Impact of fiducial cosmology in model-agnostic cosmological inference with the BAO feature

Aseem Paranjape (IUCAA); Ravi K. Sheth (UPenn/ICTP)

arxiv: 2606.06591 · v2 · pith:3LWW4YWDnew · submitted 2026-06-04 · 🌌 astro-ph.CO

Impact of fiducial cosmology in model-agnostic cosmological inference with the BAO feature

Aseem Paranjape (IUCAA) , Ravi K. Sheth (UPenn/ICTP) This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-27 23:40 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.CO

keywords BAO featurefiducial cosmologymodel-agnostic inferenceZel'dovich smearingredshift spacecosmological constraintsDESIEuclid

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The pith

Adding fiducial cosmology distortion to the Zel'dovich smearing approximation keeps BAO-based cosmological constraints unbiased.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper extends a model-agnostic framework for cosmological inference from the baryon acoustic oscillation feature in redshift space. The Zel'dovich smearing approximation previously omitted the geometric distortion that appears when observers convert angles and redshifts to comoving separations using an assumed fiducial cosmology. The work incorporates this distortion into the framework and applies the completed version to two halo samples from the AbacusSummit simulations that match the expected properties of galaxies in the DESI and Euclid surveys. Tests show the method recovers unbiased cosmological parameters from these semi-realistic catalogs. The paper also compares how cosmological information is organized in the model-agnostic versus traditional template-based approaches and provides a roadmap for detailed performance comparisons.

Core claim

The completed Zel'dovich smearing approximation, now including the geometric distortion from the choice of fiducial cosmology, produces unbiased cosmological constraints when applied to semi-realistic halo samples from the AbacusSummit suite designed to mimic DESI and Euclid galaxy samples.

What carries the argument

The Zel'dovich smearing approximation, built from an optimal basis for the linear real-space correlation function, a Gaussian kernel for bulk-flow smearing of the BAO feature, and models for scale-dependent bias and mode coupling in redshift space, now extended to include fiducial cosmology geometric distortion.

If this is right

The framework produces unbiased cosmological constraints on the two tested halo samples.
The organization of cosmological information differs between the model-agnostic and traditional template-based approaches.
The framework is data ready for application to real observations from ongoing surveys.
A direct performance comparison between the Zel'dovich smearing approximation and traditional methods can now be carried out.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Analyses of actual DESI or Euclid data with this method could extract cosmology without dependence on the fiducial model chosen for distance conversion.
Differences in how the two approaches organize information might allow complementary constraints when the methods are combined on the same dataset.

Load-bearing premise

The Zel'dovich smearing approximation ingredients remain accurate when the fiducial cosmology distortion is added, without introducing model dependence.

What would settle it

Application of the completed framework to the AbacusSummit halo samples mimicking DESI and Euclid that returned biased cosmological constraints would falsify the claim of unbiased inference.

read the original abstract

In recent work, we have developed a model-agnostic framework for cosmological inference using the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) feature in redshift space. The framework, which we dub the `Zel'dovich smearing approximation', involves several ingredients, including an optimal basis for the linear theory correlation function in real space, a Gaussian kernel that describes the smearing of the BAO feature due to bulk flows, and a model for the impact of scale dependent bias and mode coupling in redshift space. Unlike traditional, template-based approaches, this framework does not assume any particular cosmological model. An important ingredient -- which impacts both the traditional as well as model-agnostic frameworks -- is the geometric distortion introduced by the inevitable choice of the fiducial cosmology used for converting observed angles and redshifts to comoving separations. In this work we show how this distortion, which was not yet included in our framework, affects the output of the Zel'dovich smearing approximation. We test our completed framework on two halo samples derived from the AbacusSummit simulation suite and designed to mimic galaxy samples from the ongoing DESI and Euclid surveys, respectively. We show that our framework produces unbiased cosmological constraints when applied to these semi-realistic samples and compare the organization of cosmological information in the model-agnostic and traditional approaches. We end with a roadmap to a detailed comparison of the performance of the traditional approach with the Zel'dovich smearing approximation, which is `data ready' as presented here.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This completes their Zel'dovich smearing framework by folding in fiducial cosmology distortion and shows unbiased results on two AbacusSummit halo samples.

read the letter

The main takeaway is that Paranjape and Sheth have now added the geometric distortion from fiducial cosmology choice into their model-agnostic BAO framework. They test the full thing on two halo samples from AbacusSummit tuned to DESI and Euclid, and report that it still returns unbiased cosmological constraints.

What the paper does is straightforward: it takes their earlier Zel'dovich ingredients (optimal basis, Gaussian kernel, scale-dependent bias and mode-coupling model) and shows how to adjust them for the fiducial distortion without reintroducing a specific cosmology assumption. They also compare how the information is organized relative to standard template fits and sketch a roadmap for a head-to-head performance test. The mock tests on survey-like samples are the concrete step forward.

The limitation is the narrow validation. Only two specific samples are used, and there is no explicit check on larger fiducial offsets or other cosmologies. If the distortion couples back into the basis or kernel at even a small level, the unbiased result on these mocks may not carry over. The abstract claims the framework stays model-independent, but the stress-test concern about the ingredients remaining accurate is reasonable and not fully addressed by the current tests.

This is for people working on BAO analysis for DESI or Euclid who care about reducing fiducial dependence. A reader already following their prior papers will get the most out of it. It is solid enough incremental work with actual mock tests to deserve referee time rather than a desk reject.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript extends the Zel'dovich smearing approximation framework for model-agnostic BAO inference in redshift space to include geometric distortions from the choice of fiducial cosmology. It tests the completed framework on two halo samples from the AbacusSummit suite (DESI-like and Euclid-like) and reports that the framework yields unbiased cosmological constraints on these semi-realistic mocks while comparing the organization of cosmological information to traditional template-based methods.

Significance. If the central claim holds, the work supplies a data-ready model-agnostic BAO pipeline that is robust to fiducial-cosmology choice, which is a practical requirement for DESI and Euclid analyses. The simulation-based validation on two targeted samples and the explicit comparison of information organization with the standard approach constitute concrete strengths.

major comments (1)

[Abstract / validation tests] Abstract and validation tests: the claim that the framework produces unbiased constraints rests on application to only two specific AbacusSummit halo samples. No explicit checks are shown for larger fiducial offsets, different underlying cosmologies, or whether the distortion couples back into the optimal basis, Gaussian kernel, scale-dependent bias, or mode-coupling model at the percent level; this scope is load-bearing for the assertion of retained model independence.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful review and for recognizing the practical value of a fiducial-cosmology-robust, model-agnostic BAO pipeline for DESI and Euclid. We respond to the single major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract / validation tests] Abstract and validation tests: the claim that the framework produces unbiased constraints rests on application to only two specific AbacusSummit halo samples. No explicit checks are shown for larger fiducial offsets, different underlying cosmologies, or whether the distortion couples back into the optimal basis, Gaussian kernel, scale-dependent bias, or mode-coupling model at the percent level; this scope is load-bearing for the assertion of retained model independence.

Authors: The two AbacusSummit halo samples were deliberately selected because they are constructed to match the number density, bias, and redshift range of the DESI and Euclid emission-line galaxy samples that constitute the primary science targets for this framework. The geometric distortion arising from the fiducial cosmology is incorporated analytically by rescaling the linear-theory correlation-function basis and the arguments of the Gaussian smearing kernel; the scale-dependent bias and mode-coupling terms are left unchanged because they are already formulated in a manner that does not assume a specific background cosmology. Consequently the model independence is preserved by construction rather than by numerical cancellation. While we have not performed additional runs with deliberately exaggerated fiducial offsets or with cosmologies outside the AbacusSummit suite, the analytic treatment implies that any residual coupling would appear as a systematic shift in the recovered parameters; no such shift is observed in the two tested cases. We will add a short paragraph to the revised manuscript that (i) quantifies the typical fiducial-cosmology offsets encountered in DESI and Euclid analyses and (ii) explains why the current validation set is representative for those offsets. This constitutes a partial revision that directly addresses the referee’s concern about scope without requiring new simulations. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: extension tested via external simulation samples

full rationale

The provided abstract and context describe extending prior Zel'dovich smearing work to include fiducial distortion, then validating unbiased constraints on two specific AbacusSummit halo samples. No equations, fitting procedures, or self-citation chains are quoted that reduce any prediction to its own inputs by construction. The simulation-based test constitutes independent external validation rather than a self-referential loop. Self-citation to the authors' earlier framework is noted but does not bear the load of the current claim, which rests on the new tests.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review; no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are stated or derivable from the provided text.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5813 in / 1047 out tokens · 20594 ms · 2026-06-27T23:40:28.455839+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

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ξ(ℓ)(y) + ∆αAP X ℓ′ Aℓℓ′ξ(ℓ′)(y) # + 2(−i)ℓ 3π Z ∞ 0 dy ∂y y2Jℓ

A. Semenaite, C. Blake, A. Porredon, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, D. Bianchi et al.,Joint cosmological fits to DESI-DR1 full-shape clustering and weak gravitational lensing in configuration space, arXiv e-prints(2025) arXiv:2512.15961 [2512.15961]. – 22 – A Details of model construction A.1 Useful relations We will use the following integral relations obeyed by ...

Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025