Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-07-01T08:45:13.156615Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation
As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 42 of 42 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2606.05187.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Coverage vector
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: cited_works
Reference resolution
42 of 42 outbound references displayed
- verified exact5
- verified fuzzy36
- unresolved1
- parse uncertain0
- malformed identifier0
- metadata mismatch0
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Outbound references
Observation d375e53b-cba2-40b0-b669-5907b0f6523a · outbound
This paper cites A learning algorithm for boltzmann machines.Cognitive science, 9(1):147–169.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation A learning algorithm for boltzmann machines.Cognitive science, 9(1):147–169
Reference 1
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.251135Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 4cb045d7-b893-4655-bbef-be83bf1f6c59 · outbound
This paper cites Equal credit opportunity act.Women in the American Political System: An Encyclopedia of Women as Voters, Candidates, and Office Holders, 2:129, 2018.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Equal credit opportunity act.Women in the American Political System: An Encyclopedia of Women as Voters, Candidates, and Office Holders, 2:129, 2018
Reference 2
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.249274Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 50c4cc95-fba5-4ba9-9ed0-61555c0804d0 · outbound
This paper cites Fair housing act.Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, and Community, 1968.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Fair housing act.Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, and Community, 1968
Reference 3
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.257673Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 66cd72f4-8e0c-4fdb-a95c-0498f706e86d · outbound
This paper cites Machine bias: Risk assessments in criminal sentencing.ProPublica, May 23, 2016.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Machine bias: Risk assessments in criminal sentencing.ProPublica, May 23, 2016
Reference 4
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.244283Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 586c7355-8d1f-4408-915b-b021adead5a5 · outbound
This paper cites What is special about spatial data?: alternative perspectives on spatial data analysis.Technical paper/National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (89-4), 1989.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation What is special about spatial data?: alternative perspectives on spatial data analysis.Technical paper/National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (89-4), 1989
Reference 5
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.247303Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation a3108f7f-a31a-47fc-9270-586365b99a7a · outbound
This paper cites Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? debiasing word embeddings.Advances in neural information processing systems, 29.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? debiasing word embeddings.Advances in neural information processing systems, 29
Reference 6
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.237572Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation ab8fb8a2-8b5d-40bc-a799-9cd4344f95d1 · outbound
This paper cites On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models
Reference 7
- Resolution
- verified exact
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-01T08:45:34.402922Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 6b95059b-5f89-4fd8-8ca2-02192992fa09 · outbound
This paper cites Language models are few-shot learners.Advances in neural information processing systems, 33:1877–1901.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Language models are few-shot learners.Advances in neural information processing systems, 33:1877–1901
Reference 8
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.253414Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation e080770f-f5de-4fd3-9f37-b8c7c6a642f2 · outbound
This paper cites Fairness under unawareness: Assessing disparity when protected class is unobserved.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Fairness under unawareness: Assessing disparity when protected class is unobserved
Reference 9
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.259768Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation c40e5ec4-2f92-4d80-ba69-988df5f3f462 · outbound
This paper cites The openshaw effect.International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 36(9):1697–1698, 2022.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation The openshaw effect.International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 36(9):1697–1698, 2022
Reference 10
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.261809Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 4756f02b-9952-449e-b5dc-923f0fb45c96 · outbound
This paper cites Replication across space and time must be weak in the social and environmental sciences.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(35):e2015759118, 2021.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Replication across space and time must be weak in the social and environmental sciences.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(35):e2015759118, 2021
Reference 11
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.255217Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation d0dd6c83-1184-416e-b976-b2a9d9643b69 · outbound
This paper cites Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences.Ecology, 54(2):427–432, 1973.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences.Ecology, 54(2):427–432, 1973
Reference 12
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.258692Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 77fc5c6e-b5c1-489b-8fa8-f0ce24f8dbeb · outbound
This paper cites Whose truth? pluralistic geo-alignment for (agentic) ai.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Whose truth? pluralistic geo-alignment for (agentic) ai
Reference 13
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.260551Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 0e463e9b-8ac4-47a1-b223-67948a2cca2e · outbound
This paper cites Entropy and diversity.Oikos, 113(2):363–375.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Entropy and diversity.Oikos, 113(2):363–375
Reference 14
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.264295Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 91255118-188c-4c07-852e-acb2a0a8f9cc · outbound
This paper cites Things and strings: improving place name disambiguation from short texts by combining entity co-occurrence with topic modeling.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Things and strings: improving place name disambiguation from short texts by combining entity co-occurrence with topic modeling
Reference 15
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.252411Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 2f6b96f9-3c1c-42f2-8c92-f56fd2860e7b · outbound
This paper cites Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks.Advances in neural information processing systems, 25.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks.Advances in neural information processing systems, 25
Reference 16
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.256449Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 42e17601-55dc-4bb7-bd7a-ff9db91572b8 · outbound
This paper cites Bringing spatial interaction measures into multi-criteria assessment of redistricting plans using interactive web mapping.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Bringing spatial interaction measures into multi-criteria assessment of redistricting plans using interactive web mapping
Reference 17
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.248084Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 9a1ff846-fb74-4586-88de-9cbb56ba613f · outbound
This paper cites Measuring diversity: the importance of species similarity.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Measuring diversity: the importance of species similarity
Reference 18
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.245186Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 4ea179a3-196b-4116-8224-a433c28d76d9 · outbound
This paper cites Geoparsing: Solved or biased? an evaluation of geographic biases in geoparsing.AGILE: GIScience Series, 3:9, 2022.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Geoparsing: Solved or biased? an evaluation of geographic biases in geoparsing.AGILE: GIScience Series, 3:9, 2022
Reference 19
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.263606Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 36e317e4-cb6d-447b-867c-b4c8a111f9e0 · outbound
This paper cites Assessing the geographic diversity of ai’s platial representations in image generation.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Assessing the geographic diversity of ai’s platial representations in image generation
Reference 20
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.250088Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 8bcca085-c2f9-4955-bd0c-10ff0b6a5321 · outbound
This paper cites Golden gate bridge, as always? eliciting prototypical places from autoregressive large language models via category production.Transactions in GIS.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Golden gate bridge, as always? eliciting prototypical places from autoregressive large language models via category production.Transactions in GIS
Reference 21
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.254424Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation d372c25d-d938-402c-bbe7-303b98f4499c · outbound
This paper cites Operationalizing geographic diversity for the evaluation of ai-generated content.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Operationalizing geographic diversity for the evaluation of ai-generated content
Reference 22
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.262583Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 5a365823-add5-400d-a5ca-efab5e8ea6bd · outbound
This paper cites On the opportunities and challenges of foundation models for geoai (vision paper).ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems, 10(2):1–46, 2024.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation On the opportunities and challenges of foundation models for geoai (vision paper).ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems, 10(2):1–46, 2024
Reference 23
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.266421Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 0cb8029c-14ac-48f7-8109-2e546331126a · outbound
This paper cites Large language models are geographically biased.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Large language models are geographically biased
Reference 24
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.268645Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation ab39130b-4f75-4f9f-8fae-e73bf8be46ba · outbound
This paper cites Geollm: Extracting geospatial knowledge from large language models.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Geollm: Extracting geospatial knowledge from large language models
Reference 25
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.233674Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 9735359b-0dca-4076-b60b-2ba131f63c2f · outbound
This paper cites A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning.ACM computing surveys (CSUR), 54(6):1–35.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning.ACM computing surveys (CSUR), 54(6):1–35
Reference 26
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.220177Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation b873e9a4-ccf4-4895-9aa7-20cc56dc58b7 · outbound
This paper cites Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space
Reference 27
- Resolution
- verified exact
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-01T08:45:34.402677Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 84374c61-af83-4ae8-a309-6b7b2e9e4939 · outbound
This paper cites Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality.Advances in neural information processing systems, 26.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality.Advances in neural information processing systems, 26
Reference 28
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.229451Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation b55f68c8-9fd1-4d40-9401-840b17c23552 · outbound
This paper cites Worldbench: Quantifying geographic disparities in llm factual recall.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Worldbench: Quantifying geographic disparities in llm factual recall
Reference 29
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.225784Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation d44b6c7b-cb9c-42f9-a707-f24b72d7d427 · outbound
This paper cites Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena.Biometrika, 37(1/2):17–23, 1950.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena.Biometrika, 37(1/2):17–23, 1950
Reference 30
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.208622Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation dc772cc4-f3a4-4774-aeb6-f1a66bdb3fbc · outbound
This paper cites Social biases through the text-to-image generation lens.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Social biases through the text-to-image generation lens
Reference 31
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.200278Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 37055a78-e2e8-4587-a494-1528cbfe6381 · outbound
This paper cites The modifiable areal unit problem.Concepts and techniques in modern geography, 1984.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation The modifiable areal unit problem.Concepts and techniques in modern geography, 1984
Reference 32
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.203715Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 9b910f43-05cb-49d6-9b5a-8d12c1d82c51 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Unresolved cited work
Reference 33
- Resolution
- unresolved
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.194850Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 1d9eda41-c7c7-4fe6-8d59-52af3dee96d7 · outbound
This paper cites Ai’s regimes of representation: A community-centered study of text-to-image models in south asia.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Ai’s regimes of representation: A community-centered study of text-to-image models in south asia
Reference 34
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.212528Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 60fa52dc-ced3-49c0-973c-ee1c375be161 · outbound
This paper cites Imagenet large scale visual recognition challenge.International journal of computer vision, 115:211–252.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Imagenet large scale visual recognition challenge.International journal of computer vision, 115:211–252
Reference 35
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.215796Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 07a00642-6aff-4ac1-9ac5-09de84aaca7f · outbound
This paper cites No Classification without Representation: Assessing Geodiversity Issues in Open Data Sets for the Developing World.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation No Classification without Representation: Assessing Geodiversity Issues in Open Data Sets for the Developing World
Reference 36
- Resolution
- verified exact
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-01T08:45:34.394392Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 38931f25-5cfc-4603-adba-71eaab70fe96 · outbound
This paper cites A mathematical theory of communication.ACM SIGMOBILE mobile computing and communications review, 5(1):3–55, 2001.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation A mathematical theory of communication.ACM SIGMOBILE mobile computing and communications review, 5(1):3–55, 2001
Reference 37
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.184573Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 63d1df1e-2fd3-4e3a-b651-8da03587d828 · outbound
This paper cites Measurement of diversity.Nature, 163, 1949.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Measurement of diversity.Nature, 163, 1949
Reference 38
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.187211Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation e99fb47a-fc8a-4b18-a1fd-a0024a8fb9f9 · outbound
This paper cites A Roadmap to Pluralistic Alignment.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation A Roadmap to Pluralistic Alignment
Reference 39
- Resolution
- verified exact
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-01T08:45:34.400473Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 3e9fd3ec-1d50-4f70-a099-2b0229bca5ae · outbound
This paper cites A framework for understanding sources of harm throughout the machine learning life cycle.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation A framework for understanding sources of harm throughout the machine learning life cycle
Reference 40
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.190706Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation a82d2c7b-e847-472f-87f7-f06a2759ab88 · outbound
This paper cites Neurotpr: A neuro-net toponym recognition model for extracting locations from social media messages.Transactions in GIS, 24(3):719–735, 2020.doi: 10.1111/tgis.12627.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Neurotpr: A neuro-net toponym recognition model for extracting locations from social media messages.Transactions in GIS, 24(3):719–735, 2020.doi: 10.1111/tgis.12627
Reference 41
- Resolution
- verified exact
- doi, observed 2026-07-01T08:45:34.137009Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Observation 1879638b-de25-4e43-ac88-6635d58e9fc7 · outbound
This paper cites Torchspatial: A location encoding framework and benchmark for spatial representation learning.
Geographic Bias and Diversity in AI Evaluation Torchspatial: A location encoding framework and benchmark for spatial representation learning
Reference 42
- Resolution
- verified fuzzy
- raw_fallback, observed 2026-07-06T12:42:27.177655Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-07T06:34:17.273281+00:00.
Pith citing papers
No inbound Pith citation observations are available.