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CO-dark molecular gas traced by HCO$^+$ in the diffuse interstellar medium

T0 review · 2 major / 1 minor · reviewed 2026-06-28 · grok-4.3

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Pith's one-line read Broad HCO+ absorption traces CO-dark H2 with lower cold HI fraction and molecular fraction than CO-traced gas in the same directions.

desk verdict HCO+ absorption in five directions gives new numbers on CO-dark gas: lower f_CNM and f_mol than CO-traced gas plus CO/H2 limits below 10^{-5}. read the letter →

arxiv 2606.04309 v1 pith:HVOBA4RZ submitted 2026-06-03 astro-ph.GA

Daniel R. Rybarczyk , Michael P. Busch , J. R. Dawson , Min-Young Lee , Gan Luo This is my paper · ORCID
classification astro-ph.GA
keywords diffuseinterstellarmediumCO-darkmoleculargasHCO+absorptionHIhydrogenatomictotransitionchemistry
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper uses absorption observations of HCO+, CO, and HI toward five directions to examine molecular gas that lacks detectable CO. It finds that the gas producing broad HCO+ absorption lines has a cold neutral medium fraction of roughly 0.38 and a molecular hydrogen fraction of roughly 0.09, both lower than values measured in gas that shows CO. The work places an upper limit of 10^{-5} on the CO abundance relative to H2 in this component, explaining the absence of CO lines, and demonstrates that HCO+ absorption appears at lower H2 column densities than CO does. These measurements supply direct constraints on how atomic hydrogen converts into molecular form in low-density regions.

What carries the argument

The kinematically broad component of HCO+ absorption, which isolates extremely diffuse CO-dark H2.

What would settle it

Detection of substantial CO absorption or emission at the velocities of the broad HCO+ component, or measurement of a significantly higher molecular fraction in that gas.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The diffuse molecular gas revealed by broad HCO+ absorption has a lower fraction of cold HI (f_CNM = 0.38^{+0.28}_{-0.27}) and a lower fraction of hydrogen in H2 (f_mol=0.09^{+0.06}_{-0.03}) than gas traced by CO in the same directions. We detect almost no CO absorption from the gas traced by broad HCO+ absorption. We constrain the CO abundance relative to H2 to be ≲10^{-6}-10^{-5} for gas traced by both broad and narrow HCO+ absorption, consistent with chemical model predictions for the diffuse ISM. We further show that neither CO emission nor absorption is likely to be detected where N(H2)≲few×10^{19} cm^{-2}, while HCO+ absorption is readily detected for N(H2)≳few×10^{18} cm^{-2}.

Load-bearing premise

The broad kinematic component of HCO+ absorption can be cleanly separated from narrow components and directly attributed to CO-dark H2 without significant contributions from other chemical or excitation effects.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • CO remains undetectable in emission or absorption below H2 columns of a few times 10^{19} cm^{-2}.
  • HCO+ absorption detects H2 columns down to a few times 10^{18} cm^{-2}.
  • Modest amounts of cold HI can support the presence of H2.
  • The HI-to-H2 transition occurs at lower molecular fractions in diffuse gas than in denser regions.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • HCO+ absorption offers a practical way to map the total molecular gas reservoir beyond CO-based estimates.
  • The low CO abundance supports existing chemical models of the diffuse ISM.
  • Similar absorption surveys could refine the mass budget of CO-dark gas across the Milky Way.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper reports absorption-line observations of HCO+, CO, and HI toward five sightlines, claiming that the kinematically broad HCO+ component traces a distinct CO-dark molecular phase with lower cold-neutral-medium fraction (f_CNM = 0.38^{+0.28}_{-0.27}) and lower molecular fraction (f_mol = 0.09^{+0.06}_{-0.03}) than CO-traced gas in the same directions. It further reports non-detection of CO absorption from this gas and derives CO/H2 abundance upper limits of ≲10^{-6}–10^{-5}, consistent with chemical models, while showing that HCO+ absorption is detectable at lower N(H2) than CO.

Significance. If the kinematic attribution holds, the results supply direct observational constraints on the HI-to-H2 transition and the prevalence of CO-dark gas at low columns, reinforcing the role of HCO+ absorption as a tracer where CO fails. The consistency with existing chemical models and the quantitative limits on CO abundance are strengths.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and methods] Abstract and implied methods: the headline values of f_CNM and f_mol, as well as the CO/H2 limits, rest on the clean kinematic separation of broad versus narrow HCO+ absorption and the attribution of the broad component to a distinct diffuse molecular phase. The manuscript must supply explicit separation criteria, quantitative tests against velocity crowding or overlapping narrow components, and assessment of possible non-LTE excitation or chemical broadening effects; without these, the derived fractions do not follow from the observations.
  2. [Results] Results section: the reported uncertainties (e.g., f_mol = 0.09^{+0.06}_{-0.03}) and abundance limits require full column-density tables, error budgets, and exclusion criteria for the five sightlines to be verifiable; these details are not visible in the provided text and are load-bearing for the quantitative claims.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Notation for f_mol and f_CNM should be defined at first use with explicit reference to the underlying column-density definitions.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the positive evaluation of our work's significance and for the constructive major comments. We address each point below and will revise the manuscript to improve clarity and verifiability of the kinematic separation and supporting data.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and methods] Abstract and implied methods: the headline values of f_CNM and f_mol, as well as the CO/H2 limits, rest on the clean kinematic separation of broad versus narrow HCO+ absorption and the attribution of the broad component to a distinct diffuse molecular phase. The manuscript must supply explicit separation criteria, quantitative tests against velocity crowding or overlapping narrow components, and assessment of possible non-LTE excitation or chemical broadening effects; without these, the derived fractions do not follow from the observations.

    Authors: We agree that the kinematic separation is central to the derived fractions and that the current text would benefit from greater explicitness. In the revised manuscript we will add a dedicated Methods subsection that states the separation criteria (Gaussian decomposition with velocity dispersion thresholds), includes Monte Carlo tests of velocity crowding using the observed line profiles and spectral resolution, and provides a brief assessment showing that non-LTE and chemical-broadening contributions are sub-dominant to the kinematic widths at the low densities involved. These additions will make the attribution of the broad component transparent. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results] Results section: the reported uncertainties (e.g., f_mol = 0.09^{+0.06}_{-0.03}) and abundance limits require full column-density tables, error budgets, and exclusion criteria for the five sightlines to be verifiable; these details are not visible in the provided text and are load-bearing for the quantitative claims.

    Authors: The column densities, uncertainties, and sightline selection are summarized in Table 1 and described in Sections 2 and 3, but we acknowledge that the error budget and exclusion criteria could be presented more accessibly. We will expand the Results section with a consolidated table listing all measured columns, the full statistical-plus-systematic error budget, and the explicit exclusion criteria applied to arrive at the final five sightlines. Machine-readable versions of the tables will also be provided as supplementary material to allow direct verification of the reported values and limits. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: results are direct observational measurements

full rationale

The paper derives f_CNM, f_mol, and CO/H2 limits from measured absorption profiles of HCO+, CO, and HI in five sightlines. These quantities are computed from observed column densities and velocity components without any self-referential equations, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations. The broad/narrow kinematic separation is an empirical profile decomposition step whose validity rests on the data rather than on prior results by the same authors. No derivation chain reduces to its own inputs by construction.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 2 assumptions · 0 invented entities

Based on abstract only; key assumptions include standard conversion from absorption to column density and that chemical models provide independent validation rather than fitting targets.

assumptions (2)
  • domain assumption HCO+ absorption reliably traces H2 column density in diffuse gas
    Invoked when interpreting broad absorption as direct tracer of CO-dark H2.
  • domain assumption Velocity component decomposition cleanly separates broad and narrow features without blending
    Required for attributing properties specifically to broad HCO+ gas.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of CO-dark molecular gas traced by HCO$^+$ in the diffuse interstellar medium." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/HVOBA4RZ

@misc{pith2026260604309,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: CO-dark molecular gas traced by HCO$^+$ in the diffuse interstellar medium},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/HVOBA4RZ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2606.04309}
}
abstract

A classic problem in the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) is the near-invisibility of molecular hydrogen (H$_2$) in cold environments. Observations of CO emission are typically used to indirectly trace H$_2$, but a significant fraction of H$_2$ in the diffuse ISM is not associated with any detectable CO emission (``CO-dark'' molecular gas). Meanwhile, observations of H$_2$ absorption trace nearly all of the H$_2$ in diffuse directions. In particular, a kinematically broad HCO$^+$ absorption signature traces extremely diffuse, CO-dark H$_2$. We have used sensitive observations of HCO$^+$, CO, and atomic hydrogen (HI) in absorption to constrain the properties of such diffuse molecular gas in five directions. The diffuse molecular gas revealed by broad HCO$^+$ absorption has a lower fraction of cold HI ($f_{\mathrm{CNM}} = 0.38^{+0.28}_{-0.27}$) and a lower fraction of hydrogen in H$_2$ ($f_{\mathrm{mol}}=0.09^{+0.06}_{-0.03}$) than gas traced by CO in the same directions. We detect almost no CO absorption from the gas traced by broad HCO$^+$ absorption. We constrain the CO abundance relative to H$_2$ to be $\lesssim10^{-6}$-$10^{-5}$ for gas traced by both broad and narrow HCO$^+$ absorption, consistent with chemical model predictions for the diffuse ISM. We further show that neither CO emission nor absorption is likely to be detected where $N(\mathrm{H_2})\lesssim\mathrm{few}\times10^{19}$ $\mathrm{cm^{-2}}$ - a result of both the low CO abundance and the low H$_2$ column - while HCO$^+$ absorption is readily detected for $N(\mathrm{H_2})\gtrsim\text{few}\times10^{18}$ $\mathrm{cm^{-2}}$. These results demonstrate that even modest amounts of cold HI can bear H$_2$, providing critical constraints on the HI-to-H$_2$ transition in the ISM.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.04309 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. The absorption spectra, e −τ , of H I (filled black), HCO+ (filled pink), and CO (filled blue) in the direction of the five background sources listed in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Same as [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. The integrated CO optical depth versus the in￾tegrated HCO+ optical depth for different velocity inter￾vals (listed in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (5 more)
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The integrated HCO+ optical depth versus ⟨Ts⟩ (Equation 3). Results for regions with narrow HCO+ absorp￾tion are shown as squares. Results for regions with broad HCO+ absorption are shown as circles. Results for regions where only atomic gas is detected in absorption a…
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Top: the implied CO abundance relative to H2 versus the H2 column density (derived from the HCO+ col￾umn density) for all regions listed in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_4.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Box plot of ⟨Ts⟩ (Equation 3) for regions with narrow HCO+ absorption (orange, rightmost), broad HCO+ absorption (purple, middle), and no HCO+ absorption (gray, leftmost). The boundaries of the box are drawn at the first and third quartiles, with the median indicated b…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Spectra showing the differential column density in each velocity channel contributed by H2 (pink, calculated from HCO+), H I (black, using an isothermal approximation in each channel), and the total hydrogen column (dashed dark green, using the sum of H I and 2 × H2). …
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: The optical depth sensitivity (color map) re￾quired to detect CO at 3σ for a given H2 column density (x-axis) and CO abundance (y-axis). The semi-transparent white window shows the theoretical detectability limit for a CO optical depth sensitivity ∼ 0.003 (typical of w…

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Pith tools

Reviewed June 28, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.