Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 1 minor 211 references

First Results from the LSST Shadow Survey: The Restless Luminous Blue Variable AT2017des in the Virgo-Cluster Galaxy, NGC4532

T0 review · 2 major / 1 minor · reviewed 2026-06-26 · grok-4.3

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read The LBV AT2017des shows outburst peaks brightening at an average 0.05 magnitudes per year, possibly approaching a terminal explosion.

desk verdict New multi-year data on AT2017des is the useful part, but the secular brightening trend is not shown to be intrinsic. read the letter →

arxiv 2606.23784 v1 pith:H7PUA7A3 submitted 2026-06-22 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.GAastro-ph.SR

Conor L. Ransome , Bhagya M. Subrayan , David J. Sand , Brian Hsu , Xander J. Hall , Jeniveve Pearson , K. Azalee Bostroem , Jennifer E. Andrews
show 61 more authors
Joszef Vinko J. Craig Wheeler Phillip Noel Lei Hu Tomas Cabrera Stefano Valenti Wynn V. Jacobson-Galan Nathan Smith Alexei V. Filippenko Mojgan Aghakhanloo Igor Andreoni Moira Andrews Iair Arcavi Raphael Baer-Way Emma R. Beasor Edo Berger Federica B. Bianco Peter Blanchard Thomas G. Brink Siddarth Chaini Adrian Crawford Yize Dong Joseph Farah Noah Franz Sebastian Gomez Melissa L. Graham Daichi Hiramatsu Agoston Horti-David Griffin Hosseinzadeh D. Andrew Howell Philip A. James Saurabh W. Jha Charles D. Kilpatrick Lindsey A. Kwok Gavin P. Lamb Amanda R. Lopes Michael Lundquist Clara E. Martinez-Vasquez Thomas Matheson Curtis McCully Maryam Modjaz Gregory S. H. Paek Antonella Palmese Avi Patel Joanne L. Pledger Aravind P. Ravi Jeonghee Rho Krisztian Sarneczky Manisha Shrestha Richard Smith Analia V. Smith Castelli Monika Soraisam Jay Strader Francisco Valdes Sergiy Vasylyev V. Ashley Villar A. Katherina Vivas Lifan Wang Samuel D. Wyatt Kathryn Wynn WeiKang Zheng
This is my paper · ORCID
classification astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GAastro-ph.SR
keywords luminousbluevariableAT2017dessupernovaprecursorLBVeruptionsVirgoclustertransientsurveyDECamShadow
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper introduces the DECam Shadow Survey as a nightly-cadence program shadowing LSST observations of galaxy clusters to catch young transients. It presents multi-year photometry and spectroscopy of AT2017des, an LBV in NGC4532, whose short-timescale eruptions reach peaks around -12.5 mag and resemble those of extreme SN impostors. The combined light curve reveals that outburst peaks have increased, with 2026 values up to five times brighter than in 2023. This secular rise leads the authors to suggest the star may be ramping up toward a core-collapse event.

What carries the argument

The secular increase in peak outburst luminosity measured across 2023-2026 photometry from multiple observatories.

What would settle it

Future photometry showing that the peak luminosities stop increasing or begin to decline would indicate the brightening trend is not a sustained precursor to explosion.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

AT2017des exhibits fitful LBV eruptions with variability on ~10-day timescales and spectral features typical of hot LBVs and SN impostors. Long-baseline photometry from multiple facilities shows the peaks of these outbursts are getting brighter over time at an average rate of ~0.05 mag yr^{-1}, reaching luminosities higher than most other LBVs and comparable only to bright precursors such as SN2009ip.

Load-bearing premise

The observed year-to-year rise in outburst peak brightness reflects real changes in the star rather than differences in calibration, sampling, or selection across facilities.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the brightening continues, AT2017des could explode as a supernova within years, enabling direct pre-explosion monitoring.
  • High-cadence Shadow Survey data combined with LSST will allow similar tracking of other LBV and SN-impostor candidates.
  • The light curve provides a concrete template for identifying stars whose activity is increasing toward terminal collapse.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Continued monitoring could test whether the brightening rate accelerates or plateaus before any explosion.
  • The pattern may link to other documented SN impostors whose activity also increased before core collapse.
  • The survey's nightly cadence on cluster fields offers a practical way to catch the earliest phases of such events across the local volume.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript introduces the DECam Shadow Survey, a nightly-cadence program shadowing LSST observations of local galaxy-cluster fields to enable early discovery of young supernovae, precursors, and other transients. As an early result, it presents multi-epoch photometry and spectroscopy of the luminous blue variable AT2017des in NGC4532, noting short-timescale (~10 day) variability with peaks around M_r = -12.5 mag, spectral features typical of hot LBVs and SN impostors, and a secular increase in outburst peak luminosity of ~0.05 mag yr^{-1} (2026 peaks up to 5 times brighter than 2023) when combining DECam data with long-baseline photometry from other facilities; the authors suggest this indicates the object may be ramping up to a terminal explosion.

Significance. If the reported secular brightening trend is shown to be intrinsic rather than systematic, the result would add a well-observed case to the small sample of LBVs with apparently increasing pre-explosion activity (comparable to SN2009ip and AT2016blu), with implications for massive-star evolution and the connection between LBV outbursts and core-collapse supernovae. The survey concept itself is a practical bridge to LSST-era transient science in cluster environments.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and photometry description] Abstract and photometry description: The central claim of an intrinsic secular brightening trend (~0.05 mag yr^{-1}) rests on combining DECam Shadow Survey data with long-baseline photometry from additional observatories, yet no information is supplied on filter transformations, zero-point consistency across facilities, or whether all historical peaks were sampled with comparable completeness. If cross-calibration systematics or incomplete peak sampling dominate, the trend is not necessarily stellar evolution and the 'ramping up' inference does not follow.
  2. [Results section on AT2017des] Results section on AT2017des: No error analysis, uncertainty budgets, or data tables for the light-curve peaks are presented, preventing assessment of whether the reported brightening rate is robust to calibration choices or sampling cadence, which directly affects the load-bearing assumption that the observed increase reflects intrinsic evolution.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract refers to 'fitful' variability without a quantitative definition or reference to the light-curve figure that would clarify the term.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful and constructive review. The comments highlight important areas where additional detail is required to support the central claims regarding the secular brightening of AT2017des. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and photometry description] Abstract and photometry description: The central claim of an intrinsic secular brightening trend (~0.05 mag yr^{-1}) rests on combining DECam Shadow Survey data with long-baseline photometry from additional observatories, yet no information is supplied on filter transformations, zero-point consistency across facilities, or whether all historical peaks were sampled with comparable completeness. If cross-calibration systematics or incomplete peak sampling dominate, the trend is not necessarily stellar evolution and the 'ramping up' inference does not follow.

    Authors: We agree that the original manuscript lacked sufficient detail on cross-calibration. In the revised version we have added a new subsection in the photometry description that details the filter transformations applied between facilities (including color-term corrections derived from standard stars), zero-point consistency checks using overlapping observations of field stars, and an assessment of peak sampling completeness across the multi-year baseline. We also quantify the impact of potential systematics on the derived brightening rate and argue that the trend remains significant after these considerations. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Results section on AT2017des] Results section on AT2017des: No error analysis, uncertainty budgets, or data tables for the light-curve peaks are presented, preventing assessment of whether the reported brightening rate is robust to calibration choices or sampling cadence, which directly affects the load-bearing assumption that the observed increase reflects intrinsic evolution.

    Authors: We acknowledge this omission. The revised Results section now includes a full uncertainty budget for the outburst peaks that incorporates photometric measurement errors, zero-point uncertainties from each facility, and sampling-cadence effects. We have also added a data table (new Table 2) listing every identified peak magnitude, its uncertainty, the facility and filter, and the observation date. This allows direct evaluation of the robustness of the ~0.05 mag yr^{-1} trend. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: purely observational photometry with no derivations or fitted predictions

full rationale

The manuscript reports direct observations of AT2017des outbursts using DECam Shadow Survey data combined with external photometry. The secular brightening trend (~0.05 mag yr^{-1}) is presented as a measured empirical result, not derived from any model, equation, or self-referential fit. No self-definitional steps, fitted-input predictions, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes appear. The central claim rests on the data themselves rather than reducing to its own inputs by construction. This is the expected outcome for an observational transient report.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 1 assumptions · 0 invented entities

This is an observational discovery report with no mathematical model, no free parameters fitted to data, and no new physical entities postulated.

assumptions (1)
  • domain assumption Standard assumptions of photometric calibration and distance to NGC4532 are valid.
    Required to convert apparent magnitudes to absolute magnitudes and luminosities.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of First Results from the LSST Shadow Survey: The Restless Luminous Blue Variable AT2017des in the Virgo-Cluster Galaxy, NGC4532." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/H7PUA7A3

@misc{pith2026260623784,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: First Results from the LSST Shadow Survey: The Restless Luminous Blue Variable AT2017des in the Virgo-Cluster Galaxy, NGC4532},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/H7PUA7A3}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2606.23784}
}
abstract

The Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will start in late-summer 2026, revolutionizing transient astronomy. Here, we present the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) Shadow Survey, which is designed to maximize the science potential of LSST by shadowing LSST observations of local galaxy-cluster fields, producing a nightly cadence of these fields. The Shadow Survey will discover extremely young supernovae (SNe), SN precursors, as well as other explosive transients and exotic phenomena, helping to characterize such transients at unprecedented cadence and depth when combined with LSST. We describe our workflow, pipeline, public data releases, and candidate vetting. As an early result of Shadow, we present the fitful luminous blue variable (LBV) eruptions of AT2017des in the Virgo-Cluster galaxy NGC4532. AT2017des has short-timescale variability (of order 10 days), peaking at around $M_r=-12.5$mag, brighter than normal LBVs, and similar to the more extreme flaring of hot LBVs/SN impostors such as SN2000ch, AT2016blu, and the precursor activity of SN2009ip. Our spectral time-series reveals features typical of these hot LBVs and SN impostors/precursors. Combining our data with long-baseline photometry from additional observatories, we find that the peaks of the outbursts of AT2017des are getting brighter over time, with 2026 peak fluxes being up to 5 times greater than in 2023 and an average brightening of $\sim0.05$ mag yr$^{-1}$. The peaks of AT2017des are more luminous than those of most other LBVs, only being fainter than bright precursors such as SN2009ip, and extreme SN impostors such as AT2016blu. AT2017des may therefore be ``ramping up'' to a terminal explosion.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.23784 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. The depths that can be reached by LSST and DE￾Cam, demonstrating that early discoveries from LSST can be capitalized upon by the Shadow observing strategy. The blue lines show the approximate representative distances of the clusters that Shadow is targeting, which are outlined in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Schematic of the DECam Shadow survey observing strategy, filling in the cadence of LSST. We also show our plans for discovery reporting to the TNS and follow-up spectroscopy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Top: Color-composite cutouts of AT 2017des us￾ing our DECam g and r images at three different epochs within an 8 day timespan, along with the corresponding r-band difference images (bottom). These data show the rapid variability of AT 2017des. All cutouts are 15′′ squares centered on AT 2017des, and are oriented with north being up and east to the left. sures. The images were then zeropoint calibrated using stars in… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (5 more)
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The combined light curve of AT 2017des with DECam and ZTF gr, LCO griz, Konkoly r, and Binospec ri data. We show the full 9 yr baseline, starting with the initial PS1 discovery (orange vertical line), with a zoom-in on the recent epoch covered by Shadow. This inset dis…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: The g- and r-band light curves of AT 2017des in flux space relative to the median flux level of the transient in daily bins (with all photometry sources combined). We truncate the date range of this light curve to where most of the ZTF data were taken. The outbursts ar…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: The spectral time-series of AT 2017des. We record the date each spectrum was taken and by which instrument. Also shown are spectra of comparison objects SN 1997bs (which is scaled for legibility S. D. Van Dyk et al. 2000), SN 2000ch (R. M. Wagner et al. 2004; S. D. Van…
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: The r-band light curve of AT 2017des com￾pared with other LBV eruptions/SN impostors (R or r band). These comparison objects include SN 2000ch (M. Aghakhanloo et al. 2023a), SN 2002kg (K. Weis & D. J. Bo￾mans 2005), SN 2009ip (N. Smith et al. 2010b; J. C. Mauer￾han et …
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Top: Lorentzian fits to the Hα profiles in our spectral time-series. We do not include the spectrum from 2017 as it is host-dominated. Bottom: The evolution of the Hα FWHM and EW from our Lorentzian fits. Here it can be seen that as the FWHM decreases, the EW increases…

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

211 extracted references · 181 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    2023a, MNRAS, 521, 1941, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad630 —

    Aghakhanloo, M., Smith, N., Milne, P., et al. 2023a, MNRAS, 521, 1941, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad630

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad630 1941

  2. [2]

    2023, MNRAS, 526, 456, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad2702

    Aghakhanloo, M., Smith, N., Milne, P., et al. 2023b, MNRAS, 526, 456, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stad2702

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2702

  3. [3]

    E., et al

    Aghakhanloo, M., Smith, N., Andrews, J. E., et al. 2025, MNRAS, 539, 1317, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf568

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staf568 2025

  4. [4]

    THE ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH DATA RELEASES OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY: FINAL DATA FROM SDSS-III

    Alam, S., Albareti, F. D., Prieto, C. A., et al. 2015, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 219, 12, doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/219/1/12

    work page doi:10.1088/0067-0049/219/1/12 2015

  5. [5]

    Angel, J. R. P., Hilliard, R. L., & Weymann, R. J. 1979, in The MMT and the Future of Ground-Based Astronomy, ed. T. C. Weekes, Vol. 385, 87

    1979

  6. [7]

    2021, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 500, 1633, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa2587

    Beck, R., Szapudi, I., Flewelling, H., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 500, 1633, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa2587

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2587 2021

  7. [8]

    The Zwicky Transient Facility: System Overview, Performance, and First Results

    Bellm, E. C., Kulkarni, S. R., Graham, M. J., et al. 2019, PASP, 131, 018002, doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/aaecbe

    work page doi:10.1088/1538-3873/aaecbe 2019

  8. [9]

    2009, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 2184, 1

    Berger, E., Foley, R., & Ivans, I. 2009, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 2184, 1

    2009

Show all 211 references
  1. [10]

    1996, A&AS, 117, 393, doi: 10.1051/aas:1996164

    Bertin, E., & Arnouts, S. 1996, A&AS, 117, 393, doi: 10.1051/aas:1996164

    1996 doi

  2. [11]

    B., Jones, R

    Bianco, F. B., Jones, R. L., Ivezi´ c,ˇZ., Ritz, S. M., & Rubin Observatory Project Science Team. 2025, Updated estimates of the Rubin system throughput and expected LSST image depth, Project Science Technical Note PSTN-054, NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory, doi: 10.71929/rub...

    2025 doi

  3. [12]

    B., Ivezi´ c,ˇZ., Jones, R

    Bianco, F. B., Ivezi´ c,ˇZ., Jones, R. L., et al. 2022, ApJS, 258, 1, doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ac3e72

    2022 doi

  4. [13]

    P., Jord´ an, A., Mei, S., et al

    Blakeslee, J. P., Jord´ an, A., Mei, S., et al. 2009, ApJ, 694, 556, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/556

    2009 doi

  5. [14]

    Boian, I., & Groh, J. H. 2018, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 617, A115, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201731794

    2018 doi

  6. [15]

    A., Pearson, J., Shrestha, M., et al

    Bostroem, K. A., Pearson, J., Shrestha, M., et al. 2023, ApJL, 956, L5, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/acf9a4

    2023 doi

  7. [16]

    J., Elias-Rosa, N., Fraser, M., Van Dyk, S

    Brennan, S. J., Elias-Rosa, N., Fraser, M., Van Dyk, S. D., & Lyman, J. D. 2022, A&A, 664, L18, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202244262

    2022 doi

  8. [17]

    M., Baliber, N., Bianco, F

    Brown, T. M., Baliber, N., Bianco, F. B., et al. 2013, PASP, 125, 1031, doi: 10.1086/673168

    2013 doi

  9. [18]

    J., Gal-Yam, A., Schulze, S., et al

    Bruch, R. J., Gal-Yam, A., Schulze, S., et al. 2020, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2008.09986. https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.09986

    2020

  10. [19]

    J., Gal-Yam, A., Yaron, O., et al

    Bruch, R. J., Gal-Yam, A., Yaron, O., et al. 2023, ApJ, 952, 119, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acd8be

    2023 doi

  11. [20]

    2024, PhRvD, 110, 123029, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.110.123029

    Cabrera, T., Palmese, A., Hu, L., et al. 2024, PhRvD, 110, 123029, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.110.123029

    2024 doi

  12. [21]

    2017, The Astrophysical Journal, 836, 97, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/97

    Maureira, J.-C. 2017, The Astrophysical Journal, 836, 97, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/836/1/97

    2017 doi

  13. [22]

    Z., Pastorello, A., Fraser, M., et al

    Cai, Y. Z., Pastorello, A., Fraser, M., et al. 2021, A&A, 654, A157, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141078

    2021 doi

  14. [23]

    A., Clayton, G

    Cardelli, J. A., Clayton, G. C., & Mathis, J. S. 1989, ApJ, 345, 245, doi: 10.1086/167900 C´ ardenas, C., Khaulsay, J., K, A. S., et al. 2026, Transient Name Server Classification Report, 2026-1935, 1

    1989 doi

  15. [24]

    C., Magnier, E

    Chambers, K. C., Magnier, E. A., Metcalfe, N., et al. 2016, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1612.05560, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.1612.05560

    2016 doi arXiv

  16. [25]

    C., Huber, M

    Chambers, K. C., Huber, M. E., Flewelling, H., et al. 2017, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2017-448, 1

    2017

  17. [26]

    S., Hill, G

    Chonis, T. S., Hill, G. J., Lee, H., Tuttle, S. E., & Vattiat, B. L. 2014, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Vol. 9147, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, ed. S. K. Ramsay, I. S. McLean, & H. Takami, 91470A,...

    2014 doi

  18. [27]

    S., Hill, G

    Chonis, T. S., Hill, G. J., Lee, H., et al. 2016, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Vol. 9908, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI, ed. C. J. Evans, L. Simard, & H. Takami, 99084C, doi: 10.1117/12.2232209

    2016 doi

  19. [28]

    T., Jayasinghe, T., Stanek, K

    Christy, C. T., Jayasinghe, T., Stanek, K. Z., et al. 2023, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 519, 5271, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac3801

    2023 doi

  20. [29]

    S., Larionov, V

    Clark, J. S., Larionov, V. M., & Arkharov, A. 2005, A&A, 435, 239, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20042563

    2005 doi

  21. [30]

    Conti, P. S. 1984, in IAU Symposium, Vol. 105, Observational Tests of the Stellar Evolution Theory, ed. A. Maeder & A. Renzini, 233

    1984

  22. [31]

    J., Hounsell, R., O’Brien, T

    Darnley, M. J., Hounsell, R., O’Brien, T. J., et al. 2019, Nature, 565, 460, doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0825-4 DESI Collaboration, Adame, A. G., Aguilar, J., et al. 2024, The Astronomical Journal, 168, 58, doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ad3217

    2019 doi

  23. [32]

    2017, A&A, 605, A83, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201730942

    Dessart, L., John Hillier, D., & Audit, E. 2017, A&A, 605, A83, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201730942

    2017 doi

  24. [33]

    Dong, Y., & Villar, V. A. 2026, Transient Name Server Classification Report, 2026-1311, 1

    2026

  25. [34]

    J., Valenti, S., et al

    Dong, Y., Sand, D. J., Valenti, S., et al. 2023, ApJ, 957, 28, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acef18

    2023 doi

  26. [35]

    K., et al

    Dong, Y., Nugent, A., Yadavalli, S. K., et al. 2026, Transient Name Server Classification Report, 2026-1740, 1

    2026

  27. [36]

    J., Ackley, K., Jim´ enez-Ibarra, F., et al

    Dyer, M. J., Ackley, K., Jim´ enez-Ibarra, F., et al. 2024, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Vol. 13094, Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes X, ed. H. K. Marshall, J. Spyromilio, & T. Usuda, 130941X, doi: 10.1117/12.3018305 D´ al...

    2024 doi

  28. [37]

    2016, MNRAS, 463, 3894, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw2253

    Elias-Rosa, N., Pastorello, A., Benetti, S., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 463, 3894, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw2253

    2016 doi

  29. [38]

    2019, PASP, 131, 075004, doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/ab1d78

    Fabricant, D., Fata, R., Epps, H., et al. 2019, PASP, 131, 075004, doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/ab1d78

    2019 doi

  30. [39]

    Filippenko, A. V. 1989, AJ, 97, 726, doi: 10.1086/115018 19

    1989 doi

  31. [40]

    Filippenko, A. V. 1997, ARA&A, 35, 309, doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.309

    1997 doi

  32. [41]

    V., Barth, A

    Filippenko, A. V., Barth, A. J., Bower, G. C., et al. 1995, AJ, 110, 2261, doi: 10.1086/117687

    1995 doi

  33. [42]

    V., Chornock, R., Swift, B., et al

    Filippenko, A. V., Chornock, R., Swift, B., et al. 2003, IAUC, 8159, 2

    2003

  34. [43]

    V., Li, W

    Filippenko, A. V., Li, W. D., Treffers, R. R., & Modjaz, M. 2001, International Astronomical Union Colloquium, 183, 121–130, doi: 10.1017/S0252921100078738

    2001 doi

  35. [44]

    T., Honscheid, K., et al

    Flaugher, B., Diehl, H. T., Honscheid, K., et al. 2015, AJ, 150, 150, doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/150/5/150

    2015 doi

  36. [45]

    Flesch, E. W. 2023, The Open Journal of Astrophysics, 6, 49, doi: 10.21105/astro.2308.01505

    2023 doi

  37. [46]

    A., Magnier, E

    Flewelling, H. A., Magnier, E. A., Chambers, K. C., et al. 2020, ApJS, 251, 7, doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/abb82d

    2020 doi

  38. [47]

    L., et al

    Fransson, C., Sollerman, J., Strotjohann, N. L., et al. 2022, A&A, 666, A79, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243452

    2022 doi

  39. [48]

    D., et al

    Franz, N., Subrayan, B., Kilpatrick, C. D., et al. 2025, ApJL, 994, L45, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae17a8

    2025 doi

  40. [49]

    2013, MNRAS, 433, 1312, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt813

    Fraser, M., Inserra, C., Jerkstrand, A., et al. 2013, MNRAS, 433, 1312, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt813

    2013 doi

  41. [50]

    L., Madore, B

    Freedman, W. L., Madore, B. F., Mould, J. R., et al. 1994, Nature, 371, 757, doi: 10.1038/371757a0

    1994 doi

  42. [51]

    J., Smith, K

    Fulton, M., Smartt, S. J., Smith, K. W., et al. 2022, Transient Name Server AstroNote, 36, 1

    2022

  43. [52]

    D., Smartt, S

    Fulton, M. D., Smartt, S. J., Huber, M. E., et al. 2025, MNRAS, 542, 541, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf1165

    2025 doi

  44. [53]

    A., et al

    Gagliano, A., Berger, E., Villar, V. A., et al. 2025a, ApJ, 978, 110, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad9748

    doi

  45. [54]

    A., Matsumoto, T., et al

    Gagliano, A., Villar, V. A., Matsumoto, T., et al. 2025b, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2502.19469, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2502.19469 Gaia Collaboration, Vallenari, A., Brown, A. G. A., et al. 2023, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 674, A1, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243940

    2023 doi

  46. [55]

    Gal-Yam, A., & Leonard, D. C. 2009, Nature, 458, 865, doi: 10.1038/nature07934

    2009 doi

  47. [56]

    C., Fox, D

    Gal-Yam, A., Leonard, D. C., Fox, D. B., et al. 2007, ApJ, 656, 372, doi: 10.1086/510523

    2007 doi

  48. [57]

    O., et al

    Gal-Yam, A., Arcavi, I., Ofek, E. O., et al. 2014, Nature, 509, 471, doi: 10.1038/nature13304

    2014 doi

  49. [58]

    Filippenko, A. V. 1989, ApJ, 342, 908, doi: 10.1086/167646

    1989 doi

  50. [59]

    2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2504.15988, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2504.15988

    Goto, S., Yamanaka, M., Nagayama, T., et al. 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2504.15988, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2504.15988

    2025 doi

  51. [60]

    L., Sand, D

    Graham, M. L., Sand, D. J., Valenti, S., et al. 2014, ApJ, 787, 163, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/163

    2014 doi

  52. [61]

    M., Schlafly, E

    Green, G. M., Schlafly, E. F., Finkbeiner, D., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 478, 651, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty1008

    2018 doi

  53. [63]

    H., Hillier, D

    Groh, J. H., Hillier, D. J., & Damineli, A. 2011b, ApJ, 736, 46, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/46

    doi

  54. [64]

    H., Hillier, D

    Groh, J. H., Hillier, D. J., Damineli, A., et al. 2009, ApJ, 698, 1698, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1698

    2009 doi

  55. [65]

    P., Cartier, R., & Yaron, O

    Gutierrez, C. P., Cartier, R., & Yaron, O. 2017, Transient Name Server Classification Report, 2017-468, 1

    2017

  56. [66]

    P., AlSayyad, Y., Bechtol, K., et al

    Guy, L. P., AlSayyad, Y., Bechtol, K., et al. 2026, Rubin Observatory Plans for an Early Science Program, Technical Note RTN-011, NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory, doi: 10.71929/rubin/2584021

    2026 doi

  57. [67]

    J., Palmese, A., O’Connor, B., et al

    Hall, X. J., Palmese, A., O’Connor, B., et al. 2026a, ApJL, 1001, L20, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae4338

    doi

  58. [68]

    J., Ahumada, T., Gassert, J., et al

    Hall, X. J., Ahumada, T., Gassert, J., et al. 2026b, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2605.10940, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2605.10940

    doi arXiv

  59. [69]

    Hamuy, M., & Pinto, P. A. 1999, AJ, 117, 1185, doi: 10.1086/300759

    1999 doi

  60. [70]

    2016, in 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) (IEEE), 1, doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2016.90

    He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. 2016, in 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) (IEEE), 1, doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2016.90

    2016 doi

  61. [71]

    T., Holoien, T

    Hinkle, J. T., Holoien, T. W.-S., Shappee, B. J., et al. 2022, ApJ, 930, 12, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac5f54

    2022 doi

  62. [72]

    2024, ApJ, 964, 181, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2854

    Hiramatsu, D., Matsumoto, T., Berger, E., et al. 2024, ApJ, 964, 181, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2854

    2024 doi

  63. [73]

    Ho, A. Y. Q., Perley, D. A., Gal-Yam, A., et al. 2023, ApJ, 949, 120, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acc533

    2023 doi

  64. [74]

    Honscheid, K., & DePoy, D. L. 2008, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:0810.3600, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.0810.3600

    2008 doi

  65. [75]

    J., Valenti, S., et al

    Hosseinzadeh, G., Sand, D. J., Valenti, S., et al. 2017, ApJL, 845, L11, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/aa8402

    2017 doi

  66. [76]

    J., Lundqvist, P., et al

    Hosseinzadeh, G., Sand, D. J., Lundqvist, P., et al. 2022, ApJL, 933, L45, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac7cef

    2022 doi

  67. [77]

    2023a, ApJL, 953, L16, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ace4c4

    Hosseinzadeh, G., Farah, J., Shrestha, M., et al. 2023a, ApJL, 953, L16, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ace4c4

    doi

  68. [78]

    J., Sarbadhicary, S

    Hosseinzadeh, G., Sand, D. J., Sarbadhicary, S. K., et al. 2023b, ApJL, 953, L15, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ace7c0

    doi

  69. [79]

    C., et al

    Hosseinzadeh, G., Paterson, K., Rastinejad, J. C., et al. 2024, ApJ, 964, 35, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2170

    2024 doi

  70. [80]

    J., et al

    Hosseinzadeh, G., Andrews, J., Sand, D. J., et al. 2025, Transient Name Server AstroNote, 280, 1

    2025

  71. [81]

    2019, in American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, Vol

    Howell, D. 2019, in American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, Vol. 233, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #233, 258.16 20

    2019

  72. [83]

    2022, ApJ, 936, 157, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7394

    Hu, L., Wang, L., Chen, X., & Yang, J. 2022, ApJ, 936, 157, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7394

    2022 doi

  73. [84]

    2025, ApJL, 990, L46, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/adfd49

    Hu, L., Cabrera, T., Palmese, A., et al. 2025, ApJL, 990, L46, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/adfd49

    2025 doi

  74. [85]

    2026, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2603.08593, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2603.08593

    Hu, L., Cabrera, T., Palmese, A., et al. 2026, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2603.08593, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2603.08593

    2026 doi

  75. [86]

    M., & Davidson, K

    Humphreys, R. M., & Davidson, K. 1994, PASP, 106, 1025, doi: 10.1086/133478

    1994 doi

  76. [87]

    2019, Nature Astronomy, 3, 697, doi: 10.1038/s41550-019-0854-4 Ivezi´ c,ˇZ., Kahn, S

    Inserra, C. 2019, Nature Astronomy, 3, 697, doi: 10.1038/s41550-019-0854-4 Ivezi´ c,ˇZ., Kahn, S. M., Tyson, J. A., et al. 2019, ApJ, 873, 111, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c Jacobson-Gal´ an, W., Rehemtulla, N., Brennan, S., et al. 2026, Transient Name Server AstroNote, 116, 1...

    2019 doi

  77. [88]

    E., Sand, D

    Jencson, J. E., Sand, D. J., Andrews, J. E., et al. 2022, ApJL, 935, L33, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac867c

    2022 doi

  78. [90]

    W., Maguire, K., & Sullivan, M

    Jha, S. W., Maguire, K., & Sullivan, M. 2019, Nature Astronomy, 3, 706, doi: 10.1038/s41550-019-0858-0

    2019 doi

  79. [91]

    2021, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 923, L8, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac375f

    Jiang, J.-a., Maeda, K., Kawabata, M., et al. 2021, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 923, L8, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac375f

    2021 doi

  80. [92]

    O., Foley, R

    Jones, D. O., Foley, R. J., Narayan, G., et al. 2021, ApJ, 908, 143, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abd7f5

    2021 doi

  81. [93]

    2019, PASP, 131, 075005, doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/ab1ceb

    Kansky, J., Chilingarian, I., Fabricant, D., et al. 2019, PASP, 131, 075005, doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/ab1ceb

    2019 doi

  82. [94]

    2010, ApJ, 708, 1025, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/1025

    Kasen, D. 2010, ApJ, 708, 1025, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/1025

    2010 doi

  83. [95]

    2010, ApJ, 723, 602, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/723/1/602

    Kashi, A., & Soker, N. 2010, ApJ, 723, 602, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/723/1/602

    2010 doi

  84. [96]

    2013, MNRAS, 436, 2484, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt1742

    Kashi, A., Soker, N., & Moskovitz, N. 2013, MNRAS, 436, 2484, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt1742

    2013 doi

  85. [97]

    Kasliwal, M. M. 2011, PhD thesis, California Institute of Technology

    2011

  86. [98]

    M., Kulkarni, S

    Kasliwal, M. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Gal-Yam, A., et al. 2012, ApJ, 755, 161, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/755/2/161

    2012 doi

  87. [99]

    2016, ApJ, 818, 3, doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/3

    Khazov, D., Yaron, O., Gal-Yam, A., et al. 2016, ApJ, 818, 3, doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/3

    2016 doi

  88. [100]

    Kochanek, C. S. 2011, ApJ, 741, 37, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/741/1/37

    2011 doi

  89. [101]

    Kochanek, C. S. 2019, MNRAS, 483, 3762, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty3363

    2019 doi

  90. [102]

    S., Shappee, B

    Kochanek, C. S., Shappee, B. J., Stanek, K. Z., et al. 2017, PASP, 129, 104502, doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/aa80d9

    2017 doi

  91. [103]

    Kourkchi, E., & Tully, R. B. 2017, ApJ, 843, 16, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa76db

    2017 doi

  92. [104]

    J., et al

    Kovlakas, K., Zezas, A., Andrews, J. J., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 506, 1896, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab1799 La Marca, A., Peletier, R., Iodice, E., et al. 2022, A&A, 659, A92, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141901

    2021 doi

  93. [105]

    P., Mandel, I., & Resmi, L

    Lamb, G. P., Mandel, I., & Resmi, L. 2018, MNRAS, 481, 2581, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2196

    2018 doi

  94. [106]

    Lamers, H. J. G. L. M., Snow, T. P., & Lindholm, D. M. 1995, ApJ, 455, 269, doi: 10.1086/176575

    1995 doi

  95. [107]

    M., Kulkarni, S

    Law, N. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Dekany, R. G., et al. 2009, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 121, 1395, doi: 10.1086/648598

    2009 doi

  96. [108]

    1997, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol

    Leitherer, C. 1997, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 120, Luminous Blue Variables: Massive Stars in Transition, ed. A. Nota & H. Lamers, 58

    1997

  97. [109]

    A., & Filippenko, A

    Li, W., Smith, N., Miller, A. A., & Filippenko, A. V. 2009, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 2212, 1

    2009

  98. [110]

    R., Cuddy, C., Maguire, K., et al

    Magee, M. R., Cuddy, C., Maguire, K., et al. 2022, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 513, 3035, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac1045

    2022 doi

  99. [112]

    M., et al

    Margutti, R., Milisavljevic, D., Soderberg, A. M., et al. 2014, ApJ, 780, 21, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/780/1/21

    2014 doi

  100. [113]

    J., Laher, R

    Masci, F. J., Laher, R. R., Rusholme, B., et al. 2019, PASP, 131, 018003, doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/aae8ac

    2019 doi

  101. [114]

    J., Laher, R

    Masci, F. J., Laher, R. R., Rusholme, B., et al. 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2305.16279, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2305.16279

    2023 doi

  102. [115]

    2000, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 112, 144

    Massey, P. 2000, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 112, 144

    2000

  103. [116]

    2021, AJ, 161, 107, doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/abd703

    Matheson, T., Stubens, C., Wolf, N., et al. 2021, AJ, 161, 107, doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/abd703

    2021 doi

  104. [117]

    Matsumoto, T., & Metzger, B. D. 2022, ApJ, 936, 114, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac892c

    2022 doi

  105. [118]

    2012, MNRAS, 424, 2659, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21325.x

    Mauerhan, J., & Smith, N. 2012, MNRAS, 424, 2659, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21325.x

    2012 doi

  106. [119]

    G., Smith, N., et al

    Mauerhan, J., Williams, G. G., Smith, N., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 442, 1166, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu730 21

    2014 doi

  107. [121]

    C., Smith, N., Filippenko, A

    Mauerhan, J. C., Smith, N., Filippenko, A. V., et al. 2013, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 430, 1801, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt009

    2013 doi

  108. [122]

    R., Smartt, S

    McBrien, O. R., Smartt, S. J., Huber, M. E., et al. 2021, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 500, 4213, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa3361

    2021 doi

  109. [123]

    A., Li, W., Nugent, P

    Miller, A. A., Li, W., Nugent, P. E., et al. 2009, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 2183, 1

    2009

  110. [124]

    P., & Arcavi, I

    Modjaz, M., Guti´ errez, C. P., & Arcavi, I. 2019, Nature Astronomy, 3, 717, doi: 10.1038/s41550-019-0856-2

    2019 doi

  111. [125]

    2009, ApJ, 702, 226, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/226

    Modjaz, M., Li, W., Butler, N., et al. 2009, ApJ, 702, 226, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/226

    2009 doi

  112. [126]

    L., & Valenti, S

    Morozova, V., Piro, A. L., & Valenti, S. 2017, ApJ, 838, 28, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa6251

    2017 doi

  113. [127]

    L., & Valenti, S

    Morozova, V., Piro, A. L., & Valenti, S. 2018, The Astrophysical Journal, 858, 15, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aab9a6 M¨ uller, A., Frohn, V., Dirks, L., et al. 2023, A&A, 670, A130, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142139 NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory. 2026a, Vera C. Rubin Observator...

    2018 doi

  114. [128]

    2006, NumPy: A guide to NumPy,, USA: Trelgol Publishing http://www.numpy.org/

    Oliphant, T. 2006, NumPy: A guide to NumPy,, USA: Trelgol Publishing http://www.numpy.org/

    2006

  115. [129]

    Omar, A., & Dwarakanath, K. S. 2005, Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, 26, 1, doi: 10.1007/BF02702451

    2005 doi

  116. [130]

    P., Gayley, K

    Owocki, S. P., Gayley, K. G., & Shaviv, N. J. 2004, ApJ, 616, 525, doi: 10.1086/424910 pandas development team, T. 2020, pandas-dev/pandas: Pandas, latest Zenodo, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3509134

    2004 doi

  117. [131]

    2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 767, 1, doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/767/1/1

    Pastorello, A., Cappellaro, E., Inserra, C., et al. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 767, 1, doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/767/1/1

    2013 doi

  118. [132]

    S., Fraser, M., et al

    Pastorello, A., Kochanek, C. S., Fraser, M., et al. 2017, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 474, 197–218, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx2668

    2017 doi

  119. [133]

    2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2503.23123, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2503.23123

    Pastorello, A., Reguitti, A., Tartaglia, L., et al. 2025, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2503.23123, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2503.23123

    2025 doi

  120. [134]

    A., Mazzali, P

    Perley, D. A., Mazzali, P. A., Yan, L., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 484, 1031, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty3420

    2019 doi

  121. [135]

    A., Ho, A

    Perley, D. A., Ho, A. Y. Q., Fausnaugh, M., et al. 2025, MNRAS, 537, 2362, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf125

    2025 doi

  122. [136]

    L., Monard, B., et al

    Pessi, T., Prieto, J. L., Monard, B., et al. 2022, ApJ, 928, 138, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac562d

    2022 doi

  123. [137]

    L., Brimacombe, J., & Drake, A

    Prieto, J. L., Brimacombe, J., & Drake, A. J. 2012, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 4439, 1

    2012

  124. [138]

    M., Wheeler, J

    Quimby, R. M., Wheeler, J. C., H¨ oflich, P., et al. 2007, ApJ, 666, 1093, doi: 10.1086/520532

    2007 doi

  125. [139]

    2026a, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1200, 1

    Ransome, C., Subrayan, B., Sand, D., et al. 2026a, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1200, 1

    2026

  126. [140]

    2026b, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1488, 1

    Ransome, C., Subrayan, B., Sand, D., et al. 2026b, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1488, 1

    2026

  127. [141]

    2026c, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1576, 1

    Ransome, C., Subrayan, B., Sand, D., et al. 2026c, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1576, 1

    2026

  128. [142]

    2026d, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1113, 1

    Ransome, C., Subrayan, B., Sand, D., et al. 2026d, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1113, 1

    2026

  129. [143]

    2026e, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1356, 1

    Ransome, C., Subrayan, B., Sand, D., et al. 2026e, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1356, 1

    2026

  130. [144]

    L., Habergham-Mawson, S

    Ransome, C. L., Habergham-Mawson, S. M., Darnley, M. J., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 506, 4715, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab1938

    2021 doi

  131. [145]

    L., & Villar, V

    Ransome, C. L., & Villar, V. A. 2025, ApJ, 987, 13, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/adce03

    2025 doi

  132. [146]

    L., Villar, V

    Ransome, C. L., Villar, V. A., Tartaglia, A., et al. 2024, ApJ, 965, 93, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2df7

    2024 doi

  133. [147]

    L., Sand, D

    Ransome, C. L., Sand, D. J., Bostroem, K. A., et al. 2026, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2605.05380, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2605.05380

    2026 doi arXiv

  134. [148]

    C., Paterson, K., Fong, W., et al

    Rastinejad, J. C., Paterson, K., Fong, W., et al. 2022, ApJ, 927, 50, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac4d34

    2022 doi

  135. [149]

    P., Kumar, S., Baer-Way, R., et al

    Ravi, A. P., Kumar, S., Baer-Way, R., et al. 2026, ApJ, 1003, 33, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae5b6e

    2026 doi

  136. [150]

    D., Morrison, N

    Richardson, N. D., Morrison, N. D., Gies, D. R., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 120, doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/141/4/120

    2011 doi

  137. [151]

    2024, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2410.06111, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2410.06111

    Salmaso, I., Cappellaro, E., Tartaglia, L., et al. 2024, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2410.06111, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2410.06111

    2024 doi

  138. [152]

    1998, ApJL, 497, L17, doi: 10.1086/311269

    Sari, R., Piran, T., & Narayan, R. 1998, ApJL, 497, L17, doi: 10.1086/311269

    1998 doi

  139. [153]

    F., & Finkbeiner, D

    Schlafly, E. F., & Finkbeiner, D. P. 2011, ApJ, 737, 103, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/737/2/103

    2011 doi

  140. [154]

    Schlegel, E. M. 1990, MNRAS, 244, 269

    1990

  141. [155]

    D., Weymann, R

    Schmidt, G. D., Weymann, R. J., & Foltz, C. B. 1989, PASP, 101, 713, doi: 10.1086/132495

    1989 doi

  142. [156]

    Schneider, F. R. N., Podsiadlowski, P., & Laplace, E. 2024, A&A, 686, A45, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202347854

    2024 doi

  143. [157]

    J., Prieto, J

    Shappee, B. J., Prieto, J. L., Grupe, D., et al. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 788, 48, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/48 22

    2014 doi

  144. [158]

    A., Sand, D

    Shrestha, M., Bostroem, K. A., Sand, D. J., et al. 2024a, ApJL, 972, L15, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ad6907

    doi

  145. [159]

    2024b, ApJ, 961, 247, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad11e1

    Shrestha, M., Pearson, J., Wyatt, S., et al. 2024b, ApJ, 961, 247, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad11e1

    doi

  146. [160]

    2011, MNRAS, 415, 2020, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18607.x

    Smith, N. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 2020, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18607.x

    2011 doi

  147. [161]

    2013, MNRAS, 429, 2366, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sts508

    Smith, N. 2013, MNRAS, 429, 2366, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sts508

    2013 doi

  148. [162]

    2014, ARA&A, 52, 487, doi: 10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040025

    Smith, N. 2014, ARA&A, 52, 487, doi: 10.1146/annurev-astro-081913-040025

    2014 doi

  149. [163]

    2017, in Handbook of Supernovae, ed

    Smith, N. 2017, in Handbook of Supernovae, ed. A. W. Alsabti & P. Murdin, 403, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-21846-5 38

    2017 doi

  150. [164]

    2026, in Encyclopedia of Astrophysics, Volume 2, Vol

    Smith, N. 2026, in Encyclopedia of Astrophysics, Volume 2, Vol. 2, 508–532, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00147-4

    2026 doi

  151. [165]

    E., Filippenko, A

    Smith, N., Andrews, J. E., Filippenko, A. V., et al. 2022, MNRAS, 515, 71, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac1669

    2022 doi

  152. [166]

    Smith, N., & Arnett, W. D. 2014, ApJ, 785, 82, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/82

    2014 doi

  153. [167]

    2008, ApJ, 686, 467, doi: 10.1086/591021

    Smith, N., Chornock, R., Li, W., et al. 2008, ApJ, 686, 467, doi: 10.1086/591021

    2008 doi

  154. [168]

    Hillier, D. J. 2003, The Astrophysical Journal, 586, 432, doi: 10.1086/367641

    2003 doi

  155. [169]

    Smith, N., & Frew, D. J. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 2009, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18993.x

    2011 doi

  156. [170]

    D., Hinz, P

    Smith, N., Gehrz, R. D., Hinz, P. M., et al. 2003, AJ, 125, 1458, doi: 10.1086/346278

    2003 doi

  157. [171]

    Filippenko, A. V. 2011, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 415, 773, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18763.x

    2011 doi

  158. [172]

    2012, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 4412, 1

    Smith, N., & Mauerhan, J. 2012, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 4412, 1

    2012

  159. [173]

    C., Kasliwal, M

    Smith, N., Mauerhan, J. C., Kasliwal, M. M., & Burgasser, A. J. 2013, MNRAS, 434, 2721, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt944

    2013 doi

  160. [174]

    C., & Prieto, J

    Smith, N., Mauerhan, J. C., & Prieto, J. L. 2014, MNRAS, 438, 1191, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stt2269

    2014 doi

  161. [175]

    Smith, N., & Owocki, S. P. 2006, ApJL, 645, L45, doi: 10.1086/506523

    2006 doi

  162. [176]

    J., et al

    Smith, N., Li, W., Foley, R. J., et al. 2007, ApJ, 666, 1116, doi: 10.1086/519949

    2007 doi

  163. [178]

    2010b, AJ, 139, 1451, doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/139/4/1451

    Smith, N., Miller, A., Li, W., et al. 2010b, AJ, 139, 1451, doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/139/4/1451

    doi

  164. [179]

    A., et al

    Smith, N., Li, W., Miller, A. A., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 63, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/732/2/63

    2011 doi

  165. [180]

    E., Rest, A., et al

    Smith, N., Andrews, J. E., Rest, A., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 480, 1466, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty1500

    2018 doi

  166. [181]

    2020, MNRAS, 492, 5897, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa061 Smith Castelli, A

    Smith, N., E Andrews, J., Moe, M., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 492, 5897, doi: 10.1093/mnras/staa061 Smith Castelli, A. V., Bassino, L. P., Richtler, T., et al. 2008, MNRAS, 386, 2311, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13211.x

    2020 doi

  167. [182]

    M., Berger, E., Page, K

    Soderberg, A. M., Berger, E., Page, K. L., et al. 2008, Nature, 453, 469, doi: 10.1038/nature06997

    2008 doi

  168. [183]

    2022, MNRAS, 516, 4942, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac2592

    Soker, N. 2022, MNRAS, 516, 4942, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac2592

    2022 doi

  169. [184]

    2013, ApJL, 764, L6, doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/764/1/L6

    Soker, N., & Kashi, A. 2013, ApJL, 764, L6, doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/764/1/L6

    2013 doi

  170. [185]

    2006, MNRAS, 373, 733, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11056.x

    Soker, N., & Tylenda, R. 2006, MNRAS, 373, 733, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11056.x

    2006 doi

  171. [186]

    Sollerman, J., Fremling, C., Perley, D., & Laz, T. D. 2026, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1828, 1

    2026

  172. [187]

    D., Pablo, H., et al

    Spejcher, B., Richardson, N. D., Pablo, H., et al. 2025, The Astronomical Journal, 169, 128, doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ada561

    2025 doi

  173. [188]

    2023, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 956, L34, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/acffaf

    Srivastav, S., Moore, T., Nicholl, M., et al. 2023, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 956, L34, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/acffaf

    2023 doi

  174. [189]

    2001, A&A, 375, 54, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20010824

    Stahl, O., Jankovics, I., Kov´ acs, J., et al. 2001, A&A, 375, 54, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20010824

    2001 doi

  175. [190]

    K., Ackley, K., et al

    Steeghs, D., Galloway, D. K., Ackley, K., et al. 2022, MNRAS, 511, 2405, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac013

    2022 doi

  176. [191]

    L., Ofek, E

    Strotjohann, N. L., Ofek, E. O., Gal-Yam, A., et al. 2021, ApJ, 907, 99, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abd032

    2021 doi

  177. [192]

    2026a, Transient Name Server Classification Report, 2026-1220, 1

    Subrayan, B., Hsu, B., Self, S., et al. 2026a, Transient Name Server Classification Report, 2026-1220, 1

    2026

  178. [193]

    2026b, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1111, 1

    Subrayan, B., Ransome, C., Sand, D., et al. 2026b, Transient Name Server Discovery Report, 2026-1111, 1

    2026

  179. [194]

    M., Milisavljevic, D., Chornock, R., et al

    Subrayan, B. M., Milisavljevic, D., Chornock, R., et al. 2023, ApJL, 948, L19, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/accf1a

    2023 doi

  180. [195]

    M., Sand, D

    Subrayan, B. M., Sand, D. J., Bostroem, K. A., et al. 2025, ApJL, 990, L68, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/adfe52

    2025 doi

  181. [196]

    2022, Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Volume 9 - 2022, doi: 10.3389/fspas.2022.897100

    Sun, T., Hu, L., Zhang, S., et al. 2022, Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, Volume 9 - 2022, doi: 10.3389/fspas.2022.897100

    2022 doi

  182. [197]

    J., Valenti, S., et al

    Tartaglia, L., Sand, D. J., Valenti, S., et al. 2018, ApJ, 853, 62, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa014

    2018 doi

  183. [198]

    2015, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 8417, 1 Th¨ one, C

    Thoene, C., de Ugarte Postigo, A., Leloudas, G., Cano, Z., & Maeda, K. 2015, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 8417, 1 Th¨ one, C. C., de Ugarte Postigo, A., Leloudas, G., et al. 2017, A&A, 599, A129, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629968 23

    2015 doi

  184. [200]

    1986b, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Vol

    Tody, D. 1986b, in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Vol. 627, Instrumentation in astronomy VI, ed. D. L. Crawford, 733, doi: 10.1117/12.968154

    doi

  185. [201]

    L., Denneau, L., Heinze, A

    Tonry, J. L., Denneau, L., Heinze, A. N., et al. 2018, PASP, 130, 064505, doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/aabadf

    2018 doi

  186. [202]

    C., & Fuller, J

    Tsuna, D., Matsumoto, T., Wu, S. C., & Fuller, J. 2024, ApJ, 966, 30, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad3637

    2024 doi

  187. [203]

    2014, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol

    Valdes, F., Gruendl, R., & DES Project. 2014, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 485, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XXIII, ed. N. Manset & P. Forshay, 379

    2014

  188. [204]

    A., Stritzinger, M

    Valenti, S., Howell, D. A., Stritzinger, M. D., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 459, 3939, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw870 Van Dyk, S. D., Cenko, S. B., Clubb, K. I., et al. 2013, The Astronomer’s Telegram, 4891, 1 Van Dyk, S. D., & Matheson, T. 2012, ApJ, 746, 179, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/746/2...

    2016 doi

  189. [205]

    A., Berger, E., Metzger, B

    Villar, V. A., Berger, E., Metzger, B. D., & Guillochon, J. 2017, ApJ, 849, 70, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa8fcb

    2017 doi

  190. [206]

    S., & de Koter, A

    Vink, J. S., & de Koter, A. 2002, A&A, 393, 543, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20021009

    2002 doi

  191. [207]

    E., et al

    Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T. E., et al. 2020, Nature Methods, 17, 261, doi: 10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2

    2020 doi

  192. [208]

    M., Vrba, F

    Wagner, R. M., Vrba, F. J., Henden, A. A., et al. 2004, PASP, 116, 326, doi: 10.1086/382997

    2004 doi

  193. [209]

    Weis, K., & Bomans, D. J. 2005, A&A, 429, L13, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:200400105

    2005 doi

  194. [210]

    Wesselink, A. J. 1956, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 116, 3, doi: 10.1093/mnras/116.1.3

    1956 doi

  195. [211]

    J., Daw, E

    White, D. J., Daw, E. J., & Dhillon, V. S. 2011, Classical and Quantum Gravity, 28, 085016, doi: 10.1088/0264-9381/28/8/085016

    2011 doi

  196. [212]

    E., & Bloom, J

    Woosley, S. E., & Bloom, J. S. 2006, ARA&A, 44, 507, doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150558

    2006 doi

  197. [214]

    E., & Smith, N

    Woosley, S. E., & Smith, N. 2022b, ApJ, 938, 57, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac8eb3

    doi

  198. [215]

    2023, PyMMT v1.0.0, v1.0.0 Zenodo, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.8322354

    Wyatt, S., Shrestha, M., & Hosseinzadeh, G. 2023, PyMMT v1.0.0, v1.0.0 Zenodo, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.8322354

    2023 doi

  199. [216]

    K., Villar, V

    Yadavalli, S. K., Villar, V. A., Izzo, L., et al. 2024, ApJ, 972, 194, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad5a7c

    2024 doi

  200. [217]

    A., Gal-Yam, A., et al

    Yaron, O., Perley, D. A., Gal-Yam, A., et al. 2017, Nature Physics, 13, 510–517, doi: 10.1038/nphys4025

    2017 doi

  201. [218]

    2023, JCAP, 2023, 097, doi: 10.1088/1475-7516/2023/11/097

    Zhou, R., Ferraro, S., White, M., et al. 2023, JCAP, 2023, 097, doi: 10.1088/1475-7516/2023/11/097

    2023 doi

  202. [219]

    1964, ApJ, 139, 514, doi: 10.1086/147779

    Zwicky, F. 1964, ApJ, 139, 514, doi: 10.1086/147779

    1964 doi

  203. [220]

    1965, in Stellar Structure - Stars and Stellar Systems, ed

    Zwicky, F. 1965, in Stellar Structure - Stars and Stellar Systems, ed. L. H. Aller & D. B. McLaughlin, 367

    1965

Pith tools

Reviewed June 26, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.