Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models

As of 9 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 34 of 34 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2606.07623.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2606.07623 v1

Coverage vector

measured 34 of 34 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

measured 34 of 34 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

34 of 34 outbound references displayed

verified exact6
verified fuzzy0
unresolved26
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch2

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 65ce14ac-d036-4d73-8385-fc4631ae6498 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Unresolved cited work

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4570311e-c8f0-45aa-89f6-5027d53859b7 · outbound

This paper cites Alchourrón, Peter Gärdenfors, and David Makinson.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Alchourrón, Peter Gärdenfors, and David Makinson

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation aafe8a90-bed3-48a2-94b6-eeaffa8cf47b · outbound

This paper cites Transformers learn to implement preconditioned gradient descent for in-context learning.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Transformers learn to implement preconditioned gradient descent for in-context learning

Reference 3

Resolution: metadata mismatch; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-28T19:12:34.786403Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation a5f8b913-cc31-4204-8937-84e190ad5846 · outbound

This paper cites What learning algorithm is in-context learning? Investigations with linear models.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models What learning algorithm is in-context learning? Investigations with linear models

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 5d08b13e-b951-4c28-bbec-70a73e7a8263 · outbound

This paper cites Brown et al.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Brown et al

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c609aa1d-dc3e-41c5-a57b-72ceb7c3f273 · outbound

This paper cites PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways

Reference 6

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-06-28T19:12:34.790686Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 46fc1e0c-f173-4d9c-b4f9-5892f05af58d · outbound

This paper cites Frank and Noah D.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Frank and Noah D

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b1dade93-9bd1-4cd4-a35b-ae5f8ee82847 · outbound

This paper cites What can transformers learn in-context? A case study of simple function classes.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:30583–30598, 2022.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models What can transformers learn in-context? A case study of simple function classes.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:30583–30598, 2022

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation df00c8c3-86ff-4ff1-bd95-9c9d155ee9d7 · outbound

This paper cites Goodman and Andreas Stuhlmüller.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Goodman and Andreas Stuhlmüller

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 78bf8073-26ec-4d0c-a28f-5fba5a69b7ce · outbound

This paper cites Paul Grice.Studies in the Way of Words.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Paul Grice.Studies in the Way of Words

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 01341404-9358-45f9-bed6-611f1cc674b2 · outbound

This paper cites PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 1982.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 1982

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 26249f53-2717-49f4-838c-655feabee8b1 · outbound

This paper cites Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Cambridge University Press, 1993

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a923a33f-5578-47f1-9355-7d8964d09d52 · outbound

This paper cites Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models

Reference 13

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-06-28T19:12:34.788563Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 163f0d21-921a-427c-88a9-d54342c87def · outbound

This paper cites Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models

Reference 14

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-06-28T19:12:34.792737Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 360b9d48-aed5-4989-85cf-337c562bf894 · outbound

This paper cites Nonmonotonic reasoning, preferen- tial models and cumulative logics.Artificial Intelligence, 44(1–2):167–207, 1990.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Nonmonotonic reasoning, preferen- tial models and cumulative logics.Artificial Intelligence, 44(1–2):167–207, 1990

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 88089b37-79a9-4aca-a558-a34e1b686f1f · outbound

This paper cites Scorekeeping in a language game.Journal of Philosophical Logic, 8(1):339–359, 1979.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Scorekeeping in a language game.Journal of Philosophical Logic, 8(1):339–359, 1979

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 02484b1a-ec12-4042-950c-5401abbedff5 · outbound

This paper cites Springer, 2002.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Springer, 2002

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9d52717c-caa1-455c-8f70-317cc34e0c97 · outbound

This paper cites The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary English.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models The proper treatment of quantification in ordinary English

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 9f4f5b6c-b17a-4a10-852e-08169a618338 · outbound

This paper cites In-context Learning and Induction Heads.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models In-context Learning and Induction Heads

Reference 19

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-06-28T19:12:34.794751Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 56b158fb-780f-4677-b3d1-69078ba32aa0 · outbound

This paper cites GPT-4 Technical Report.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models GPT-4 Technical Report

Reference 20

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-06-28T19:12:34.780709Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 62bd8abd-2585-4b58-b2cb-9c9b9874c9f6 · outbound

This paper cites Introducing GPT-4.1 in the API.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Introducing GPT-4.1 in the API

Reference 21

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a14e2410-9680-44b2-81e8-71ad8df36575 · outbound

This paper cites Introducing GPT-5 for developers.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Introducing GPT-5 for developers

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 93925c7c-d0b2-4ffa-8329-aa7a76774c50 · outbound

This paper cites Introducing GPT-5.5.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Introducing GPT-5.5

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c1d6baff-2dd0-40d9-84a7-b74020029c26 · outbound

This paper cites A logic for default reasoning.Artificial Intelligence, 13(1–2):81–132, 1980.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models A logic for default reasoning.Artificial Intelligence, 13(1–2):81–132, 1980

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 786bbc7e-87b0-437d-96d1-2eca2327343b · outbound

This paper cites Are Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models a Mirage?.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Are Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models a Mirage?

Reference 25

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-28T19:12:34.783120Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation bedf5e78-3a2f-4a6a-8708-ea922516f32d · outbound

This paper cites Stalnaker.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Stalnaker

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 99d9c37f-1c2f-4824-b922-a66497b167a9 · outbound

This paper cites Transformers learn in-context by gradient descent.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Transformers learn in-context by gradient descent

Reference 27

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-06-28T19:12:34.778045Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.

Observation 498515ba-3406-4f25-b5fd-e1f0f51d2395 · outbound

This paper cites Emergent abilities of large language models.Transactions on Machine Learning Research, 2022.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Emergent abilities of large language models.Transactions on Machine Learning Research, 2022

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c16ffb09-2b87-4d6b-b4bb-fb79e5749700 · outbound

This paper cites An explanation of in-context learning as implicit Bayesian inference.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models An explanation of in-context learning as implicit Bayesian inference

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 98b40e85-248a-426d-846b-75a10410029b · outbound

This paper cites Goldman and Michael J.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Goldman and Michael J

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 0192a40a-33bd-4042-8af6-b6a5aa454000 · outbound

This paper cites Jerome Keisler.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Jerome Keisler

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 03fd81c1-86f7-4031-9c7b-ef3d0667a1c3 · outbound

This paper cites Learning quickly when irrelevant attributes abound: A new linear-threshold algorithm.Machine Learning, 2:285–318, 1988.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Learning quickly when irrelevant attributes abound: A new linear-threshold algorithm.Machine Learning, 2:285–318, 1988

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c9de1e86-65fb-45dc-940a-1fb7e2710198 · outbound

This paper cites Fantastically ordered prompts and where to find them: Overcoming few-shot prompt order sensitivity.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Fantastically ordered prompts and where to find them: Overcoming few-shot prompt order sensitivity

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation a40d1639-6d10-4edf-a5c5-58edb435592b · outbound

This paper cites Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Finite Certificates for In-Context Determinacy and a Threshold Theory of Emergence in Language Models Cambridge University Press, 2015

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-06-28T19:07:54.236182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.