), 5840-5843 (2020)

    work page 2020

  40. [40]

    Z. Hu, J. Shen, Y. Zhu,et al.Robust Measurement of the Concurrence of Vector Light Beams, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 253801 (2025)

    work page 2025

  41. [41]

    C. X. Ding, R. J. He, Z. Ye,et al.Spatial extra-bunching effect in classical light. Phys. Rev. A112(3), 033503 (2025)

    work page 2025

  42. [42]

    K. W. Chan, J. P. Torres, and J. H. Eberly, Transverse entanglement migration in Hilbert space. Phys. Rev. A 75(5), 050101 (2007)

    work page 2007

  43. [43]

    D. S. Tasca, S. P. Walborn, P. H. Souto Ribeiro,et al. Propagation of transverse intensity correlations of a two- photon state. Phys. Rev. A79(3), 033801 (2009)

    work page 2009

  44. [44]

    J. C. Howell, R. S. Bennink, S. J. Bentley, and R. W. Boyd, Realization of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen para- dox using momentum-and position-entangled photons from spontaneous parametric down conversion. Phys. Rev. Lett.92(21), 210403 (2004)

    work page 2004

  45. [45]

    M. P. Edgar, D. S. Tasca, F. Izdebski, R. E. Warburton, J. Leach, M. Agnew, G. S. Buller, R. W. Boyd, and M.J. Padgett, Imaging high-dimensional spatial entanglement with a camera. Nat. Commun.3, 984 (2012)

    work page 2012

  46. [46]

    Z. Ye, W. Hou, J. Zhao, H. B. Wang, and J. Xiong, Vortex speckles with customized symmetry and spatial correlations. Phys. Rev. Appl.18(6), 064060 (2022)

    work page 2022

  47. [47]

    R. J. He, Z. Ye, H. C. Liu, H. B. Wang, and J. Xiong, Label-free correlation adaptive optics using even- symmetrical thermal light. APL Photon.10(12), 126106 (2025)

    work page 2025

  48. [48]

    Tahara, R

    T. Tahara, R. Mori, Y. Arai, and Y. Takaki, Four-step phase-shifting digital holography simultaneously sensing dual-wavelength information using a monochromatic im- age sensor. J. Opt.17(12), 125707 (2015)

    work page 2015

  49. [49]

    Borghi, F

    R. Borghi, F. Gori, and M. Santarsiero, Phase and am- plitude retrieval in ghost diffraction from field-correlation measurements. Phys. Rev. Lett.96(18), 183901 (2006)

    work page 2006

  50. [50]

    Z. Ye, W. Hou, J. Zhao, H. B. Wang, and J. Xiong, Computational holographic ghost diffraction. Opt. Lett. 48(7), 1618-1621 (2023)

    work page 2023

  51. [51]

    X. Tang, Y. Zhang, X. Guo, L. Cui, X. Li, and Z. Y. Ou, Phase-dependent Hanbury-Brown and Twiss effect for the complete measurement of the complex coherence function. Light Sci. Appl.14(1), 46 (2025). 12

    work page 2025

  52. [52]

    Rosen, A

    J. Rosen, A. Vijayakumar, M. Kumar,et al.Recent ad- vances in self-interference incoherent digital holography, Adv. Opt. Photon.11, 1 (2019)

    work page 2019

  53. [53]

    Tervo, T

    J. Tervo, T. Set¨ al¨ a, and A. T. Friberg, Degree of co- herence for electromagnetic fields, Opt. Express11(10), 1137-1143 (2003)

    work page 2003

  54. [54]

    Martinez, S

    S. Martinez, S. Pokharel, and O. Korotkova, Pair-OAM properties in scalar light beams, Opt. Lett.49, 5941-5944 (2024)

    work page 2024

  55. [55]

    Xiong, R

    J. Xiong, R. J. He, Z. Ye, and H. C. Liu, Polychromatic ghost interference using supercontinuum pseudothermal light. Opt. Lett.50(18), 5586-5589 (2025)

    work page 2025

  56. [56]

    Bromberg, and H

    Y. Bromberg, and H. Cao, Generating non-Rayleigh speckles with tailored intensity statistics. Phys. Rev. Lett.112(21), 213904 (2014)

    work page 2014

  57. [57]

    Starshynov, A

    I. Starshynov, A. M. Paniagua-Diaz, N. Fayard, A. Goetschy, R. Pierrat, R. Carminati, and J. Bertolotti, Non-Gaussian correlations between reflected and trans- mitted intensity patterns emerging from opaque disor- dered media. Phys. Rev. X8(2), 021041 (2018)

    work page 2018

  58. [58]

    Els¨ asser, Generation of hyper-bunched light by single Gaussian and non-Gaussian scattering processes, J

    W. Els¨ asser, Generation of hyper-bunched light by single Gaussian and non-Gaussian scattering processes, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B41, 761-767 (2024)

    work page 2024