Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Paper Citation Record · LEDGER
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment
As of 23 July 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 84 of 84 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2606.18709.
A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.
Coverage vector
One-hop event checks from named stored sources.
Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00
Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.
Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-07-14T17:12:24.565155Z
A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.
Source: pith, observed 2026-07-01T17:15:51.651619Z
Reference resolution
84 of 84 outbound references displayed
- verified exact8
- verified fuzzy0
- unresolved60
- parse uncertain0
- malformed identifier0
- metadata mismatch16
External citation measurements
No source-named external measurement is stored.
Outbound references
Observation 53cda22c-e954-40c5-9921-4a83f979ba49 · outbound
This paper cites Can LLMs Estimate Student Struggles? Human-AI Difficulty Alignment with Proficiency Simulation for Item Difficulty Prediction.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Can LLMs Estimate Student Struggles? Human-AI Difficulty Alignment with Proficiency Simulation for Item Difficulty Prediction
Reference 1
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.871363Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation f032fb2d-e5e9-4761-af72-285e8c8106c0 · outbound
This paper cites 2023 , publisher=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2023 , publisher=
Reference 2
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 4bf968e8-97e9-4003-8509-58ddcf3cdbc7 · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2024) , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2024) , pages=
Reference 3
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8ed386e0-621b-4f59-ad66-e95432143514 · outbound
This paper cites GPT-4o System Card.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment GPT-4o System Card
Reference 4
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.875965Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 4ed507da-a15f-4e93-a477-3e622ec2e798 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Unresolved cited work
Reference 5
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 98f27840-14d1-461a-8a1c-abeed750d967 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Unresolved cited work
Reference 6
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ed250efb-4051-4bd6-b19d-ca9e230549a4 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Unresolved cited work
Reference 7
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a62d8de9-b31b-4767-9c98-010292e882d5 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Unresolved cited work
Reference 8
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 87b3e018-85df-44ae-857e-3cec8e003c82 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Unresolved cited work
Reference 9
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 9fa74507-c001-4fbb-a4ab-c73b0d512405 · outbound
This paper cites 2025 , howpublished =.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2025 , howpublished =
Reference 10
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bbe20d83-c318-47f2-bd57-d1cb77b54d77 · outbound
This paper cites 2024 , howpublished =.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2024 , howpublished =
Reference 11
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 38c8477e-58d9-44f0-acdf-2a2d1a00499e · outbound
This paper cites Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities
Reference 12
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.833993Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 3210e2f8-4dce-4d3e-bef0-0886eabfaf45 · outbound
This paper cites Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models
Reference 13
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.823600Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 43bcbb1f-2338-44ee-9ba3-567e5f992b73 · outbound
This paper cites The Llama 3 Herd of Models.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment The Llama 3 Herd of Models
Reference 14
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.813245Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation c884db14-99c5-48c4-ae88-811ea0a95978 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Unresolved cited work
Reference 15
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 149f4834-fa41-40ad-8f05-f0e54b11a1f4 · outbound
This paper cites Qwen3 Technical Report.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Qwen3 Technical Report
Reference 16
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.828076Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 6cf828e0-5e83-49df-8eaa-d880640c5ffa · outbound
This paper cites 2026 , howpublished =.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2026 , howpublished =
Reference 17
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8a30799c-faca-4374-9139-ec9fc4803a71 · outbound
This paper cites Phi-4 Technical Report.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Phi-4 Technical Report
Reference 18
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.831150Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation b3ac07d5-d68f-430f-b431-a554089036f0 · outbound
This paper cites 2024 , eprint=.
Reference 19
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 153e02ac-212a-4e7b-a403-4974e22e766f · outbound
This paper cites International conference on artificial intelligence in education , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment International conference on artificial intelligence in education , pages=
Reference 20
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 648bfc94-c18e-4be0-8821-53531bdd391a · outbound
This paper cites Information Processing & Management , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Information Processing & Management , volume=
Reference 21
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e14c1a3f-96b9-421c-80f2-395b38112798 · outbound
This paper cites 2010 , publisher=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2010 , publisher=
Reference 22
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 736f48d6-8962-43e7-a075-562686458114 · outbound
This paper cites 1991 , publisher=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 1991 , publisher=
Reference 23
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c2ebc8c0-856a-4aa6-bace-df347c4c39fd · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers , pages=
Reference 24
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bff4c38e-40d1-4d85-8e73-97cc5ade7b68 · outbound
This paper cites annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL , year=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Chicago, IL , year=
Reference 25
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation f0a87d59-efe3-43ab-8465-7a4872c826aa · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the AAAI conference on artificial intelligence , volume=
Reference 26
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8e4647c2-544f-4386-9892-86e95f07fcca · outbound
This paper cites Language testing , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Language testing , volume=
Reference 27
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation fd7bbf24-0675-46f9-be36-770594c7156e · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Unresolved cited work
Reference 28
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 6d0dae50-667d-431b-b680-88525ae83ee7 · outbound
This paper cites 2021 ieee 33rd international conference on tools with artificial intelligence (ictai) , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2021 ieee 33rd international conference on tools with artificial intelligence (ictai) , pages=
Reference 29
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ca8c467e-7a81-4195-bd0b-bae7c0a30f5c · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the 2021 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the 2021 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing , pages=
Reference 30
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation eaa39d00-eb21-451e-90ee-09fc4c2cd8a5 · outbound
This paper cites Educational and Psychological Measurement , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Educational and Psychological Measurement , volume=
Reference 31
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 91ea9f59-d091-4230-b872-fe7428a8def8 · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2024) , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2024) , pages=
Reference 32
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 5c740033-52ee-440e-b141-1763ef5f2708 · outbound
This paper cites International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education , pages=
Reference 33
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b13bba54-47ba-4fbf-b5e1-e24753f7c24a · outbound
This paper cites Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Are You Doubtful? Oh, It Might Be Difficult Then! Exploring the Use of Model Uncertainty for Question Difficulty Estimation
Reference 34
- Resolution
- verified exact
- arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.838603Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 9706dc0a-279f-4e1c-b9d5-18322c466e3a · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2024) , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2024) , pages=
Reference 35
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0a9c6d20-65bf-44dc-9662-a929c28ba06d · outbound
This paper cites Expert Systems with Applications , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Expert Systems with Applications , volume=
Reference 36
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 7e12c557-58d2-4d45-853f-e44346358db4 · outbound
This paper cites Journal of artificial intelligence in education , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Journal of artificial intelligence in education , volume=
Reference 37
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3abeb245-3ce7-4d75-85bc-01cd20d52c7d · outbound
This paper cites IEEE Transactions on Education , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment IEEE Transactions on Education , volume=
Reference 38
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1f5d3581-9072-4296-a10b-6b41dc1d4a29 · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the 58th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics , pages=
Reference 39
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0c626d68-5b9f-4392-a2db-0496315c68cd · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the 36th annual acm symposium on user interface software and technology , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the 36th annual acm symposium on user interface software and technology , pages=
Reference 40
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 03d995c2-69b2-49e1-be24-bba9bc81aa90 · outbound
This paper cites International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education , volume=
Reference 41
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c8726941-bb85-4779-8c30-9b01f8960d06 · outbound
This paper cites User modeling and user-adapted interaction , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment User modeling and user-adapted interaction , volume=
Reference 42
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 891e0dc4-564b-4796-a0bc-0fde6daa3b61 · outbound
This paper cites , author=.
Reference 43
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 9a8d0726-5145-4722-88ae-50c8e2f6ee06 · outbound
This paper cites 2012 , publisher=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2012 , publisher=
Reference 44
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 71f0759f-9148-4808-9739-def2c29e602d · outbound
This paper cites 2025 , publisher=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2025 , publisher=
Reference 45
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3c288114-3671-48c7-948e-b33459b4b120 · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the tenth acm conference on learning@ scale , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the tenth acm conference on learning@ scale , pages=
Reference 46
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation d498db21-3a9f-425d-b244-c9ca30b51994 · outbound
This paper cites NeurIPS’23 Workshop on Generative AI for Education (GAIED) , year=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment NeurIPS’23 Workshop on Generative AI for Education (GAIED) , year=
Reference 47
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 029e47b8-e46e-4166-8f4a-50f4549803f5 · outbound
This paper cites ParaStudent: Generating and Evaluating Realistic Student Code by Teaching LLMs to Struggle.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment ParaStudent: Generating and Evaluating Realistic Student Code by Teaching LLMs to Struggle
Reference 48
- Resolution
- verified exact
- arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.842962Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 09c5ac41-af03-4e8d-8f4c-97e6ba7ebb66 · outbound
This paper cites Modeling Student Learning with 3.8 Million Program Traces.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Modeling Student Learning with 3.8 Million Program Traces
Reference 49
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.858213Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 408242d0-3f2b-4b0f-a7d5-30ccafb46391 · outbound
This paper cites Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems , volume=
Reference 50
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation ff22369c-46e8-4427-a10c-531d359d48f0 · outbound
This paper cites Teaching Models to Express Their Uncertainty in Words.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Teaching Models to Express Their Uncertainty in Words
Reference 51
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.807274Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation e6585113-2f99-4455-a832-b6576fa878cb · outbound
This paper cites Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know
Reference 52
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.827452Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation c7df24dd-70f0-49f2-ba4d-c5d380cf9274 · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages=
Reference 53
- Resolution
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- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation eb9fb9d4-e5b0-41a0-8c70-2984d1511742 · outbound
This paper cites Missing Premise exacerbates Overthinking: Are Reasoning Models losing Critical Thinking Skill?.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Missing Premise exacerbates Overthinking: Are Reasoning Models losing Critical Thinking Skill?
Reference 54
- Resolution
- verified exact
- arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.886639Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation aa01d56a-1a10-4dc4-a754-67866ca9a485 · outbound
This paper cites British Journal of Educational Technology , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment British Journal of Educational Technology , volume=
Reference 55
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 8664e9df-5ae3-462a-b49c-62b71a2e1983 · outbound
This paper cites Fourth Workshop on Knowledge-infused Learning , year=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Fourth Workshop on Knowledge-infused Learning , year=
Reference 56
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3688267d-aeb0-47a4-9174-e876485f2fa5 · outbound
This paper cites Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2024 , pages=
Reference 57
- Resolution
- unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 6e459597-7422-4eb2-b5e0-b0b46ea1543f · outbound
This paper cites Can LLM s Reliably Simulate Real Students' Abilities in Mathematics and Reading Comprehension?.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Can LLM s Reliably Simulate Real Students' Abilities in Mathematics and Reading Comprehension?
Reference 58
- Resolution
- verified exact
- doi, observed 2026-06-26T20:59:57.509347Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation ce1c5e3b-38c8-4f06-b848-370d1c13e57a · outbound
This paper cites Do LLM s Give Psychometrically Plausible Responses in Educational Assessments?.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Do LLM s Give Psychometrically Plausible Responses in Educational Assessments?
Reference 59
- Resolution
- verified exact
- doi, observed 2026-06-26T20:59:57.506617Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation ef63530c-cfa7-4228-9ff3-187062f23aeb · outbound
This paper cites Leveraging Fine-tuned Large Language Models in Item Parameter Prediction.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Leveraging Fine-tuned Large Language Models in Item Parameter Prediction
Reference 60
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 3d45dce0-5d0e-434f-9ea2-f5acfaf207d3 · outbound
This paper cites QG - SMS : Enhancing Test Item Analysis via Student Modeling and Simulation.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment QG - SMS : Enhancing Test Item Analysis via Student Modeling and Simulation
Reference 61
- Resolution
- verified exact
- doi, observed 2026-06-26T20:59:57.512097Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 03e69064-4eee-4a65-886a-bcfa01993516 · outbound
This paper cites Advancing human assessment: The methodological, psychological and policy contributions of ETS , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Advancing human assessment: The methodological, psychological and policy contributions of ETS , pages=
Reference 62
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 9e5fd5ae-5948-4cdb-90e4-4998675edf4f · outbound
This paper cites , author=.
Reference 63
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation b966b8b0-5d08-4210-a46f-fc64cf508865 · outbound
This paper cites 2013 , publisher=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2013 , publisher=
Reference 64
- Resolution
- unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 1415b183-4e09-4f28-a7f7-3cd19d1043cd · outbound
This paper cites , author=.
Reference 65
- Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation a8c8fcb5-b225-473e-acad-cb5e2135bd22 · outbound
This paper cites 2008 , publisher=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2008 , publisher=
Reference 66
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation f15c6eee-e75a-4701-b226-5e5f0c869457 · outbound
This paper cites , author=.
Reference 67
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c9984c4b-78e6-47af-9b5a-88e9f0601edd · outbound
This paper cites , author=.
Reference 68
- Resolution
- unresolved
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Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e8df7e45-c87a-48d0-992d-28a51feb02ac · outbound
This paper cites International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education , volume=
Reference 69
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation f2ad0d77-edc6-4f48-8e43-39007507080b · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2024) , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA 2024) , pages=
Reference 70
- Resolution
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Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation e0a1b92d-9587-4d36-9d3c-9dab6bcc0641 · outbound
This paper cites Analysis of the Cambridge Multiple-Choice Questions Reading Dataset with a Focus on Candidate Response Distribution.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Analysis of the Cambridge Multiple-Choice Questions Reading Dataset with a Focus on Candidate Response Distribution
Reference 71
- Resolution
- verified exact
- arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.850620Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation c4b4f1e5-c198-4a11-889a-a0f52c84e759 · outbound
This paper cites Do LLMs Give Psychometrically Plausible Responses in Educational Assessments?.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Do LLMs Give Psychometrically Plausible Responses in Educational Assessments?
Reference 72
- Resolution
- verified exact
- arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.835841Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation ed869930-bb1c-40d2-b818-733237f5a7dd · outbound
This paper cites Educational and Psychological Measurement , volume=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Educational and Psychological Measurement , volume=
Reference 73
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation bd4f0637-5f57-4d43-ba47-ce60a0b42599 · outbound
This paper cites LLM-based Cognitive Models of Students with Misconceptions.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment LLM-based Cognitive Models of Students with Misconceptions
Reference 74
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.840602Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation df1d8da8-0682-4377-a9f4-04f7f47340cb · outbound
This paper cites Learning to make MISTAKEs : Modeling incorrect student thinking and key errors.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Learning to make MISTAKEs : Modeling incorrect student thinking and key errors
Reference 75
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.845202Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 059307ec-9cd3-4ed3-a036-7c616b023399 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Unresolved cited work
Reference 76
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 2d1bf7e1-52ce-433c-8365-c5c7dfe3b98e · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Unresolved cited work
Reference 77
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 0cf802c0-d120-47ed-bd6c-68a360276719 · outbound
This paper cites an unresolved cited work.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Unresolved cited work
Reference 78
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation 53eb6ae5-a067-4735-8cc7-303e09aa5ac0 · outbound
This paper cites 2023 , eprint=.
Reference 79
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Observation c16981b2-9776-4c7c-adf8-0c2ef10c1f91 · outbound
This paper cites 2 OLMo 2 Furious.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment 2 OLMo 2 Furious
Reference 80
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.866230Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 71b2f596-31af-42e0-b738-56535d267fbc · outbound
This paper cites Phi-4-Mini Technical Report: Compact yet Powerful Multimodal Language Models via Mixture-of-LoRAs.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Phi-4-Mini Technical Report: Compact yet Powerful Multimodal Language Models via Mixture-of-LoRAs
Reference 81
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.854657Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 46081f4c-d2a8-4b61-acbe-f865a4ff0bbd · outbound
This paper cites Towards valid student simulation with large language models.preprint.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Towards valid student simulation with large language models.preprint
Reference 82
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.859432Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation c1cb29c9-72cd-4a1b-ae0c-117f9d96f7f7 · outbound
This paper cites 2025 , eprint =.
Reference 83
- Resolution
- metadata mismatch
- arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-04T00:49:18.881167Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 6592d92c-e3af-4390-9894-370d4e0ae3b2 · outbound
This paper cites Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages=.
LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages=
Reference 84
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-06-26T20:56:40.937381Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.
Pith citing papers
Observation c768cca4-e81c-43d2-a05c-024d7259770b · inbound
Cognitive Episodes in LLM Reasoning Traces Enable Interpretable Human Item Difficulty Prediction cites this paper.
Cognitive Episodes in LLM Reasoning Traces Enable Interpretable Human Item Difficulty Prediction LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment
Reference 4
- Resolution
- verified exact
- local_arxiv, observed 2026-07-01T17:15:51.653377Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-07-23T06:31:01.910684+00:00.
Observation 6d1d848a-6332-4dc1-9c7f-b7545fd59e01 · inbound
Cognitive Episodes in LLM Reasoning Traces Enable Interpretable Human Item Difficulty Prediction cites this paper.
Cognitive Episodes in LLM Reasoning Traces Enable Interpretable Human Item Difficulty Prediction LLMs Struggle to Measure What Distinguishes Students of Different Proficiency Levels: A Study of Item Discrimination in Reading Comprehension Assessment
Reference 4
- Resolution
- unresolved
- no resolver link, observed 2026-07-14T17:12:24.565155Z
Source-reported events for the cited work
Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.