Pith. sign in

REVIEW 124 references

Probing Merger Shocks in Galaxy Clusters in the SKA Era

T0 review · reviewed 2026-06-25 · grok-4.3

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Merger shocks in galaxy clusters produce radio relics that trace particle acceleration and magnetic fields, with SKA set to resolve open questions on their physics and evolution.

desk verdict This is a straightforward review chapter on radio relics from cluster mergers and SKA prospects that organizes existing pathfinder results without adding new data or derivations. read the letter →

arxiv 2606.24738 v1 pith:BBKCOLSS submitted 2026-06-23 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.CO

Arpan Pal , Ruta Kale , Gabriella Di Gennaro , Francesco de Gasperin , Swarna Chatterjee , Majidul Rahaman , Ramananda Santra , Mamta Pandey-Pommier
show 3 more authors
Abhirup Datta Kenda Knowles Nasmi S. Anand
This is my paper · ORCID
classification astro-ph.HEastro-ph.CO
keywords galaxyclustersmergershocksradiorelicsSKAcosmicrayaccelerationintraclustermediumsynchrotronemissionmagneticfields
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Galaxy cluster mergers release vast gravitational energy that drives shocks through the hot gas between galaxies. These shocks accelerate cosmic ray electrons and compress magnetic fields, sometimes creating giant radio-emitting structures known as radio relics. Current pathfinder telescopes have linked many relics to shocks but left basic questions about how particles gain energy and how the structures change over time unanswered. The paper reviews this evidence and shows how the SKA's sensitivity in radio continuum, polarization, and wide surveys, paired with X-ray data, will enable detailed studies of single clusters and large populations to tackle those questions.

What carries the argument

Radio relics: Mpc-scale synchrotron radio structures produced when merger shocks accelerate cosmic ray electrons and compress magnetic fields, serving as direct tracers of shock properties.

What would settle it

Finding a clear radio relic in a merging cluster that shows no corresponding shock front in X-ray temperature or density maps, or failing to detect expected polarization patterns in SKA data on known relics.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

Merger shocks accelerate cosmic ray electrons and compress magnetic fields in the intracluster medium, producing Mpc-scale synchrotron radio structures called radio relics that act as tracers of merger dynamics, particle acceleration, and magnetic field evolution, yet key aspects of the underlying micro-physics and time evolution remain unresolved; SKA-Low and SKA-Mid observations in continuum and polarization, together with X-ray data, will make significant progress on these issues through targeted studies and population surveys.

Load-bearing premise

The link between observed radio relics and merger shocks, established from current pathfinder data, will hold and allow SKA sensitivities to directly answer the listed questions about micro-physics without major new interpretive barriers.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Detailed polarization maps of individual relics will constrain the geometry and strength of compressed magnetic fields behind shocks.
  • Wide-field SKA surveys will yield statistical samples of relics to track how their properties evolve with cosmic time and cluster mass.
  • Combined radio and X-ray observations of science verification targets will test models of electron acceleration efficiency at shocks.
  • Staged SKA deployments from AA0.5 onward will allow early verification of relic detection limits and spectral index measurements.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If SKA data confirm diffusive shock acceleration as the dominant process, models of cosmic ray energy budgets in clusters would need revision to include higher efficiencies.
  • Population statistics from SKA could connect relic occurrence rates to predictions of merger frequencies in cosmological simulations.
  • Insights into revived fossil plasma (radio phoenices) might extend to understanding how AGN activity influences the broader intracluster medium energy balance.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

0 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review chapter summarizing the energetics of galaxy cluster mergers, the role of merger shocks in accelerating cosmic-ray electrons and producing Mpc-scale radio relics via synchrotron emission, the observational links established by SKA pathfinders and precursors, related phenomena including radio phoenices and Gently Re-Energised Tails, outstanding microphysical and evolutionary questions, and the capabilities of SKA-Low and SKA-Mid (across AA0.5 to AA4 deployments) combined with X-ray data to address those questions through targeted continuum/polarization studies and population surveys; it identifies specific science verification targets.

Significance. If the synthesis of pathfinder evidence and the outlined observational strategy hold, the review will be useful for guiding SKA-era planning in astro-ph.HE by consolidating current understanding of relic-shock connections and explicitly naming deployment-stage capabilities plus verification targets; this structured roadmap for micro-physics and cosmic-evolution studies is a concrete strength.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment of the manuscript, accurate summary of its scope, and recommendation to accept. No major comments were raised that require addressing.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity in this descriptive review

full rationale

This manuscript is a review chapter summarizing pathfinder observations linking merger shocks to radio relics, listing open questions, and outlining SKA capabilities. It contains no equations, derivations, fitted parameters, quantitative predictions, or ansatzes. All claims rest on external cited evidence rather than internal reduction to the paper's own inputs. No self-citation chains, uniqueness theorems, or self-definitional steps are load-bearing. The text is self-contained as a survey of existing literature and future prospects.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 1 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The review rests on established domain knowledge of intracluster medium physics and shock acceleration without introducing new free parameters, axioms beyond standard astrophysics, or invented entities.

assumptions (1)
  • domain assumption Merger shocks in the ICM accelerate cosmic ray electrons and compress magnetic fields to produce observable radio relics
    This link is invoked in the abstract as the basis for treating relics as tracers of merger dynamics.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Probing Merger Shocks in Galaxy Clusters in the SKA Era." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/BBKCOLSS

@misc{pith2026260624738,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Probing Merger Shocks in Galaxy Clusters in the SKA Era},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/BBKCOLSS}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2606.24738}
}
abstract

Galaxy cluster mergers represent the most energetic phenomena in the Universe since the Big Bang releasing gravitational potential energy of $\sim 10^{63-64}$ erg, injecting turbulence and driving shocks through the intracluster medium (ICM). These merger shocks can accelerate cosmic ray electrons and compress magnetic fields, sometimes producing Mpc-scale synchrotron radio structures known as radio relics. Radio relics are powerful tracers of merger dynamics, particle acceleration, and magnetic field evolution, yet fundamental questions about the underlying physics and their time evolution remain unresolved. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of cluster merger shocks and their radio signatures, presenting the observational evidence from the SKA pathfinders and precursors, linking radio relics to shocks alongside outstanding theoretical challenges. We also consider related shock-influenced phenomena: radio phoenices from revived fossil AGN plasma and Gently Re-Energised Tails. Further, we outline the directions of investigation using the sensitivities of the SKA-Low and Mid complemented with X-ray observations that will allow us to make significant progress in understanding the cluster merger shocks. Detailed studies of individual targets in continuum and polarization and studies of populations of relics using wide surveys will both provide insights to the micro-physics and cosmic evolution of merger shocks. We present SKAO capabilities across staged deployments starting from AA0.5 to AA4 and identify science verification targets that will illuminate the physics of cluster merger shocks in the SKA era

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.24738 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. An example of a classic merger system in Abell 3667 , adapted from de Gasperin et al. (2022). The diffuse blue emission represents the XMM-Newton background-subtracted and exposure-corrected 0.5–2.0 keV image, with A and B indicating the two subclusters. The radio relics are shown in red. MS1 and MS2 mark the positions of the two merger shocks, while ES1 and ES2 indicate the expected locations of the equatorial shoc… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Top: High-resolution (2.1 ′′ × 1.8 ′′) Stokes I observation of CIZA J2242.8+5301 in the 1–2 GHz band, with polarization electric field vectors at 2.7 ′′ resolution shown in red (Di Gennaro et al., 2021b). The vectors are corrected for Faraday rotation, and their lengths are proportional to the intrinsic polarization fraction (scale shown in the bottom-right corner). Black arrows in the two panels mark the locations … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Comparison of sensitivities of the various SKAO arrays for SKA-Low. The sensitivities for 4 hours integration time are shown in blue and the confusion noise in red circles. The sizes of the circles scale relative to the major axes of the actual beam sizes that are 5.5 ′′ ×3.0 ′′ , 5.5 ′′ ×4.7 ′′ and 5.5 ′′ ×4.3 ′′ for AA2, AA* and AA4, respectively. The annotated values in kpc correspond to the linear sizes that can… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (2 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Comparison of sensitivities of the various SKAO arrays for SKA-Mid for which the confusion noise (red circles) is less than the sensitivity (blue) for a 10h observation. Much longer observations would be possible where the confusion noise is well below the 10h sensitiv…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Scaling relations for single/multiple radio relics. Left panel: radio power vs mass. Right panel: radio power vs largest linear size. Data points are taken from Jones et al. (2023) and Stroe et al. (2025). high-𝑧 relics than current LOFAR and MeerKAT surveys detect (Di…

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

124 extracted references · 119 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Cluster Radio Relics as a Tracer of Shock Waves of the Large-Scale Structure Formation

    Cluster radio relics as a tracer of shock waves of the large-scale structure formation. , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9712293 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9712293 , primaryClass =

    work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9712293

  2. [2]

    Reviving Fossil Radio Plasma in Clusters of Galaxies by Adiabatic Compression in Environmental Shock Waves

    Reviving fossil radio plasma in clusters of galaxies by adiabatic compression in environmental shock waves. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000198 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0011123 , primaryClass =

    work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000198

  3. [3]

    F., Percival , W

    On the formation of cluster radio relics. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05261.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0104233 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05261.x 2002

  4. [4]

    , keywords =

    A New Shock in the Premerging Cluster Pair 1E2215-2216. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/add933 , archivePrefix =. 2505.24323 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/add933

  5. [5]

    Observations of a Pre-Merger Shock in Colliding Clusters of Galaxies

    Observations of a pre-merger shock in colliding clusters of galaxies. Nature Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0798-8 , archivePrefix =. 1906.10285 , primaryClass =

    work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0798-8 1906

  6. [6]

    , keywords =

    A New Enigmatic Radio Relic in the Low-mass Cluster Abell 2108. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3865 , archivePrefix =. 2312.04170 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3865

  7. [7]

    Four Extreme Relic Radio Sources in Clusters of Galaxies

    Four Extreme Relic Radio Sources in Clusters of Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/322105 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0105267 , primaryClass =

    work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1086/322105

  8. [8]

    Relativistic ions with power-law spectra explain radio phoenixes

    Relativistic ions with power-law spectra explain radio phoenixes. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2503.07714 , archivePrefix =. 2503.07714 , primaryClass =

    work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.2503.07714

Show all 124 references
  1. [9]

    , keywords =

    A Multifrequency View of the Radio Phoenix in the A85 Cluster. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad7585 , archivePrefix =. 2309.14244 , primaryClass =

    doi

  2. [10]

    , keywords =

    A radio bridge connecting the minihalo and phoenix in the Abell 85 cluster. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad117 , archivePrefix =. 2308.09005 , primaryClass =

    doi

  3. [11]

    , keywords =

    On the origin of diffuse radio emission in Abell 85 - insights from new GMRT observations. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1892 , archivePrefix =. 2207.00061 , primaryClass =

    doi

  4. [12]

    , keywords =

    On the detection of multiple shock fronts in A1914 using deep Chandra X-ray observations. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3115 , archivePrefix =. 2110.12297 , primaryClass =

    doi

  5. [13]

    2019 , eprint=

    Anticipated Performance of the Square Kilometre Array -- Phase 1 (SKA1) , author=. 2019 , eprint=

    2019

  6. [14]

    2015 , publisher=

    Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array (AASKA14) , author=. 2015 , publisher=

    2015

  7. [15]

    , keywords =

    MeerKAT view of the diffuse radio sources in Abell 3667 and their interactions with the thermal plasma. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142658 , archivePrefix =. 2111.06940 , primaryClass =

    doi

  8. [16]

    Toothbrush radio relic downstream of the shock front

    Reaching thermal noise at ultra-low radio frequencies. Toothbrush radio relic downstream of the shock front. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038663 , archivePrefix =. 2007.16043 , primaryClass =

    2007 doi

  9. [17]

    , keywords =

    A multishock scenario for the formation of radio relics. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3009 , archivePrefix =. 2310.04504 , primaryClass =

    doi

  10. [19]

    Merging Processes in Galaxy Clusters , year = 2002, editor =

    The Physics of Cluster Mergers. Merging Processes in Galaxy Clusters , year = 2002, editor =. doi:10.1007/0-306-48096-4_1 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0105418 , primaryClass =

    2002 doi arXiv

  11. [20]

    , keywords =

    Shocks and cold fronts in galaxy clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2007.01.001 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0701821 , primaryClass =

    2007 doi arXiv

  12. [21]

    , keywords =

    Introducing the TNG-Cluster simulation: Overview and the physical properties of the gaseous intracluster medium. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348608 , archivePrefix =. 2311.06338 , primaryClass =

    doi

  13. [22]

    , keywords =

    Radio relics in massive galaxy cluster mergers in the TNG-Cluster simulation. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348194 , archivePrefix =. 2311.06340 , primaryClass =

    doi

  14. [23]

    , keywords =

    Properties of Merger Shocks in Merging Galaxy Clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab4a2 , archivePrefix =. 1706.05509 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  15. [24]

    Ryu, Dongsu and Kang, Hyesung and Hallman, Eric and Jones, T. W. , title =. 2003 , month =. doi:10.1086/376723 , url =

    2003 doi

  16. [26]

    , keywords =

    First detection of a virial shock with SZ data: implication for the mass accretion rate of Abell 2319. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732468 , archivePrefix =. 1712.05762 , primaryClass =

    doi

  17. [27]

    and Hearn, Nathan and Haiman, Zoltán and Bryan, Greg and Evrard, August E

    Molnar, Sandor M. and Hearn, Nathan and Haiman, Zoltán and Bryan, Greg and Evrard, August E. and Lake, George , title =. 2009 , month =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/1640 , url =

    2009 doi

  18. [28]

    , keywords =

    Particle re-acceleration and diffuse radio sources in the galaxy cluster Abell 1550. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243833 , archivePrefix =. 2205.12281 , primaryClass =

    doi

  19. [29]

    , keywords =

    Re-energization of AGN head-tail radio galaxies in the galaxy cluster ZwCl 0634.1+47474. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3962 , archivePrefix =. 2401.04710 , primaryClass =

    doi

  20. [30]

    Science Advances , keywords =

    Gentle reenergization of electrons in merging galaxy clusters. Science Advances , keywords =. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701634 , archivePrefix =. 1710.06796 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  21. [31]

    , keywords =

    Shock Acceleration Model for the Toothbrush Radio Relic. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6d0d , archivePrefix =. 1703.00171 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  22. [32]

    , keywords =

    A study of spectral curvature in the radio relic in Abell 4038 using the uGMRT. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2227 , archivePrefix =. 1808.04057 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  23. [33]

    Radio halos in a mass-selected sample of 75 galaxy clusters. I. Sample selection and data analysis. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039206 , archivePrefix =. 2101.01640 , primaryClass =

    doi

  24. [34]

    , keywords =

    Two striking head-tail galaxies in the galaxy cluster IIZW108: insights into transition to turbulence, magnetic fields, and particle re-acceleration. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2928 , archivePrefix =. 2110.03705 , primaryClass =

    doi

  25. [35]

    , year = 1974, month = feb, volume =

    Formation of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies by Self-Similar Gravitational Condensation. , year = 1974, month = feb, volume =. doi:10.1086/152650 , adsurl =

    1974 doi

  26. [36]

    , keywords =

    Galaxy Formation through Hierarchical Clustering. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/170483 , adsurl =

    doi

  27. [37]

    Reviews of Modern Physics , year = 1986, month = jan, volume =

    X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies. Reviews of Modern Physics , year = 1986, month = jan, volume =. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.58.1 , adsurl =

    1986 doi

  28. [38]

    , keywords =

    Formation of Galaxy Clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125502 , archivePrefix =. 1205.5556 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  29. [39]

    , keywords =

    Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/nature03597 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0504097 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  30. [40]

    , keywords =

    Shock Waves and Cosmic Ray Acceleration in the Outskirts of Galaxy Clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/133 , archivePrefix =. 1403.1420 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  31. [41]

    , keywords =

    Diffuse Radio Emission from Galaxy Clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0584-z , archivePrefix =. 1901.04496 , primaryClass =

    1901 doi arXiv

  32. [42]

    , keywords =

    Shock waves in the large-scale structure of the Universe. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s10509-008-9928-y , archivePrefix =. 0806.2179 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  33. [43]

    , keywords =

    Morphology and Mach Number Distribution of Merger Shock Surfaces in Merging Galaxy Clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad98f7 , archivePrefix =. 2409.09924 , primaryClass =

    doi

  34. [44]

    , keywords =

    A Textbook Example of a Bow Shock in the Merging Galaxy Cluster 1E 0657-56. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/339619 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0110468 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  35. [45]

    , keywords =

    Small-Scale Fluctuations of Relic Radiation. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/BF00653471 , adsurl =

    doi

  36. [46]

    , keywords =

    A Linearly Polarized Merger Shock Down to 550 MHz: A uGMRT Study of the Merging Cluster A746. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae003f , archivePrefix =. 2508.19516 , primaryClass =

    doi

  37. [47]

    , keywords =

    Runaway merger shocks in galaxy cluster outskirts and radio relics. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2135 , archivePrefix =. 1904.03052 , primaryClass =

    1904 doi

  38. [48]

    , keywords =

    Encounters of merger and accretion shocks in galaxy clusters and their effects on intracluster medium. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1013 , archivePrefix =. 2001.10959 , primaryClass =

    2001 doi

  39. [49]

    , keywords =

    Relics in galaxy clusters at high radio frequencies. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629570 , archivePrefix =. 1612.01764 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  40. [50]

    , keywords =

    Magnetic field amplification by shocks in galaxy clusters: application to radio relics. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21084.x , archivePrefix =. 1204.2455 , primaryClass =

    2012 doi

  41. [51]

    , keywords =

    Turbulent amplification of magnetic field and diffusive shock acceleration of cosmic rays. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08097.x , adsurl =

    2004 doi

  42. [52]

    Isotropic CR diffusion

    Magnetic field amplification by cosmic ray-driven turbulence - I. Isotropic CR diffusion. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1566 , archivePrefix =. 1308.5230 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  43. [53]

    , keywords =

    Turbulence Dynamo in the Stratified Medium of Galaxy Clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3aff , archivePrefix =. 1906.12210 , primaryClass =

    1906 doi

  44. [54]

    , keywords =

    A Candle in the Wind: A Radio Filament in the Core of the A3562 Galaxy Cluster. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7805 , archivePrefix =. 2206.06176 , primaryClass =

    doi

  45. [55]

    Deep Low-frequency Radio Observations of A2256. I. The Filamentary Radio Relic. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4708 , archivePrefix =. 2111.04449 , primaryClass =

    doi

  46. [56]

    , keywords =

    Chandra and JVLA Observations of HST Frontier Fields Cluster MACS J0717.5+3745. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/197 , archivePrefix =. 1701.04096 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  47. [57]

    , keywords =

    Cosmological Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Galaxy Cluster Radio Relics: Insights and Warnings for Observations. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/765/1/21 , archivePrefix =. 1211.3122 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  48. [58]

    What causes the substructure of synchrotron emission?

    Morphology of radio relics - I. What causes the substructure of synchrotron emission?. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3018 , archivePrefix =. 2009.13514 , primaryClass =

    2009 doi

  49. [59]

    Wideband Very Large Array Observations of A2256. I. Continuum, Rotation Measure, and Spectral Imaging. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/794/1/24 , archivePrefix =. 1408.5931 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  50. [60]

    , keywords =

    Shock acceleration efficiency in radio relics. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936216 , archivePrefix =. 1907.00966 , primaryClass =

    1907 doi

  51. [61]

    , keywords =

    Re-acceleration Model for Radio Relics with Spectral Curvature. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/13 , archivePrefix =. 1602.03278 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  52. [62]

    , keywords =

    Giant radio relics in galaxy clusters: reacceleration of fossil relativistic electrons?. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1308 , archivePrefix =. 1301.5644 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  53. [63]

    Non-thermal Electron Acceleration in Low Mach Number Collisionless Shocks. II. Firehose-mediated Fermi Acceleration and its Dependence on Pre-shock Conditions. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/797/1/47 , archivePrefix =. 1409.7393 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  54. [64]

    , keywords =

    A view of the CIZA J2242.8+5301 galaxy cluster at very low radio frequencies. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554521 , archivePrefix =. 2505.23402 , primaryClass =

    doi

  55. [65]

    , keywords =

    Spectral age modelling of the `Sausage' cluster radio relic. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1839 , archivePrefix =. 1409.1579 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  56. [66]

    , keywords =

    Polarization of radio relics in galaxy clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2715 , archivePrefix =. 1909.11329 , primaryClass =

    1909 doi

  57. [67]

    , keywords =

    Advection by Large-scale Spiral Flows in Galaxy Clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9016 , archivePrefix =. 2002.01939 , primaryClass =

    2002 doi

  58. [68]

    , keywords =

    Discovery of the First Giant Double Radio Relic in a Galaxy Cluster Found in the Planck Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Cluster Survey: PLCK G287.0+32.9. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/736/1/L8 , archivePrefix =. 1104.5551 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  59. [69]

    Very High Energy Phenomena in the Universe; Moriond Workshop , year = 1997, editor =

    Diffusive Shock Acceleration : the Fermi Mechanism. Very High Energy Phenomena in the Universe; Moriond Workshop , year = 1997, editor =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9711177 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9711177 , primaryClass =

    1997 doi arXiv

  60. [70]

    Reports on Progress in Physics , keywords =

    REVIEW ARTICLE: An introduction to the theory of diffusive shock acceleration of energetic particles in tenuous plasmas. Reports on Progress in Physics , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/46/8/002 , adsurl =

    doi

  61. [71]

    , keywords =

    Abell 1033: birth of a radio phoenix. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv129 , archivePrefix =. 1501.00043 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  62. [72]

    , keywords =

    Radio halo and relic candidates from the NRAO VLA Sky Survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1016/S1384-1076(99)00018-4 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9904210 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  63. [73]

    , keywords =

    Discovery of a Radio Megahalo in the Cluster PLCKG287.0+32.9 Using the uGMRT. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adc396 , archivePrefix =. 2503.12136 , primaryClass =

    doi

  64. [74]

    Science Advances , keywords =

    Magnetic fields and relativistic electrons fill entire galaxy cluster. Science Advances , keywords =. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq7623 , archivePrefix =. 2211.01493 , primaryClass =

    doi

  65. [75]

    , keywords =

    Chandra observation of two shock fronts in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2146. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16822.x , archivePrefix =. 1004.1559 , primaryClass =

    2010 doi

  66. [76]

    , keywords =

    Suzaku X-ray study of the double radio relic galaxy cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425209 , archivePrefix =. 1507.02285 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  67. [77]

    , keywords =

    Mystery solved: discovery of extended radio emission in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2146. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3160 , archivePrefix =. 1708.03641 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  68. [78]

    , keywords =

    The ``toothbrush-relic'': evidence for a coherent linear 2-Mpc scale shock wave in a massive merging galaxy cluster?. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219000 , archivePrefix =. 1209.2196 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  69. [79]

    , keywords =

    Understanding the radio relic emission in the galaxy cluster MACS J0717.5+3745: Spectral analysis. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039428 , archivePrefix =. 2011.14436 , primaryClass =

    2011 doi

  70. [80]

    , keywords =

    A uGMRT and MeerKAT Study of Radio Relics in the Low-mass Merging Cluster PSZ2 G200.95‑28.16. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9903 , archivePrefix =. 2411.15480 , primaryClass =

    doi

  71. [81]

    , year = 1987, month = oct, volume =

    Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks: A theory of cosmic ray origin. , year = 1987, month = oct, volume =. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(87)90134-7 , adsurl =

    1987 doi

  72. [82]

    Galaxies , keywords =

    On the Polarisation of Radio Relics. Galaxies , keywords =. doi:10.3390/galaxies10010010 , archivePrefix =. 2201.03208 , primaryClass =

    doi

  73. [83]

    , keywords =

    Radio signature of cosmological structure formation shocks. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11111.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0609831 , primaryClass =

    2006 doi

  74. [84]

    , year = 1966, month = jan, volume =

    On the depolarization of discrete radio sources by Faraday dispersion. , year = 1966, month = jan, volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/133.1.67 , adsurl =

    1966 doi

  75. [85]

    , keywords =

    Depolarization and Faraday effects in galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01782.x , adsurl =

    1998 doi

  76. [86]

    , keywords =

    Magnetic fields in the outskirts of PSZ2 G096.88+24.18 from a depolarization analysis of radio relics. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450892 , archivePrefix =. 2408.08603 , primaryClass =

    doi

  77. [87]

    , keywords =

    JVLA S- and X-band polarimetry of the merging cluster Abell 2256. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/pasj/psv082 , archivePrefix =. 1508.01317 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  78. [88]

    , keywords =

    Resolved magnetic dynamo action in the simulated intracluster medium. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2830 , archivePrefix =. 1711.02673 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  79. [89]

    , keywords =

    Using the polarization properties of double radio relics to probe the turbulent compression scenario. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244179 , archivePrefix =. 2207.00503 , primaryClass =

    doi

  80. [90]

    The Extended GMRT Radio Halo Survey. I. New upper limits on radio halos and mini-halos. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321515 , archivePrefix =. 1306.3102 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  81. [91]

    , keywords =

    Bow Shock and Radio Halo in the Merging Cluster A520. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/430695 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0412451 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  82. [92]

    , keywords =

    Diffusive Shock Acceleration at Cosmological Shock Waves. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/764/1/95 , archivePrefix =. 1212.3246 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  83. [93]

    , keywords =

    Revived fossil plasma sources in galaxy clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936560 , archivePrefix =. 1911.02034 , primaryClass =

    1911 doi

  84. [94]

    Galaxies , keywords =

    The Seeding of Cosmic Ray Electrons by Cluster Radio Galaxies: A Review. Galaxies , keywords =. doi:10.3390/galaxies12020019 , archivePrefix =. 2403.16068 , primaryClass =

    doi

  85. [95]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Anticipated Performance of the Square Kilometre Array -- Phase 1 (SKA1). arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.1912.12699 , archivePrefix =. 1912.12699 , primaryClass =

    1912 doi

  86. [96]

    International Journal of Modern Physics D , keywords =

    Cosmic Rays in Galaxy Clusters and Their Nonthermal Emission. International Journal of Modern Physics D , keywords =. doi:10.1142/S0218271814300079 , archivePrefix =. 1401.7519 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  87. [97]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Shock Waves of the Large-Scale Structure Formation in the Universe. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9805367 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9805367 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  88. [98]

    , keywords =

    Radio relics radio emission from multishock scenario. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3096 , archivePrefix =. 2110.11668 , primaryClass =

    doi

  89. [99]

    , keywords =

    A High-resolution X-Ray and Optical Study of SN 1006: Asymmetric Expansion and Small-scale Structure in a Type Ia Supernova Remnant. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/781/2/65 , archivePrefix =. 1312.3367 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  90. [100]

    , keywords =

    Understanding the radio spectral indices of galaxy cluster relics by superdiffusive shock acceleration. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1438 , adsurl =

    doi

  91. [101]

    , keywords =

    The elusive synchrotron precursor of collisionless shocks. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630125 , archivePrefix =. 1701.08512 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  92. [102]

    , keywords =

    Deep VLA Observations of the Cluster 1RXS J0603.3+4214 in the Frequency Range of 1-2 GHz. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9f13 , archivePrefix =. 1712.01327 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  93. [103]

    , keywords =

    A Shock Front in the Merging Galaxy Cluster A754: X-ray and Radio Observations. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/82 , archivePrefix =. 1010.5209 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  94. [104]

    , keywords =

    Turbulent Cosmic-Ray Reacceleration at Radio Relics and Halos in Clusters of Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/116 , archivePrefix =. 1511.01897 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  95. [105]

    , keywords =

    153 MHz GMRT follow-up of steep-spectrum diffuse emission in galaxy clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220667 , archivePrefix =. 1302.0648 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  96. [106]

    The MeerKAT Galaxy Cluster Legacy Survey. I. Survey Overview and Highlights. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141488 , archivePrefix =. 2111.05673 , primaryClass =

    doi

  97. [107]

    2026 ,publisher =

    Rossella Cassano and author2 and author3 and author4 and author5 ,title =. 2026 ,publisher =

    2026

  98. [108]

    2026 ,publisher =

    Virginia Cuciti and author2 and author3 and author4 and author5 ,title =. 2026 ,publisher =

    2026

  99. [109]

    PSZ2 G181.06+48.47. I. X-Ray Exploration of a Low-mass Cluster with Exceptionally Distant Radio Relics. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb731 , archivePrefix =. 2501.07651 , primaryClass =

    doi

  100. [110]

    The Planck clusters in the LOFAR sky. VI. LoTSS-DR2: Properties of radio relics. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245102 , archivePrefix =. 2301.07814 , primaryClass =

    doi

  101. [111]

    , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =

    A new double radio relic in PSZ1 G096.89+24.17 and a radio relic mass-luminosity relation. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1658 , adsurl =

    doi

  102. [112]

    Nature Astronomy , keywords =

    Fast magnetic field amplification in distant galaxy clusters. Nature Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-020-01244-5 , archivePrefix =. 2011.01628 , primaryClass =

    2011 doi

  103. [113]

    , keywords =

    How many radio relics await discovery?. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20118.x , archivePrefix =. 1111.1721 , primaryClass =

    2011 doi

  104. [114]

    , keywords =

    Can cluster merger shocks reproduce the luminosity and shape distribution of radio relics?. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1109 , archivePrefix =. 1704.06661 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  105. [115]

    , keywords =

    MERGHERS pilot: MeerKAT discovery of diffuse emission in nine massive Sunyaev-Zel'dovich-selected galaxy clusters from ACT. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab939 , archivePrefix =. 2012.15088 , primaryClass =

    2012 doi

  106. [116]

    Catalogue of the diffuse radio emission in MeerKAT-GCLS clusters

    The MeerKAT Galaxy Cluster Legacy Survey II. Catalogue of the diffuse radio emission in MeerKAT-GCLS clusters. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1499 , archivePrefix =. 2509.05442 , primaryClass =

    doi

  107. [117]

    , keywords =

    Downstream Depolarization in the Sausage Relic: A 1-4 GHz Very Large Array Study. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe620 , archivePrefix =. 2102.06631 , primaryClass =

    doi

  108. [118]

    Properties of polarized emission

    Morphology of radio relics - II. Properties of polarized emission. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2353 , archivePrefix =. 2108.06343 , primaryClass =

    doi

  109. [119]

    , keywords =

    A perfect power-law spectrum even at the highest frequencies: The Toothbrush relic. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039165 , archivePrefix =. 2008.02694 , primaryClass =

    2008 doi

  110. [120]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Crossing the veil of the brightest radio relic in the sky MACS J0717.6+3745. arXiv e-prints , keywords =

  111. [121]

    Nature Astronomy , keywords =

    The case for electron re-acceleration at galaxy cluster shocks. Nature Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41550-016-0005 , archivePrefix =. 1701.01439 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  112. [122]

    , keywords =

    Deep Very Large Array Observations of the Merging Cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301: Continuum and Spectral Imaging. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad738 , archivePrefix =. 1808.02447 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  113. [123]

    , keywords =

    Galaxy clusters enveloped by vast volumes of relativistic electrons. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05149-3 , archivePrefix =. 2209.13617 , primaryClass =

    doi

  114. [124]

    , keywords =

    Evidence for Particle Re-acceleration in the Radio Relic in the Galaxy Cluster PLCKG287.0+32.9. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/1 , archivePrefix =. 1402.1492 , primaryClass =

    doi arXiv

  115. [125]

    , keywords =

    Exploring the spectral properties of radio relics - I: integrated spectral index and Mach number. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1735 , archivePrefix =. 2106.08351 , primaryClass =

    doi

  116. [126]

    , keywords =

    Particle re-acceleration and Faraday-complex structures in the RXC J1314.4-2515 galaxy cluster. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2408 , archivePrefix =. 1908.11868 , primaryClass =

    1908 doi

Pith tools

Reviewed June 25, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.