pith. sign in

arxiv: 2605.28628 · v1 · pith:BDINDSPDnew · submitted 2026-05-27 · ⚛️ physics.atom-ph

Role of Metastable Dicationic Intermediates in the Breakup of CH₄²⁺

Samiksha Dehru , Evan Munaro-Langlo\"ys , Aditya Yadav , Siddhanta Barnowal , Manojit Das , Harpreet Singh , Jibak Mukherjee , Rajarshi Sinha-Roy
show 3 more authors
Victor Despr\'e Deepankar Misra Arnab Khan
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-29 09:03 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.atom-ph
keywords methane dicationfragmentation dynamicssequential dissociationmetastable dicationic intermediatesNewton diagramsDalitz plotsCOLTRIMS technique
0
0 comments X

The pith

Methane dication CH4²⁺ breaks up sequentially through metastable intermediates CH3²⁺, CH2²⁺ and CH²⁺.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper investigates the fragmentation of methane dication produced by ion collisions using complete momentum reconstruction of fragments. It finds evidence for sequential dissociation in three channels through short-lived dicationic intermediates. Momentum correlations in Newton diagrams and estimated half-rotational periods support the presence of these metastable states. Calculated potential energy curves are consistent with the observed pathways.

Core claim

The data indicate the presence of sequential fragmentation pathways for the CH₄²⁺ → CH₂⁺ + H⁺ + H, CH₄²⁺ → CH⁺ + H⁺ + 2H, and CH₄²⁺ → C⁺ + H⁺ + 3H channels, consistent with dissociation via short-lived dicationic intermediates CH₃²⁺, CH₂²⁺, and CH²⁺, respectively. From the Newton-diagram momentum distributions, the half-rotational periods of the intermediate states are estimated, providing insight into their rotational dynamics and finite lifetimes prior to fragmentation.

What carries the argument

Newton diagrams derived from fragment momenta that reveal the sequential nature of dissociation by showing momentum vectors consistent with stepwise loss through metastable dicationic intermediates.

If this is right

  • The CH4²⁺ → CH2⁺ + H⁺ + H channel proceeds via CH3²⁺ intermediate.
  • The CH4²⁺ → CH⁺ + H⁺ + 2H channel proceeds via CH2²⁺ intermediate.
  • The CH4²⁺ → C⁺ + H⁺ + 3H channel proceeds via CH²⁺ intermediate.
  • The intermediates have finite lifetimes allowing them to rotate before dissociating further.
  • Calculated potential-energy curves support the observed sequential pathways.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • This stepwise mechanism could be common in other small molecular dications under similar high-energy ionization conditions.
  • Lifetime estimates from rotation periods could be compared with direct time-resolved measurements in future experiments.
  • The native-frame method used here might be applied to distinguish mechanisms in larger polyatomic ions.

Load-bearing premise

The momentum distributions in the Newton diagrams uniquely identify sequential dissociation through the named metastable intermediates without significant contributions from concerted mechanisms or other pathways.

What would settle it

An observation or simulation in which the same momentum correlations appear in a model that assumes only concerted dissociation without any intermediate states.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.28628 by Aditya Yadav, Arnab Khan, Deepankar Misra, Evan Munaro-Langlo\"ys, Harpreet Singh, Jibak Mukherjee, Manojit Das, Rajarshi Sinha-Roy, Samiksha Dehru, Siddhanta Barnowal, Victor Despr\'e.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Ion–ion coincidence map showing the correlation be [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. (a) KER distribution for the three-body breakup channel CH [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. (a), (b), (c) The potential energy curve for the CH [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. (a) KER distribution for the three-body breakup channel CH [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. (a) KER distribution for the three-body breakup channel CH [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. The radius and centers of the momentum dis [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We investigate the fragmentation dynamics of methane dication (CH$_4^{2+}$) produced in collisions with 50-MeV C$^{6+}$ ions using the COLTRIMS technique. The method provides complete three-dimensional momentum vectors of the charged fragments, enabling full kinematic reconstruction of the fragmentation process. The dynamics are analyzed using Dalitz plots, Newton diagrams, and the native-frame method to distinguish between concerted and sequential dissociation mechanisms. The data indicate the presence of sequential fragmentation pathways for the CH$_4^{2+}$ $\rightarrow$ CH$_2^+$ + H$^+$ + H, CH$_4^{2+}$ $\rightarrow$ CH$^+$ + H$^+$ + 2H, and CH$_4^{2+}$ $\rightarrow$ C$^+$ + H$^+$ + 3H channels, consistent with dissociation via short-lived dicationic intermediates CH$_3^{2+}$, CH$_2^{2+}$, and CH$^{2+}$, respectively. From the Newton-diagram momentum distributions, we further estimate the half-rotational periods of the intermediate states, providing insight into their rotational dynamics and finite lifetimes prior to fragmentation. The experimental observations are further supported by comparisons with calculated potential-energy curves.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports a COLTRIMS study of CH4^{2+} fragmentation following 50-MeV C^{6+} collisions. Complete three-body momentum vectors are reconstructed for channels such as CH4^{2+} o CH2^{+} + H^{+} + H, CH4^{2+} o CH^{+} + H^{+} + 2H, and CH4^{2+} o C^{+} + H^{+} + 3H. Dalitz plots, Newton diagrams, and native-frame analysis are used to argue for sequential dissociation via short-lived intermediates CH3^{2+}, CH2^{2+}, and CH^{2+}. Half-rotational periods of the intermediates are estimated from the momentum distributions, and the observations are compared with calculated potential-energy curves.

Significance. If the sequential pathway assignments are robust, the work adds concrete experimental evidence for the role of metastable dicationic intermediates in three-body breakup of small hydrocarbons. The COLTRIMS kinematic completeness and the attempt to extract rotational timescales are positive features. The result would be of interest to the molecular-dynamics and radiation-chemistry communities, but its impact is limited by the absence of quantitative controls that would bound the contribution of concerted mechanisms.

major comments (2)
  1. [Newton diagrams and native-frame analysis] Newton diagrams and native-frame analysis (section on fragmentation dynamics): the claim that the observed momentum correlations uniquely indicate sequential breakup through the named intermediates (CH3^{2+}, CH2^{2+}, CH^{2+}) is not accompanied by Monte Carlo or classical-trajectory simulations of concerted three-body channels. Without such simulations, the degree of overlap between sequential and concerted signatures cannot be quantified, leaving the uniqueness of the intermediate identification untested.
  2. [Newton diagrams and native-frame analysis] Estimation of half-rotational periods (same analysis section): the procedure for extracting these periods from the Newton-diagram momentum distributions is not described in sufficient detail (no mention of fitting method, assumed lifetime distribution, or error analysis), making it impossible to assess whether the reported values are robust or model-dependent.
minor comments (2)
  1. The abstract and main text would benefit from explicit statements of the number of events analyzed per channel and the momentum resolution achieved.
  2. Figure captions for the Newton diagrams and Dalitz plots should include the precise kinematic cuts applied and any background subtraction method.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive evaluation of the COLTRIMS experiment and the kinematic reconstruction. The two major comments focus on the fragmentation dynamics analysis. We respond point-by-point below and will revise the manuscript accordingly to strengthen the claims.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Newton diagrams and native-frame analysis] Newton diagrams and native-frame analysis (section on fragmentation dynamics): the claim that the observed momentum correlations uniquely indicate sequential breakup through the named intermediates (CH3^{2+}, CH2^{2+}, and CH^{2+}) is not accompanied by Monte Carlo or classical-trajectory simulations of concerted three-body channels. Without such simulations, the degree of overlap between sequential and concerted signatures cannot be quantified, leaving the uniqueness of the intermediate identification untested.

    Authors: We agree that explicit Monte Carlo simulations of concerted three-body channels would allow a more quantitative bound on possible overlap with the sequential signatures. The native-frame analysis and Newton-diagram islands follow patterns established for sequential breakup in prior COLTRIMS studies of similar systems, and the Dalitz plots show features inconsistent with pure concerted dissociation. Nevertheless, to directly address the concern, we will add classical-trajectory Monte Carlo simulations of concerted channels in the revised manuscript. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Newton diagrams and native-frame analysis] Estimation of half-rotational periods (same analysis section): the procedure for extracting these periods from the Newton-diagram momentum distributions is not described in sufficient detail (no mention of fitting method, assumed lifetime distribution, or error analysis), making it impossible to assess whether the reported values are robust or model-dependent.

    Authors: We concur that additional methodological detail is required. In the revised manuscript we will expand the relevant section to specify the fitting procedure applied to the Newton-diagram momentum distributions, the assumed exponential lifetime distribution for the intermediates, and the error analysis that incorporates both counting statistics and variations in the fit parameters. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental kinematic analysis is self-contained

full rationale

The paper reports COLTRIMS momentum measurements of CH4^2+ fragmentation and interprets Dalitz plots, Newton diagrams, and native-frame correlations as evidence for sequential pathways via short-lived intermediates. No mathematical derivation, parameter fitting, or self-referential equations are present; the central claim rests on direct experimental signatures compared to external potential-energy curves. No self-citation is load-bearing for uniqueness, and no step reduces a claimed prediction to its own inputs by construction. This is the normal non-circular outcome for a data-driven experimental study.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Experimental paper; central claim rests on kinematic interpretation of momentum data rather than free parameters, axioms, or invented entities. Abstract specifies no fitted values or postulated constructs beyond observed intermediates.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5800 in / 1059 out tokens · 36904 ms · 2026-06-29T09:03:38.465127+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

52 extracted references · 8 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Neumann, D

    N. Neumann, D. Hant, L. P. H. Schmidt, J. Titze, T. Jahnke, A. Czasch, M. Sch¨ offler, K. Kreidi, O. Jagutzki, H. Schmidt-B¨ ocking,et al., Fragmentation dynamics of CO3+ 2 investigated by multiple electron cap- ture format in collisions with slow highly charged ions, Phys. Rev. Lett.104, 103201 (2010)

    2010

  2. [2]

    C. Wu, C. Wu, D. Song, H. Su, Y. Yang, Z. Wu, X. Liu, H. Liu, M. Li, Y. Deng,et al., Nonsequential and sequen- tial fragmentation of CO 3+ 2 in intense laser fields, Phys. Rev. Lett.110, 103601 (2013)

    2013

  3. [3]

    B. Wei, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, D. Lu, G. Lu, B. Zhang, Y. Tang, R. Hutton, and Y. Zou, Fragmentation mechanisms for methane induced by 55 eV, 75 eV, and 100 eV electron impact, J. Chem. Phys.140, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4868651 (2014)

    work page doi:10.1063/1.4868651 2014

  4. [4]

    A. Khan, L. C. Tribedi, and D. Misra, Observation of a sequential process in charge-asymmetric dissociation of COq+ 2 (q= 4, 5) upon the impact of highly charged ions, Phys. Rev. A92, 030701 (2015)

    2015

  5. [5]

    X. Ding, M. Haertelt, S. Schlauderer, M. Schuurman, A. Y. Naumov, D. Villeneuve, A. McKellar, P. Corkum, and A. Staudte, Ultrafast dissociation of metastable CO2+ in a dimer, Phys. Rev. Lett.118, 153001 (2017)

    2017

  6. [6]

    Zhang, T

    Y. Zhang, T. Jiang, L. Wei, D. Luo, X. Wang, W. Yu, R. Hutton, Y. Zou, and B. Wei, Three-body fragmen- tation of methane dications produced by slow Ar 8+-ion impact, Phys. Rev. A97, 022703 (2018)

    2018

  7. [7]

    Severt, Z

    T. Severt, Z. L. Streeter, W. Iskandar, K. A. Larsen, A. Gatton, D. Trabert, B. Jochim, B. Griffin, E. G. Champenois, M. M. Brister,et al., Step-by-step state- selective tracking of fragmentation dynamics of water di- cations by momentum imaging, Nat. Commun.13, 5146 (2022). 12

    2022

  8. [8]

    Oceana, Greenhouse gases,http://oceana.org/ en/our-work/climate-energy/climate-change/ learn-act/greenhouse-gases(n.d.), accessed: 2026- 01-30

    2026

  9. [9]

    Formisano, S

    V. Formisano, S. Atreya, T. Encrenaz, N. Ignatiev, and M. Giuranna, Detection of methane in the atmosphere of mars, Science306, 1758 (2004)

    2004

  10. [10]

    J. I. Lunine and S. K. Atreya, The methane cycle on titan, Nat. Geosci.1, 159 (2008)

    2008

  11. [11]

    Thissen, O

    R. Thissen, O. Witasse, O. Dutuit, C. S. Wedlund, G. Gronoff, and J. Lilensten, Doubly-charged ions in the planetary ionospheres: a review, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.13, 18264 (2011)

    2011

  12. [12]

    D. K. B¨ ohme, Multiply-charged ions and interstellar chemistry, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.13, 18253 (2011)

    2011

  13. [13]

    E. F. Van Dishoeck, Astrochemistry: overview and chal- lenges, Proc. IAU or Proc. Int. Astron. Union13, 3 (2017)

    2017

  14. [14]

    Dujardin, D

    G. Dujardin, D. Winkoun, and S. Leach, Double pho- toionization of methane, Phys. Rev. A31, 3027 (1985)

    1985

  15. [15]

    Ben-Itzhak, K

    I. Ben-Itzhak, K. Carnes, S. Ginther, D. Johnson, P. Nor- ris, and O. Weaver, Fragmentation of CH4 caused by fast- proton impact, Phys. Rev. A47, 3748 (1993)

    1993

  16. [16]

    Z. Wu, C. Wu, Q. Liang, S. Wang, M. Liu, Y. Deng, and Q. Gong, Fragmentation dynamics of methane by few-cycle femtosecond laser pulses, J. Chem. Phys.126, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2472341 (2007)

    work page doi:10.1063/1.2472341 2007

  17. [17]

    Flammini, M

    R. Flammini, M. Satta, E. Fainelli, G. Alberti, F. Maracci, and L. Avaldi, The role of the methyl ion in the fragmentation of CH 2+ 4 , New J. Phys.11, 083006 (2009)

    2009

  18. [18]

    M. D. Ward, S. J. King, and S. D. Price, Elec- tron ionization of methane: The dissociation of the methane monocation and dication, J. Chem. Phys.134, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3519636 (2011)

    work page doi:10.1063/1.3519636 2011

  19. [19]

    J. B. Williams, C. Trevisan, M. Sch¨ offler, T. Jahnke, I. Bocharova, H. Kim, B. Ulrich, R. Wallauer, F. Sturm, T. Rescigno,et al., Imaging polyatomic molecules in three dimensions using molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions, Phys. Rev. Lett.108, 233002 (2012)

    2012

  20. [20]

    Singh, P

    R. Singh, P. Bhatt, N. Yadav, and R. Shanker, Ionic fragmentation of a CH 4 molecule induced by 10−keV electrons: Kinetic-energy-release distributions and disso- ciation mechanisms, Phys. Rev. A87, 062706 (2013)

    2013

  21. [21]

    Rajput, D

    J. Rajput, D. Garg, A. Cassimi, A. M´ ery, X. Fl´ echard, J. Rangama, S. Guillous, W. Iskandar, A. Agnihotri, J. Matsumoto,et al., Unexplained dissociation pathways of two-body fragmentation of methane dication, J. Chem. Phys.156, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0079851 (2022)

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0079851 2022

  22. [22]

    na- tive frames

    J. Rajput, D. Garg, A. Cassimi, X. Fl´ echard, J. Rangama, and C. Safvan, Addressing three- body fragmentation of methane dication using “na- tive frames”: evidence of internal excitation in fragments, The Journal of Chemical Physics159, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0171881 (2023)

    work page doi:10.1063/5.0171881 2023

  23. [23]

    C. Cao, M. Li, K. Guo, Z. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, K. Liu, Y. Zhou, and P. Lu, Intensity-dependent three-body coulomb explosion of methane in femtosecond laser pulses, Phys. Rev. A109, 023115 (2024)

    2024

  24. [24]

    H. O. Folkerts, R. Hoekstra, and R. Morgenstern, Veloc- ity and charge state dependences of molecular dissocia- tion induced by slow multicharged ions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3339 (1996)

    1996

  25. [25]

    A. Khan, L. C. Tribedi, and D. Misra, Velocity and charge-state dependence on the coulomb explosion of N2, under the impact of highly-charged ions at intermediate velocities, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.54, 135201 (2021)

    2021

  26. [26]

    J. A. Pople, B. Tidor, and P. von Ragu´ e Schleyer, The structure and stability of dications derived from methane, Chemical Physics Letters88, 533 (1982)

    1982

  27. [27]

    Ben-Itzhak, E

    I. Ben-Itzhak, E. Sidky, I. Gertner, Y. Levy, and B. Ros- ner, Long lived CH 2+ and CD 2+ dications, Int. J. Mass Spectrom.192, 157 (1999)

    1999

  28. [28]

    J.-P. Gu, G. Hirsch, R. Buenker, M. Kimura, C. Dutta, and P. Nordlander, Charge transfer in collisions of C 2+ ions with h atoms at low-kev energies: A possible bound state of CH 2+, Phys. Rev. A57, 4483 (1998)

    1998

  29. [29]

    T. Ast, C. Porter, C. Proctor, and J. Beynon, Doubly charged molecular ions of methane, Chem. Phys. Lett. 78, 439 (1981)

    1981

  30. [30]

    T. J. Gray, J. Legg, and V. Needham, Molecular ion colli- sion chemistry using particle accelerators, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B10, 253 (1985)

    1985

  31. [31]

    Mathur, C

    D. Mathur, C. Badrinathan, F. Rajgara, and U. Raheja, Translational energy loss spectrometry of molecular di- cations from methane, Chem. Phys.103, 447 (1986)

    1986

  32. [32]

    Y. Levy, A. Bar-David, I. Ben-Itzhak, I. Gertner, and B. Rosner, Formation of long-lived CD 2+ n and CH 2+ n di- cations, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.32, 3973 (1999)

    1999

  33. [33]

    A. Khan, L. C. Tribedi, and D. Misra, A re- coil ion momentum spectrometer for molecular and atomic fragmentation studies, Rev. Sci. Instrum.86, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4916680 (2015)

    work page doi:10.1063/1.4916680 2015

  34. [34]

    M. A. K. A. Siddiki, M. Nrisimhamurty, K. Kumar, J. Mukherjee, L. C. Tribedi, A. Khan, and D. Misra, Development of a cold target recoil ion momentum spec- trometer and a projectile charge state analyzer setup to study electron transfer processes in highly charged ion–atom/molecule collisions, Review of Scientific Instru- ments93, 113313 (2022)

    2022

  35. [35]

    R. A. Kendall, T. H. Dunning, and R. J. Harrison, Elec- tron affinities of the first-row atoms revisited. systematic basis sets and wave functions, The Journal of Chemical Physics96, 6796 (1992)

    1992

  36. [36]

    Q. Sun, T. C. Berkelbach, N. S. Blunt, G. H. Booth, S. Guo, Z. Li, J. Liu, J. D. McClain, E. R. Sayfut- yarova, S. Sharma, S. Wouters, and G. K. Chan, Pyscf: The python-based simulations of chemistry framework, WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci.8, 10.1002/wcms.1340 (2017)

    work page doi:10.1002/wcms.1340 2017

  37. [37]

    Wang and C

    L.-P. Wang and C. Song, Geometry optimization made simple with translation and rotation coordinates, J. Chem. Phys.144, 10.1063/1.4952956 (2016)

    work page doi:10.1063/1.4952956 2016

  38. [38]

    Eland, Dynamics of fragmentation reactions from peak shapes in multiparticle coincidence experiments, Laser Chem.11, 259 (1991)

    J. Eland, Dynamics of fragmentation reactions from peak shapes in multiparticle coincidence experiments, Laser Chem.11, 259 (1991)

    1991

  39. [39]

    Dalitz, Cxii

    R. Dalitz, Cxii. on the analysis ofτ-meson data and the nature of theτ-meson, Lond. Edinb. Dubl. Phil. Mag. J. Sci.44, 1068 (1953)

    1953

  40. [40]

    Severt, J

    T. Severt, J. Rajput, B. Berry, B. Jochim, P. Feizollah, B. Kaderiya, M. Zohrabi, F. Ziaee, K. R. P., D. Rolles, A. Rudenko, K. D. Carnes, B. D. Esry, and I. Ben-Itzhak, Native frames: An approach for separating sequential and concerted three-body fragmentation, Phys. Rev. A 110, 053104 (2024)

    2024

  41. [41]

    Eland, The dynamics of three-body dissociations of dications studied by the triple coincidence technique 13 pepipico, Mol

    J. Eland, The dynamics of three-body dissociations of dications studied by the triple coincidence technique 13 pepipico, Mol. Phys.61, 725 (1987)

    1987

  42. [42]

    York, Least-squares fitting of a straight line, Canadian Journal of Physics44, 1079 (1966)

    D. York, Least-squares fitting of a straight line, Canadian Journal of Physics44, 1079 (1966)

    1966

  43. [43]

    H. Yuan, Z. Xu, S. Xu, C. Ma, Z. Zhang, D. Guo, X. Zhu, D. Zhao, S. Zhang, S. Yan, Y. Gao, R. Zhang, and X. Ma, Three-body fragmentation dynamics of CH 3CCH3+ in- vestigated by 50 keV/u Ne 8+ impact: Comparison with its isomer ion CH 2CCH3+ 2 , Phys. Rev. A105, 022814 (2022)

    2022

  44. [44]

    Z. He, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, B. Wang, J. Han, B. Ren, L. Wei, Z. Xia, P. Ma, T. Meng,et al., Sequential depro- tonation of the allene trication produced by 30−keV/u He2+ impact, Phys. Rev. A105, 022818 (2022)

    2022

  45. [45]

    Ortenburger and P

    I. Ortenburger and P. Bagus, Theoretical analysis of the auger spectra of CH 4, Phys. Rev. A11, 1501 (1975)

    1975

  46. [46]

    N. D. Birell and P. C. W. Davies,Quantum Fields in Curved Space(Cambridge University Press, 1982)

    1982

  47. [47]

    Severt, J

    T. Severt, J. Rajput, B. Berry, B. Jochim, P. Feizollah, B. Kaderiya, M. Zohrabi, F. Ziaee, K. R. P, D. Rolles, et al., Native frames: An approach for separating sequen- tial and concerted three-body fragmentation, Phys. Rev. A110, 053104 (2024)

    2024

  48. [48]

    D¨ orner, V

    R. D¨ orner, V. Mergel, O. Jagutzki, L. Spielberger, J. Ull- rich, R. Moshammer, and H. Schmidt-B¨ ocking, Cold tar- get recoil ion momentum spectroscopy: a ‘momentum mi- croscope’ to view atomic collision dynamics, Phys. Rep. 330, 95 (2000)

    2000

  49. [49]

    M´ ery, X

    A. M´ ery, X. Fl´ echard, S. Guillous, V. Kumar, M. La- lande, J. Rangama, W. Wolff, and A. Cassimi, Investiga- tion of the carbon monoxide dication lifetime using (co) 2 dimer fragmentation, Phys. Rev. A104, 042813 (2021)

    2021

  50. [50]

    S. Xu, X. L. Zhu, W. T. Feng, D. L. Guo, Q. Zhao, S. Yan, P. Zhang, D. M. Zhao, Y. Gao, S. F. Zhang, J. Yang, and X. Ma, Dynamics of C 2H3+ 2 →H + + H+ + C2+ in- vestigated by 50−keV/u Ne 8+ impact, Phys. Rev. A97, 062701 (2018)

    2018

  51. [51]

    Lundqvist, D

    M. Lundqvist, D. Edvardsson, P. Baltzer, and B. Wannberg, Doppler-free kinetic energy release spec- trum of N 2+ 2 , J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.29, 1489 (1996)

    1996

  52. [52]

    Mathur, Structure and dynamics of molecules in high charge states, Phys

    D. Mathur, Structure and dynamics of molecules in high charge states, Phys. Rep.391, 1 (2004)

    2004