Intrinsic Magnetic Excitations and Heavy-Fermion Formation in the Frustrated Mn Pyrochlore System YMn$_{2+\delta}$Zn$_{20-x}X_x$ ($X$ = In and Al) Revealed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Measurements

Kenji Ishida; Shunsaku Kitagawa; Yoshihiko Okamoto; Zenji Hiroi

REVIEW 2 major objections 4 minor 39 references

Intrinsic Magnetic Excitations and Heavy-Fermion Formation in the Frustrated Mn Pyrochlore System YMn$_{2+\delta}$Zn$_{20-x}X_x$ ($X$ = In and Al) Revealed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Measurements

T0 review · 2 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-03 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read The heavy-fermion state in YMn2Zn20 originates from the frustrated Mn pyrochlore network itself, as shown by site-selective NMR/NQR measurements.

desk verdict Site-selective NMR/NQR gives a credible intrinsic-Mn relaxation signature in YMn2Zn20, but the frustration-vs-quantum-critical readout leans on an unmeasured hyperfine-coupling comparison. read the letter →

arxiv 2606.25242 v2 pith:25UHXWLE submitted 2026-06-23 cond-mat.str-el

Shunsaku Kitagawa , Kenji Ishida , Yoshihiko Okamoto , Zenji Hiroi This is my paper · ORCID

classification cond-mat.str-el

keywords heavyfermionpyrochlorelatticegeometricfrustrationNMRNQRspin-latticerelaxationYMn2Zn20d-electronstronglycorrelatedsystem

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper reports NMR and NQR measurements on the d-electron heavy-fermion candidates YMn2+δZn20-xInx and YMn2+δZn20-xAlx, with the aim of deciding whether the large electronic specific heat comes from the intrinsic Mn pyrochlore sublattice or from excess Mn impurities sitting on Zn sites. By isolating the resonance of the 16d pyrochlore Mn sites, the authors observe a clear enhancement of the spin-lattice relaxation rate divided by temperature (1/T1T) below 10 K, which tracks the specific-heat enhancement and saturates at low temperature. The relaxation enhancement is also seen at the In site, and its magnitude is about 20 times smaller than in YMn2, where antiferromagnetic correlations are strong. The authors conclude that the heavy-fermion state is intrinsic to the Mn pyrochlore network and is driven by frustration-induced low-energy magnetic excitations rather than by conventional antiferromagnetic quantum-critical fluctuations. If correct, this makes the compound a rare d-electron example where mass enhancement arises from geometrical frustration alone.

What carries the argument

The central probe is the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 measured by 55Mn NQR at zero field on the 16d pyrochlore Mn sites, along with supporting 115In and 27Al NQR/NMR. In a metal, 1/T1T is proportional to the imaginary part of the dynamical spin susceptibility summed over q and is therefore a direct measure of low-energy magnetic fluctuations. Site-selectivity lets the authors separate intrinsic pyrochlore Mn dynamics from excess Mn impurity spins. The comparison quantity is the same 1/T1T measured in YMn2, whose short Mn-Mn distance gives strong antiferromagnetic correlations.

What would settle it

Measure the 55Mn Knight shift as a function of bulk susceptibility on samples whose excess Mn content is known and subtracted, to extract the hyperfine coupling Ahf; if Ahf is found to be much smaller than in YMn2, the 20-fold reduction in 1/T1T would not establish suppression of magnetic fluctuations.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that the heavy-fermion behavior of YMn2Zn20-based compounds is an intrinsic property of the Mn 16d pyrochlore sublattice. Using 55Mn NQR as a local probe at zero field, the paper isolates the intrinsic Mn response from the excess Mn impurity contribution that complicates bulk measurements. The measured 1/T1T is roughly temperature-independent at high temperature (Korringa behavior), rises below 10 K, and then levels off at low temperature, consistent with a Fermi-liquid ground state. The same enhancement appears at the 115In site, confirming it is not a site-specific artifact. Comparing with YMn2, the absolute 1/T1T is about 20 times smaller, which the authors attribute

Load-bearing premise

The argument that the 20-fold smaller 1/T1T reflects weakened magnetic exchange rather than a smaller hyperfine coupling assumes that the 55Mn hyperfine coupling in YMn2Zn20 is comparable to that in YMn2; the paper cannot directly measure this because excess Mn impurities contaminate the bulk susceptibility used in Knight-shift analysis.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

The heavy-fermion state with γ≈280 mJ K−2 mol−1 is intrinsic to the Mn pyrochlore network; excess Mn impurities do not cause it.
The 1/T1T enhancement below 10 K that saturates at low T indicates a Fermi-liquid ground state, not divergent quantum-critical fluctuations.
The ~20x smaller 1/T1T versus YMn2 quantitatively shows weakened magnetic exchange from the enlarged Mn-Mn distance.
In substitution at the Zn 16c sites preserves a homogeneous Mn environment, making In-substituted samples the cleaner platform for studying this physics.
The similar temperature dependence seen at the In site supports a network-intrinsic origin for the low-energy excitations.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the frustration-driven scenario is correct, pressure tuning of the Mn-Mn distance should move the system toward a critical point, possibly revealing magnetically ordered or superconducting ground states; the authors hint at pressure studies.
The In-versus-Al difference suggests that substituting elements that selectively occupy specific Zn sites is a strategy to control disorder in cage compounds; a testable extension is to map the 1/T1T enhancement against In concentration.
The paper leaves open the quantitative value of the 55Mn hyperfine coupling; a Knight-shift measurement on a sample free of excess Mn would directly test the 20x suppression interpretation.
Similar low-energy enhancement may be visible in other d-electron pyrochlore systems with enlarged B-B spacing, suggesting a general route to frustration-driven heavy fermions.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Here is the short version: the paper's solid contribution is site-selective 55Mn-NQR/NMR data showing that the low-temperature 1/T1T enhancement belongs to the 16d pyrochlore Mn sites, not to excess-Mn impurities. That is genuinely new and experimentally clean. The bigger interpretive claim — frustration-driven heavy fermion rather than AFM quantum criticality — is real but rests on a comparison with YMn2 that depends on an unmeasured hyperfine coupling, and I think the stress-test note lands there correctly.

The authors exploit In substitution's site selectivity at the 16c Zn site to get sharp NQR lines with νzz = 4.7 MHz (Mn) and 9.95 MHz (In), versus the much broader, more disordered Al-substituted case. 1/T1T rises below 10 K at both the Mn and In sites and then levels off at low temperature. The saturation is a clear Fermi-liquid signature and speaks against a divergent quantum-critical contribution. Seeing the same enhancement at two different nuclear sites is good evidence that the low-energy excitations are intrinsic to the Mn sublattice rather than impurity spin-glass behavior.

The soft spot is the one the stress-test identifies. In §3.2 the authors conclude that the ~20x smaller 1/T1T relative to YMn2 means substantially weakened magnetic interactions. That requires comparable 55Mn hyperfine couplings. They know this; they explicitly say a quantitative Knight shift–χ estimate is difficult because excess Mn pollutes the bulk susceptibility. Their fallback — that the Mn-site rate is larger than the In-site rate — only shows that on-site hyperfine dominates transferred hyperfine at the Mn nucleus. It does not calibrate the absolute on-site coupling against YMn2. If Ahf were a factor of three or five smaller, the 20x reduction would no longer imply suppressed fluctuations; the intrinsic spectrum could be comparable or even enhanced. So the cross-compound magnitude argument is underdetermined.

A secondary, smaller gripe: the YMn2 comparison points in Fig. 4 are from YMn2 under 0.33 GPa and Y0.96Lu0.04Mn2, not pure ambient YMn2, so the hyperfine coupling could shift there too. That does not weaken the Fermi-liquid saturation argument, but it adds another layer to the 20x claim.

The data and fitting are standard, internally consistent, and free of circularity. The citation pattern is fine — prior work from the same group on structure and thermodynamics is appropriately cited, and the comparison data are external.

Who this is for: experimentalists working on frustrated d-electron heavy fermions and on NMR/NQR studies of pyrochlore systems. It deserves a serious referee; the referee should push on the hyperfine-coupling normalization and ask for either a direct Knight-shift measurement or a more explicit argument for comparable Ahf before the strong mechanistic conclusion is accepted.

Referee Report

2 major / 4 minor

Summary. 55Mn, 115In, and 27Al NMR/NQR measurements are reported for In- and Al-substituted YMn2Zn20, a candidate d-electron heavy-fermion system with a Mn pyrochlore lattice. In YMn2.11Zn17.53In2.36 the spectra show narrow lines consistent with selective In occupation of Zn 16c sites, while YMn2.06Zn12.23Al7.71 shows broad lines attributed to random Al occupation of several Zn sites. Zero-field 55Mn-NQR measurements show that 1/T1T is roughly constant at high temperature, increases below about 10 K, and tends to level off at the lowest temperatures; a similar enhancement is seen at the 115In site and in the Al-substituted sample. The authors argue that the enhancement is intrinsic to the 16d Mn pyrochlore network rather than caused by excess Mn impurity spins, because it is observed at the Mn site itself and does not follow Curie behavior. The absolute 1/T1T is about 20 times smaller than in YMn2, which is interpreted as a weakening of magnetic exchange due to the enlarged Mn-Mn distance. From the saturating, non-divergent 1/T1T and the small absolute value, they conclude that the heavy-fermion state is better described by frustration-induced low-energy magnetic excitations than by AFM quantum-critical fluctuations.

Significance. The observation of a saturating 1/T1T enhancement at zero field at two nuclear sites, with spectral assignments that are internally consistent between NMR fits and NQR frequencies, is a solid experimental result; the site-selective isolation of the 16d Mn response from excess-Mn contributions is a genuine advance for this family. If the quantitative comparison with YMn2 were secured, the paper would provide a rare d-electron example where a heavy-fermion state is attributed to geometrical frustration rather than proximity to an antiferromagnetic quantum-critical point, which is of clear interest to the strongly-correlated-electron community. The main caveat is that the '20 times smaller' comparison and the resulting conclusion about weakened exchange depend on an unmeasured hyperfine-coupling normalization, a limitation the authors acknowledge. The intrinsic character of the low-energy excitations and the Fermi-liquid-like saturation are nevertheless well supported by the present data.

major comments (2)

[§3.2, §3.3, abstract/conclusion] The claim that 1/T1T is about 20 times smaller than in YMn2 implies substantially weakened magnetic interactions assumes comparable 55Mn hyperfine couplings Ahf in the two compounds. The paper explicitly states (§3.2) that a quantitative Knight shift-chi estimate is difficult because excess Mn impurities contribute to the bulk susceptibility. The offered justification, that 1/T1T at the Mn site is larger than at the In site, does not constrain the cross-compound value of Ahf: an on-site 3d hyperfine coupling routinely dominates the transferred coupling at a nonmagnetic site regardless of its absolute magnitude. If Ahf in the pyrochlore compound were a factor 3-5 smaller, the 20x reduction would no longer establish suppression of magnetic fluctuations. This comparison is used in §3.3 and the abstract/conclusion to argue against AFM quantum criticality and for frustration-induced heavy-fer
[§3.1, Fig. 2(d)-(e)] The comparison of structural disorder between In- and Al-substituted samples is not fully controlled. The In-substituted sample has x=2.36 while the Al-substituted sample has x=7.71; the broad 55Mn and 27Al lines in Figs. 2(d)-(e) could reflect the larger substitution level rather than an intrinsic difference in site selectivity. The authors themselves attribute the broadening to 'the relatively large amount of Al substitution' (text following Fig. 2), which is consistent with this reading. Ref. 22 supports distinct site occupancies, but the present NMR/NQR spectra alone do not establish that In is intrinsically more selective than Al. Either restrict this claim to the studied concentrations or examine an Al-substituted sample with comparable x.

minor comments (4)

[§3.2, Fig. 4] Specify the temperature and pressure conditions for the '20 times smaller' comparison. YMn2 1/T1T is strongly T-dependent, and the legend indicates YMn2 at 0.33 GPa while Y0.96Lu0.04Mn2 appears without a pressure label; clarify whether the factor refers to a fixed temperature or to the peak of the enhancement.
[§3.2] Typo: 'temepratures' should read 'temperatures' in the last sentence of §3.2.
[§3.1] State explicitly that for I=5/2 the ±1/2↔±3/2 and ±3/2↔±5/2 NQR lines occur at νzz and 2νzz, respectively, so that the consistency between the NMR fit (νzz=4.7 MHz) and the NQR peaks (4.78 and 9.55 MHz) is transparent to the reader.
[§3.2] The Al-substituted 1/T1T data shown in Fig. 4 deserve more than the single sentence given. Please state whether the enhancement also saturates at low temperatures and how the absolute value compares with the In-substituted sample.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: 1/T1T is directly measured and external comparisons drive the interpretation; no fitted input is repackaged as a prediction.

full rationale

The paper does not contain a derivation loop. The central observable, 1/T1T, is obtained directly from spin-echo relaxation traces fitted to standard I=5/2 and I=9/2 recovery functions; no parameter fitted to this data is subsequently 'predicted.' The NQR/NMR spectral parameters (νzz, η) characterize the local structure and are not inputs to the heavy-fermion conclusion. The key comparison with YMn2 (Fig. 4) uses published 1/T1T data from Refs. 29 and 30, external to this work. The only genuinely questionable step is the inference in §3.2 that the ~20x smaller 1/T1T implies weakened magnetic exchange rather than a smaller 55Mn hyperfine coupling Ahf; the paper itself admits 'a quantitative estimation of Ahf via a Knight shift-χ plot is difficult due to the contribution of excess Mn impurities to the bulk susceptibility.' That is an unverified physical assumption and a potential correctness risk, but it is not circular: Ahf is not fitted to the target 1/T1T comparison or defined in terms of the conclusion, and the authors do not rename an input as a prediction. Self-citations (Refs. 21, 22) provide thermodynamic and structural inputs measured previously; they do not assume the paper's interpretation. The saturation of 1/T1T at low T, the Mn-site signal isolation, and the In-site consistency are independent constraints. Hence no self-definitional, fitted-prediction, or self-citation-chain circularity is present.

Assumptions & free parameters 4 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central result is a direct measurement of 1/T1T, so there is no derivation. The NQR line-shape parameters are fitted characterizations. The main unmeasured input is the assumed similarity of hyperfine couplings to YMn2, which is load-bearing for the weakened-fluctuations interpretation. No new entities are postulated.

free parameters (4)

Quadrupole frequency νzz for 55Mn in In-substituted sample = 4.7 MHz (η=0)
Fit to field-swept NMR spectrum at 5 K; characterizes local environment, not an input to the 1/T1T conclusion.
Quadrupole frequency νzz for 115In in In-substituted sample = 9.95 MHz (η=0)
Fit used to identify In at the 16c site.
Quadrupole frequency νzz for 55Mn in Al-substituted sample = 2.8 MHz (η=0)
Fit to broad spectrum; supports the local-disorder claim.
Quadrupole frequency νzz for 27Al in Al-substituted sample = 2.0 MHz (η=0.35)
Fit with a large νzz distribution; used to infer Al disorder over Zn sites.

assumptions (3)

domain assumption The 55Mn hyperfine coupling Ahf in YMn2Zn20 is comparable to that in YMn2.
Needed in §3.2 to attribute the ~20x smaller 1/T1T to weaker magnetic fluctuations rather than weaker coupling; authors note Ahf cannot be quantified reliably due to excess Mn impurity contribution to bulk susceptibility.
domain assumption Relaxation from localized impurity moments would follow Curie-law behavior (1/T1T ∝ 1/T).
Used in §3.3 to argue that the saturating 1/T1T rules out excess-Mn impurity spins as the origin of the enhancement.
standard math Korringa behavior in a normal metal and Fermi-liquid saturation at low T are the appropriate baselines for interpreting 1/T1T.
Standard NMR relaxation framework used in §3.2 and §3.3.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Intrinsic Magnetic Excitations and Heavy-Fermion Formation in the Frustrated Mn Pyrochlore System YMn$_{2+\delta}$Zn$_{20-x}X_x$ ($X$ = In and Al) Revealed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Measurements." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/25UHXWLE

@misc{pith2026260625242,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Intrinsic Magnetic Excitations and Heavy-Fermion Formation in the Frustrated Mn Pyrochlore System YMn$_2+\delta$Zn$_20-xX_x$ ($X$ = In and Al) Revealed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Measurements},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/25UHXWLE}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2606.25242}
}

abstract

We performed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) measurements to investigate the microscopic electronic states of the $d$-electron heavy-fermion candidates $\mathrm{YMn_{2+\delta}Zn_{20-x}In_x}$ and $\mathrm{YMn_{2+\delta}Zn_{20-x}Al_x}$. In these compounds, magnetic fluctuations of the Mn pyrochlore lattice are expected to play an important role in heavy-fermion formation; however, excess Mn atoms complicate the interpretation of the physical properties. Our spectral analysis reveals that In substitution exhibits much higher site selectivity and introduces significantly less disorder in local structure than Al substitution. The temperature dependence of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate divided by temperature $1/T_1T$ measured by $^{55}$Mn-NQR shows a clear enhancement at low temperatures, indicating the development of low-energy excitations associated with heavy-fermion formation. However, its absolute magnitude is approximately 20 times smaller than that in the related compound YMn$_2$, which hosts stronger antiferromagnetic correlations, indicating that the magnetic interactions are substantially weakened by the enlarged Mn-Mn distance. These results demonstrate that the heavy-fermion state in this system arises from the Mn pyrochlore network and is more closely associated with frustration-induced magnetic excitations with low energy than with conventional antiferromagnetic quantum-critical fluctuations.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.25242 by the authors.

**Figure 1.** , the A atoms are encapsulated within giant polyhedral cages formed by 16 C atoms, creating a diamond lattice. Meanwhile, the transition metal B atoms form a network of corner-sharing tetrahedra, namely, a pyrochlore lattice, which is the most prominent feature of this system. This structure induces a variety of physical phenomena. For instance, the low-energy anharmonic oscillation, or rattling, of the A atoms i… view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** (Color online) The results of NMR and NQR spectra measurements. Field-swept NMR spectrum with 108.9 MHz (a) and frequency-swept NQR spectrum (b) of YMn2.11Zn17.53In2.36 measured at 5 K. (c) Expanded view of the NQR spectrum in the lowfrequency region. Field-swept NMR spectrum with 65.3 MHz (d) and frequency-swept NQR spectrum (e) of YMn2.06Zn12.23Al7.71 measured at 5 K. 63/65Cu-NMR signal comes from NMR coil. Numer… view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Temperature dependence of 1/T1T of 55Mn-NQR in YMn2.11Zn17.53In2.36 measured at zero field. The dotted lines are guides for eyes. (Inset) Temperature dependence of 1/T1T of 115InNQR in YMn2.11Zn17.53In2.36 measured at zero field. 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 10 100 1000 YMn 2 (0.33 GPa) X = Al X = In 55Mn-NQR 1/ T1T (sK)-1 T (K) YMn 2+ Zn 20-x Xx Y0.96 Lu0.04 Mn2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (1 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: (Color online) The comparison of the temperature dependence of 1/T1T of 55Mn-NQR in the YMn2Zn20-based and the YMn2-based systems.29, 30) however, the ±1/2 ↔ ±3/2 transition could not be detected. Broad 55Mn-NMR/NQR spectra indicate a large spatial distribution in th…

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227) has attracted attention as a novel platform for studying strongly correlated elec- tron systems

Introduction In recent years, the AB 2C20 (A = rare earth, B = tran- sition metal, C = Zn , Al) family of cage compounds crys- tallizing in the cubic CeCr 2Al20-type structure (space group F d¯ 3m, O7 h, and No. 227) has attracted attention as a novel platform for studying strongly correlated elec- tron systems. 1, 2) In this crystal structure, as shown i...

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For comparative analysis, we selected two samples: In-substituted system YMn 2.11Zn17.53In2.36, and Al-substituted system YMn 2.06Zn12.23Al7.71

Experimental Powdered polycrystalline samples, prepared by crush- ing crystals grown via a melt-growth method, were used in this study. For comparative analysis, we selected two samples: In-substituted system YMn 2.11Zn17.53In2.36, and Al-substituted system YMn 2.06Zn12.23Al7.71. The chemical compositions of the In- and Al-substituted sam- ples were deter...
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Figure 2 (a) shows the NMR spectrum of YMn 2.11Zn17.53In2.36 at 5 K

Results and Discussion 3.1 Local structure of the YMn 2Zn20-based system To examine the eﬀect of substitution on the lo- cal structure of YMn 2Zn20-based system, we performed NMR/NQR measurements. Figure 2 (a) shows the NMR spectrum of YMn 2.11Zn17.53In2.36 at 5 K. The NMR spectrum consists of several well-deﬁned peaks, indicat- ing a homogeneous electric...
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In-substitution selec- tively occupies the Zn 16 c sites, signiﬁcantly suppressing structural disorder compared with the Al substitution

Conclusion Our microscopic investigation of the d-electron heavy-fermion candidate YMn 2+δZn20−xInx and YMn2+δZn20−xAlx using NMR and NQR techniques leads to the following conclusions. In-substitution selec- tively occupies the Zn 16 c sites, signiﬁcantly suppressing structural disorder compared with the Al substitution. The 1/T1T at the Mn site increases...

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[1] [1]

227) has attracted attention as a novel platform for studying strongly correlated elec- tron systems

Introduction In recent years, the AB 2C20 (A = rare earth, B = tran- sition metal, C = Zn , Al) family of cage compounds crys- tallizing in the cubic CeCr 2Al20-type structure (space group F d¯ 3m, O7 h, and No. 227) has attracted attention as a novel platform for studying strongly correlated elec- tron systems. 1, 2) In this crystal structure, as shown i...

arXiv 2026

[2] [2]

For comparative analysis, we selected two samples: In-substituted system YMn 2.11Zn17.53In2.36, and Al-substituted system YMn 2.06Zn12.23Al7.71

Experimental Powdered polycrystalline samples, prepared by crush- ing crystals grown via a melt-growth method, were used in this study. For comparative analysis, we selected two samples: In-substituted system YMn 2.11Zn17.53In2.36, and Al-substituted system YMn 2.06Zn12.23Al7.71. The chemical compositions of the In- and Al-substituted sam- ples were deter...

[3] [3]

Figure 2 (a) shows the NMR spectrum of YMn 2.11Zn17.53In2.36 at 5 K

Results and Discussion 3.1 Local structure of the YMn 2Zn20-based system To examine the eﬀect of substitution on the lo- cal structure of YMn 2Zn20-based system, we performed NMR/NQR measurements. Figure 2 (a) shows the NMR spectrum of YMn 2.11Zn17.53In2.36 at 5 K. The NMR spectrum consists of several well-deﬁned peaks, indicat- ing a homogeneous electric...

[4] [4]

In-substitution selec- tively occupies the Zn 16 c sites, signiﬁcantly suppressing structural disorder compared with the Al substitution

Conclusion Our microscopic investigation of the d-electron heavy-fermion candidate YMn 2+δZn20−xInx and YMn2+δZn20−xAlx using NMR and NQR techniques leads to the following conclusions. In-substitution selec- tively occupies the Zn 16 c sites, signiﬁcantly suppressing structural disorder compared with the Al substitution. The 1/T1T at the Mn site increases...

2024

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Nasch, W

T. Nasch, W. Jeitschko, and U. C. Rodewald, Z. Naturforsch . B 52, 1023 (1997)

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Onimaru and H

T. Onimaru and H. Kusunose, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 85, 082002 (2016)

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Keppens, D

V. Keppens, D. Mandrus, B. C. Sales, B. C. Chakoumakos, P. Dai, R. Coldea, M. B. Maple, D. A. Gajewski, E. J. Freeman, and S. Bennington, Nature 395, 876 (1998)

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B. C. Sales, D. Mandrus, and R. K. Williams, Science 272, 1325 (1996)

1996